ISichibiyelo sesine soMthetho-sisekelo we-United States sivikela izakhamuzi ekuphenyeni okungenangqondo nasekuqulekeni, ilungelo eliye lahlolwa futhi lacwengisiswa emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka lokuchaza umthetho. Ukuqonda amalungelo akho omthetho-sisekelo kulomongo kubalulekile kokubili kubafundisi nabafundi, ikakhulukazi njengoba ubuchwepheshe nezindlela zobupoli zishintshashintsha. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukubheka okunganqamukiyo ekufuneni nasekuthatheni amalungelo okuthatheka, kuhlanganise nezincazelo eziyisisekelo zomthetho, izinqumo ezingokomthetho ezivelele, izici eziwusizo ezimisweni zesikole, izinselele zemishini yesimanje, kanye neseluleko esisebenzayo sokuvikela amalungelo akho.

I - Constitution Foundation: Isichibiyelo Sesine Nomlando

ISichibiyelo sesine sithi: “Ilungelo labantu lokuphepha kubantu babo, ezindlini, emaphepheni, nasemiphumeleni, ngokumelene nokuphenywa okungacabangeli nokuquleka, ngeke liphulwe, futhi akukho bakwaWarrant abazophuma, kodwa ngenxa yesizathu esilindelekile, besekelwa u-Oath noma isiqinisekiso, futhi ikakhulukazi bechaza indawo okumelwe iphenywe, futhi abantu noma izinto okumelwe zibanjwe. Lolulimi lwavela ezikhalweni zobuthakashela ngokumelene nomthetho wezikhulu zaseBrithani ezanika igunya lokuhlola amakhaya namabhizinisi. Abahleli bahlose ukwakha inqaba emelene nohulumeni ononyangoso olunengqondo nezizathu ezisekelwe ekuqondeni.

Ukulungisa kusebenza ezingxenyeni ezimbili eziyinhloko: Ukuvumelana [ngesikhathi] u-Claus [ukuqeda ukuphenya okungaqondakali nokuquleka] kanye no-Claus owendayo[ (ukumisa izimfuneko zemvume). Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, iNkantolo Ephakeme isungule indikimba eyinkimbinkimbi yomthetho olinganisela imfihlo-mfihlo yomuntu ngamunye ngokumelene nezithakazelo ezingokomthetho zomthetho. [[FLT:] Umongomo olunzulu, bheka [[FLT:] i-Legalth Information Institutesformation Institute [FLD]]

Incazelo nemicabango eyisihluthulelo

Yini Ebangela Ukufuna?

A ahlola lapho uhulumeni ephazamisa ukuma komuntu okunengqondo kokufuna ukuba wedwa. Lencazelo, esungulwe Katz v. United States [1967], ayigcini ekuphathweni okungokomzimba. Njengesibonelo, ukusebenzisa isisetshenziswa esishisayo esisebenza ngokufihlwayo ukuzwa amasampula ngaphakathi kwekhaya ngaphandle komthetho [[FLT:]] Kyllo v. United States, 2001]. Uphenya lungahlanganisa imiphumela yomuntu siqu, izimoto, izingcingo zobuchwepheshe, ngisho nokufakwa komzimba (g. g. g.), ziveza igazi.

Kuyini Ukuzithela Phansi?

[[FLT: 0] Impahla iqala ukufinyela lapho kunento ebaluleke kakhulu ephazamisa isithakazelo somuntu kuleyompahla. Ukuthatheka komuntu (njengokuboshwa noma ] kuyeka [izinto] uma umuntu onengqondo engeke azizwe ekhululekile ukushiya. Umugqa ophakathi kwesehlakalo esiqinile nokwethuka ungacasha; izinkantolo zihlola ingqikithi yezimo, kuhlanganise nokuba khona kwezikhali, umsindo wesikhulu, nendawo.

Imbangela Enengqondo Nokuzikhohlisa Okunengqondo

  • Isizathu esiqinisekile: Ithuba eliqinisekile lokuthi ubufakazi bobugebengu bungatholakala noma ukuthi umuntu uye wenza ubugebengu. Lena indinganiso edingekayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe futhi kuboshwe kaningi. Imbangela efanelekile idinga okungaphezu kokusola nje kodwa okungaqiniseki kakhulu.
  • Ukuncitshiswa okungalungisekiyo: Indinganiso ephansi evumela ukuma okufushane kokuhlola kanye nama-frisk alinganiselwe avikelayo. Kumelwe isekelwe emaqinisweni aqondile, anokulinganiswa, hhayi nje i-huncich. Lendinganiso yasungulwa ku-Terry v. Ohio [1968].

" Isichibiyeli sesine sivikela abantu, hhayi izindawo." – UMahluleli uMbumbi Stewart, [[FL:1] Katz v. United States[

Izimfuneko Ezinhle Nezihlukile

Nakuba iSichibiyelo Sesine sikhetha imvume, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqaphela okuhlukile okuningi okuvumela ukuphenywa nokuquleka okungagunyaziwe.

Inqubo Yempi

Imvume esemthethweni kumelwe ikhishwe imantshi engathathi hlangothi, esekelwe ekuboniseni ukuthi kungenzeka yini, futhi kumelwe ichaze indawo okumelwe iphenywe futhi izinto zithathwe ngendlela ekhethekile. Imvume engokomthetho (imithetho) ejikelele (ilezo ezingachazi imininingwane). Ubufakazi obuthola ngaphansi kwesiqinisekiso esikhubazekile bungavinjelwa ngaphansi komthetho wokuzihlukanisa.

Izinxanxanelo Ezivamile

  • I-conect:[ Uma umuntu evuma ngokuzithandela ekufuneni, akukho mvume edingekayo. Imvume kumele inikezwe ngokukhululekile, hhayi ngempoqo. Ingxenye yesithathu enegunya elisobala (umz., ohlala kanye naye) ingavuma, kodwa izinkantolo zibhekisisa izimo.
  • Umbono oPlain: Uma isikhulu sikhona ngokomthetho futhi sibona ubufakazi bobugebengu ngokukhanyayo, bangabuthatha ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso. Isimo sokwenziwa kolutho kumelwe sibonakale ngokushesha.
  • Izimo ezingathi shubi: Izimo eziphuthumayo − njengokuphishekela ngokuphuthumayo ukusolwa, ukubhujiswa okuseduze kobufakazi, noma usongo olusheshayo ekuphileni / ingathethelela ukungena noma ukusesha okungena ngokungena okungena ngokungena ngokungena ngokomthetho.
  • Sesha Ithuba lokuboshwa: Ngemva kokuboshwa ngokomthetho, izikhulu zingase zifune i-bothuwe kanye nendawo elawulwayo ukuze ziqinisekise ukuphepha futhi zivimbele ukubhujiswa kobufakazi. Nokho, lokhu kukhetha akudluleli ekuhlolweni okungenasiqinisekiso kwemishini yezimiso (Riley v. California, 2014]).
  • Imoto Ehamba ngokuphambana: ngoba izimoto zihamba ngemoto futhi zihilela ukulindela okunciphileyo kwemfihlo, izikhulu zingase zisesha imoto ngaphandle kwemvume uma kungenzeka ukuthi inesizathu sokukholelwa ukuthi iqukethe ubufakazi bobugebengu.
  • Ukuma ne Frisk (Ukuma kokungalawuleki): Isikhulu singabopha umuntu okwesikhashana ngokusola okunengqondo futhi sifake ibhakede lezikhali uma isikhulu sikholelwa ukuthi umuntu uhlomile futhi uyingozi.

Kuluhlu olubanzi lwezinto ezingaphandle, vakashela i- ACLU's Isichibiyeli sesine [.

Amacala Aphakeme Enkantolo

Izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme ziye zayithonya kakhulu indlela iSichibiyelo Sesine esisetshenziswa ngayo.

Map v. Ohio (1961) – Ukubusa Kwe - Excloion

Lelicala landisa umthetho owengeziwe ezinkantolo zikahulumeni. Ngaphambili, kungasetshenziswa ubufakazi obungekho emthethweni ekumangalelweni kwezwe ngisho noma buphula iSichibiyelo Sesine. Inkantolo yanquma ukuthi ubufakazi obutholakala ngokuhlola okungenangqondo noma ukuthatheka ngeke busetshenziswe uma kuqulwa icala. Lelikhambi livimbela ukuziphatha okubi kwamaphoyisa futhi liqinisekisa ubuqotho bokwahlulela. Ukufunda isifushaniso se-Oyez se-. [Ourtemb v.Ohiooo [[FLT:]][4]

Katz v. United States (1967) – Ithemba Elinengqondo Lokungafihli

UCharles Katz walahlwa ngecala esebenzisa ubufakazi obuvela egumbini locingo lomphakathi. INkantolo Ephakeme yaguqula, ikholelwa ukuthi iSichibiyelo sesine sivikela abantu, hhayi izindawo. "Ukulindeka okunengqondo kwezindaba zomuntu siqu" kwavela: ukuseshwa okudumile kwaqala lapho uhulumeni ephula ukulindela okuyimfihlo okucatshangelwayo okunengqondo emphakathini. Lelicala lachitha indlela endala yokuphatha impahla esekelwe ezindaweni zomuntu siqu futhi lavulela indlela umthetho wanamuhla wezindaba zomuntu siqu.

Terry v. Ohio (1968) – Stop and Frisk

Lelicala lagunyaza ukuhlangana kwamaphoyisa okulinganiselwe okusekelwe ekusoleni okunengqondo. Isikhulu sesikhulu uMcFadlen saphawula amadoda amathathu eziphatha ngendlela yokusola, ewamisa, futhi awaphonse phansi, ethola izikhali. INkantolo yasekela ukuseshwa njengesilinganiso esifanele sokuvikela isikhulu. i-Terry kumelwe imiswe ithethelelwe ngokuqondile, amaqiniso anokucatshazeka, futhi i-flisk ilinganiselwe ekutholeni izikhali.

INew Jersey v. T.L.O. (1985) – Isikole Ukuhlola

Indaba ephawulekayo kubafundisi: izikhulu zesikole zingase zifune abafundi ngaphandle kogunyazo uma benokungabaza okunengqondo [ ukuthi ukuphenya kuzakuveza ubufakazi bokwephulwa kwemithetho yesikole noma umthetho. Indinganiso iphansi kunesizathu esingalindelekile. Ukufuna kufanele kube okunengqondo ekukhuleni nasekusungulweni kwayo.

Riley v California (2014 - Celle Fole Andersending Imbangela Yokuboshwa

Umakhalekhukhwini unemininingwane eminingi yomuntu, kusukela kuma-imeyili nezithombe kuya ebhange nasendabeni yendawo. Ukufuna ucingo kuhlukile ekuhloleni into engokoqobo efana nemali. Lesi sinqumo sigxeka izindaba zobuchwepheshe.

Carpbate v. United States (208) – Imininingwane yendawo yeCell-Site

Uhulumeni utholakalise izinyanga zezinhlu zemithwalo yengqamuzana evela kumshini womuntu ongasebenzisi ntambo ngaphandle kwemvume. Inkantolo yaphetha ukuthi ukuthola la marekhodi kungukuhlola kweSichibiyelo Sesine. Isinqumo saqinisekisa ukuthi umlando wendawo engokwezinombolo wembula ngokujulile futhi unikeza iziqondiso zomthetho-sisekelo. Ukufunda okwengeziwe kuyiElectronic Foundation.

Ukufuna Nokuzilibazisa Ezikoleni: Lokho Abafundi Nothisha Okumelwe Bakwazi

Izimiso zesikole zinikeza ukucatshangelwa okukhethekile kweSichibiyelo sesine. Inkantolo Ephakeme ku T.L.O. yaqaphela ukuthi isidingo sokuphepha kwesikole nesiyalo sivumela ukuphenywa okuphansi. Nokho, amalungelo awayeki ngokuphelele.

Ukuncishwa Kwenyama Okunengqondo Emongweni Wesikole

Izikhulu zesikole − ngokungafani namaphoyisa, ngokuvamile abadingi mvume. Nokho, ukusesha kumelwe kube okunengqondo lapho kubekwa khona (kuqinisekiswe kakhulu ngamaqiniso akhethekile) futhi kulinganiswe ukuthi kunikezwa ubufakazi bokungavunyelwa kwesikole noma umsebenzi ongekho emthethweni. Ngokungafani namaphoyisa, ngokuvamile akudingi imvume. Nokho, ukuphenywa kumelwe kube okunengqondo ekuqaleni (kuqinisekiswe ekuqaleni) futhi kubekelwe esilinganisweni (kunganikezwanga ngokuqiniswe kakhulu inkathi yobudala nobulili).

Ukuhlola I - locker Ne - backpack

Izikole eziningi zinezimiso zokuthi abakhiyeli bayizindawo zesikole futhi okumelwe zihlolwe. Nakuba abafundi bengase balindele ukuba kungabi namuntu siqu, kuyancipha. Uma isikole sisakaza umthetho waso, kungenzeka kakhulu ukuba izinkantolo zithole ukuthi abafundi bavumile ukuphenya. Ama-Backpack ayaseshwa futhi ngaphansi kokusola okunengqondo, kodwa ukuphenya okungenangqondo kudinga ukuboniswa kwesidingo esiphakeme. [kungekho phawu lwengozi noma lokufihla imfihlo] SAFford Assific School District v. [20], iNkantolo yeNkantolo yanquma ukuthi ukuphenywa kwentombaza i- 13-iproften]

Ukuhlola Izidakamizwa

INkantolo iye yavumela ukuhlolwa kwezidakamizwa okungasoleki kwabafundi abahlanganyela emisebenzini yangemva kwesikole ( Board of Education v. Earls, 2002) kanye nabafundi abadlala (] iVernonia School slat v. Acton, 1995]). Nokho, ukuhlolwa kwezidakamizwa okungahleliwe kubo bonke abafundi cishe akunasifektha. Lezi zinqumo zilinganisela isithakazelo sesikole ekusebenziseni izidakamizwa ngokumelene nokungezwa kwemfihlo okulinganiselwe.

Abaphathi Bemithetho Ezikoleni

Lapho amaphoyisa ehileleke ekucwaningeni kwesikole, indinganiso yesiGajimi sesine ingase ibe ngaphezulu: Kungenzeka kudingeke isizathu nesiqinisekiso uma iphoyisa lisebenza njengesikhulu somthetho ngokuyinhloko kunokuba lisize ekutholeni isiyalo sesikole. Umngcele ungafiphala, ikakhulukazi kumaOfester Ezenzuzo eSikoleni (SROs).

Izicelo Eziwusizo Zabafundi Nabafundisi

  • Yazi Amalungelo Akho:[ Isichibiyeli sesine siyasebenza kubafundi, kodwa isilinganiso sincane ezifundeni zesikole. Unelungelo lokuthula futhi wenqabe ukuphenya uma ungaphoqelelwa ukuba usole ngokunengqondo. Nokho, ukwenqaba kungabangela ukusola, ngakho hlola ngokucophelela.
  • Abaqeqeshi njengezimo ezilandelanayo: Othisha nabaphathi kufanele bamise izimiso ezicacile, ezibhaliwe ezibonisa ukuphenya kwabafundi okuvumelana nomthetho kahulumeni nombuso. Izisebenzi eziqeqesha umehluko phakathi kokusola okunengqondo nelukuluku nje ilukuluku libalulekile ekugwemeni ukuphulwa.
  • Izikole ezizimele: zivame ukunikeza ama-laptop namaphilisi. Abafundi kufanele baqaphele ukuthi imishini ehlotshiswe esikoleni ingaqashelwa. Imishini yomuntu siqu ngokuvamile ijabulela isivikelo esiqinile; izikhulu zesikole kufanele zithole isiqinisekiso sokuhlola ucingo lomfundi ngaphandle kwezimo eziphuthumayo.
  • Advocacy ne mfundo ye-Cvivic: Sebenzisa ukuhlola kwezeNguqulo zesine ukufundisa ukucabanga okugxekayo ngokulinganisela ukulondeka nenkululeko. Khuthaza abafundi ukuba baxoxe ngezenzakalo ezifana ne-rockdown brop, imishini yokuhlola insimbi, kanye nokufihlwa kwe-profilm.
  • Funa Usizo Lomthetho: Uma ukholelwa ukuthi amalungelo akho aphuliwe, xhumana nommeli noma inhlangano yenkululeko yomphakathi.

"Isilinganiso esiyinhloko somuntu akuyona lapho emile khona ngezikhathi zokunethezeka nokuzinza, kodwa lapho ekhona ngezikhathi zenselele nempikiswano.” – uMartin Luther King Jr. (ngokuvamile ocashunwe emongweni wokumela amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo)

Izinselele Zanamuhla: Ubuchwepheshe, Isikhathi Sokuba Wedwa, NeSichibiyelo Sesine

Ubuchwepheshe buye badlula umbhalo wokuqala weSichibiyelo sesine. Izinkantolo manje zilwisana nezimpikiswano ezinjengokulandelela i-GPS, ukuqapha, ukuqapha, imithombo yezokuxhumana, ukuthumelelana imiyalezo okuyimfihlo, kanye nokuthola ukwaziswa okufingqiwe. Isihluthulelo semibuzo sihlanganisa:

  • Ingabe ukusebenzisa umakhalekhukhwini ukuze uqaphele indawo yomuntu kudinga imvume? Yebo, kuCarplate no-United States v. Jones (202) ukuze kulandelelwe i-GPS.
  • Amaphoyisa angacela i-Amazon ukuba ikhulule izikhulumi ezihlakaniphile? Apho adinga isiqinisekiso, nakuba i-ligita iqhubeka.
  • Ingabe amanxusa omngcele adinga ukusolwa okunengqondo ukuze ahlole ucingo lomhambi emngceleni? 'Amanje], umthetho awusakwazi ukumiswa, kodwa izinkantolo zivumele ukuphenywa kwemishini yogesi emngceleni okungasoleki, okungabangela ukucubungula.

Umthetho ohlanganisa izinto ezinjengeSichibiyelo sesine awukho kuSale Act nemithetho kahulumeni eyimfihlo uzama ukulinganisela ukutholakala kwemininingwane kahulumeni eyingxenye yesithathu. Ukulinganisela phakathi kokulondeka nokungafihli kuseyindaba ehlala ikhona ezindlini zomthetho nasezinkantolo.

Isiphetho

Ukufuna nokuthatheka kuyisisekelo senkululeko yomthetho-sisekelo waseMelika, eklanyelwe ukuvikela abantu emandleni kahulumeni angalawuliwe kuyilapho kuvunyelwa umthetho ukuba usebenze imisebenzi yabo phakathi kwemingcele engokomthetho. Kusukela ekulweni kokuqala kwenkathi yokulwa nezimfuneko ezivamile zezizathu zanamuhla zemininingwane yocingo, iSichibiyelo sesine siguqula ubuchwepheshe obusha nenguquko yezezici zomphakathi. Kubafundi nabafundisi, ukuqonda lamalungelo akusona nje ithuluzi elisebenzayo lesabelo sesizwe nesobukhokhakha. Ngokwazi izincazelo eziyinhloko, izindaba zezazi, izinqubo zezazi, nezinqubo zamuva, ungahlanganyela ulwazi oluveza ikusasa lezemfihlo eMelika. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi usekilasini noma emhlanganweni, izimemezelweni ze-Diffene zigunyaza ukukunikeza amandla emfuno yokufuna ukukhonzwa.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, hlola imibono yeNkantolo engaphezulu noma Cornell Livex [. Hlala ufundile, hlala uthembisene, futhi ukhumbule: amalungelo akho anamandla kuphela uma uzimisele ukuwaqinisa.