I-Good Wesihlanu Agreement, eyasayinwa ngo-10 April 1998, ibhekwa kabanzi njengenye yezibopho zokuthula eziphawuleka kakhulu ekupheleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili leminyaka. Yaqeda impi enzima emithathu-decade-dengu eNorthern Ireland eyaziwa ngokuthi i- “ Izinkinga, i-” eyabulala ukuphila kwabantu abangu-3, yahlukanisa kakhulu indawo kanye nezindawo ezihlangeneyo. Isivumelwano singabonakala siyinkimbinkimbi, kodwa amalungiselelo aso akheke ngezimiso ezilula: amandla-ahayi, ukuvumelana, ukubambisana, namalungelo abantu. Lesi sihloko siphula isihluthulelo se-Preaderly Avement ngolimi oluvamile, sichaza indlela esebenza ngayo futhi isizathu sokuba zisebenze.

Isizinda Sesivumelwano

Ukuze siqonde i-Good Wearrence, kuwusizo ukwazi ukuthi kungani kwakudingekile. I-Northern Ireland ibiyindawo encintisanayo kusukela ekuhlukaniseni i-Ireland ngo-1921. Umphakathi wenhlangano yamaProthestani, ikakhulukazi, wawufuna ukuhlala uyingxenye yeUnited Kingdom, kuyilapho umphakathi wesizwe, ubuKatolika, abaningi babefisa ukuba i-Ireland ebumbene. Ukucwaswa kwezombangazwe nezenhlalo kwabhebhebhethekisa izingxabano, okwaholela ekugqashukeni kobudlova ngasekupheleni konyaka ka-1960 kuqhubeke. Izinkinga zazihilela amaqembu empi avela kuzo zombili i-Irish Republican Army (IRA), amaqembu athembekile, namaqembu eBritish Army alwayodsss, ukudubulana, ukudubulana nokuhlasela.

Ekuqaleni kwawo - 1990, inqubo yokuthula yaqala ukuma, iholwa yizibalo ezinjenge-John Hume, Gerry Adams, David Trimble, nabanye, ngokusekela kohulumeni baseBrithani ne-Ireland kanye nabalamuleli bomhlaba wonke abanjengoMphathi wase-US uGeorge Mitchell. Ngemva kweminyaka yezingxoxo, izinkulumo eziningi zaphela eBelfast Agreement, kamuva eyaziwa ngokuthi iGood Wearth Agreement, eyasayinwa ngosuku. Yavunyelwa yi-endendiums kokubili eNyakatho ye-Ireland neRepublic yase-Ireland ngoMay 1998, nezinkulu kakhulu.

Izimiso Zomthetho Zesivumelwano

Isivumelwano Esiphathelene Nesikhathi SangoLwesihlanu sisekelwe ezimisweni eziningana eziyisisekelo eziqondisa wonke amalungiselelo aso.

Usizo

Isimiso semvume simi ukuthi noma yiluphi ushintsho esimweni somthetho-sisekelo sase-Northern Ireland lungenzeka kuphela ngokuvunyelwa kwabantu bakhona. Lokhu kwakuyisivumelwano esibucayi: abashisekeli besizwe bavuma ukuthi i-Ireland ayinakwenzeka ngaphandle kokuba iningi eNyakatho Ireland livumelene, futhi abanyunyana bavuma ukuthi kumelwe bahlanganyele ekusekeleni uhulumeni nabashisekeli besizwe. Isivumelwano sisho ngokucacile ukuthi i-Northern Ireland iyingxenye ye-United Kingdom kuze kube isikhathi esinje njengenani elikhulu lezincwadi ezivotiwe ngaphandle kwalokho.

Ukuphola kwamandla

Kunokuba kube yinkosi enqobayo, isivumelwano sigunyaza uhulumeni onciphileyo lapho kokubili amaqembu enyunyana nesizwe ehlanganyela khona amandla egunya. Lokhu kusho ukuthi awukho umphakathi ongabusa uhulumeni, futhi izinqumo kumelwe zibonise ukuvumelana okukhulu.

Ukubaluleka

Isivumelwano siqaphela ilungelo labantu eNyakatho Ireland lokubizwa ngokuthi amaNgisi, ama - Irish, noma kokubili, futhi sihlonipha amasiko abo angokwesiko, ezombangazwe, nangokwezilimi.

Amalungiselelo Ayinhloko Achazwa Ngemininingwane

Isivumelwano Esihle NgoLwesihlanu sakhiwe eduze kwama - “strands, i - ” ngayinye isebenzelana nezici ezihlukene zokubusa nokubambisana.

Isiphephelo Sokuqala: Umhlangano WaseNyakatho Ireland Nokwengamela Isimiso

Strand One wamisa isishaya-mthetho nohulumeni eNyakatho Ireland, owaziwa ngokuthi i-Northern Ireland Assembly ne-Northern Ireland Guide. I-Assembly iyi-90 elungu lephalamende (ekuqaleni elingu-108, kamuva lincishisiwe) ekhethwe ngokubekwa kwe-ocestrate. Amalungu ayo, abizwa ngokuthi i-MLAS (Amalungu e-Legislative Assembly), athathwa kuyo yomiphakathi yomphakathi we-midiyani ne-owesizwe.

Ukuqinisekisa ukuphatha amandla, umhlangano usebenzisa isimiso esibizwa ngokuthi ukuvota okuxhumene. Izinqumo eziyinhloko zidinga iningi lawo wonke amalungu kanye neningi lawo womabili amaqembu amisiwe namazwe obuzwe, noma amaphesenti angu-60 ngokwenani elinamashumi amane nanhlanu namashumi amane nanhlanu. Lokhu kuvimbela noma iliphi iqembu lomphakathi ekudluliseni umthetho ophikisanayo.

Umlawuli uholwa uNgqongqoshe wokuqala nesekela likaNgqongqoshe Wokuqala − phawula i-panopal “d ” ukubonisa ukulingana naphezu kwamagama. Lezizikhundla ezimbili zibekwa i-distism yeqembu elikhulu kakhulu neqembu elikhulu kunawo wonke elilwela ubuzwe. Amandla azo ahlangene, okusho ukuthi ngeke athathe isinyathelo ngedwa ngaphandle kwenye i-’ imvume. Umqondisi uhlanganisa nabefundisi abavela kwamanye amaqembu abamele amandla abo eMhlanganweni (usebenzisa i-dkscrea; Hondt), eqinisekisa ukuthi womabili imiphakathi inezwi kuhulumeni.

Leli lungiselelo liye laba yisici esinamandla nesibangela ukungahleleki. Umhlangano uye wabhekana nezimpi eziphindaphindiwe lapho amaqembu ephela, ikakhulukazi kusukela ngo-2002 kuya ku- 2007 futhi ngo-2017-2020. Noma kunjalo, usalokhu uyinhlangano eyinhloko yezombangazwe eyasungulwa yilesivumelwano.

Strand II: UMkhandlu Wenkonzo Wasenyakatho - Nyakatho

Strand II wamisa indikimba engokomthetho yokubambisana phakathi kwe-Northern Ireland neRepublic of Ireland: uMkhandlu weNkonzo waseNingizimu-nyakatho (MC). I-NSMC ihlanganisa izikhonzi ezivela eNyakatho Ireland Inqunyiwe kanye noHulumeni wase-Ireland ukuze ziqondise isimiso ezindabeni zesithakazelo somunye nomunye. Lezi zihlanganisa ezolimo, imfundo, impilo, indawo ezungezile, ezokuthutha, nezokuvakasha.

I-Council isebenza ngesisekelo sokuvumelana, izinqumo eziqondene zidinga ukuvumelana nhlangothi zombili. Nakuba ingenawo amagunya omthetho, inikeza uhlelo lwezinyathelo ezihlangene futhi ingatusa izinqubo ezihambelanayo ephalamendeni. I-NSMC futhi yengamela ama-Programmentation Budies ayisithupha asenyakatho-South, njenge-Waterways Ireland, i-Fooood Safety Protection Board, ne-IntertradeIreland, ezinikeza izinkonzo ngesisekelo se-island.

Lolu qweqwe lwaluklanyelwe ukusingatha isifiso sobuzwe sokusondelana neRepublic ngaphandle kokulahla iNyakatho Ireland ’ indawo e - UK. futhi yanikeza abashisekeli benyunyana inqubo yokuqinisekisa ukuthi ukubambisana okunjalo akuzange kube indawo yokuhlangana ne - Ireland enobunye.

Isithathu: UMkhandlu WaseBrithani Nengqungquthela Kahulumeni

Strand Athreauth facess bubonke ubudlelwano phakathi kweBritish Iles, kokubili iMpumalangantshona kanye naphakathi kohulumeni baseBrithani ne-Ireland. UMkhandlu waseBrithani (BIC) uhlanganisa abameleli abavela kuhulumeni we-UK, uhulumeni wase-Ireland, abaphathi abakhucululayo baseScotland, eWales, naseNyakatho Ireland, kanye nohulumeni be-Isle of Man and the Channel Islands. I-Council ixoxa ngezindaba zesithakazelo esifanayo njengendawo ezungezile, ukuthutha, nokulwa nokushushumbisa izidakamizwa. Ihlangana engxabeni ye-mqonganiso ye-NSMC.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, isivumelwano samisa i-Intergovernmental Intergovernmental (BIIC) yaseBrithani ne-Irish ukuze ikhuthaze ukubambisana phakathi kohulumeni baseBrithani nase-Irish ezindabeni ezinganciphiswanga eNyakatho Ireland, njengokhuseleko nobulungisa. Lendikimba inendima ekhethekile ekuthuthukiseni amalungelo abantu nokubuyisana. Yathatha indawo ye-Intergovernmental Council yangaphambili ye-Anglo - Iranty yangaphambili ne-Interviorfector Convention eyamiswa ngaphansi kwe- 1985 ye-Irish Anglone.

Lezizinhlangano zaziklanyelwe ukwenza ubuhlobo buhlale buhleliwe futhi zisekela isimiso sokuthi ohulumeni ababili basekelana ekuvumeni.

Ukuyeka Izikhali Zempi Ezidla Izikhali

Enye yezindaba ezibucayi kakhulu enqubweni yokuthula kwakuwukukhipha nokubhubhisa izikhali ezaziphethwe amaqembu ezempi. Isivumelwano sadinga ukuba wonke amaqembu asebenzisa ithonya lawo ukuze aphumele ekuthumbeni impoqo phakathi neminyaka emibili. I - Independent International Commission on Decomissing (ICD) yasungulwa ukuba iqondise lenqubo.

Ukuyeka ukulwa kwabonakala kuphikisana futhi kuthatha isikhathi. I-IRA ayiqalanga ukuphonsa phambili kwaze kwaba ngo-2005, futhi ayizange iqedwe kwaze kwaba ngo-2005. Amaqembu athembekile nawo ayeseyaqala, nakuba ayesebenzisa amasundanda. Le nqubo yakha ukwethembana ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ibonakalisa isibopho sangempela sokuthula kunokuyeka ukusha. Ngaphandle kokuphonsa impoqo, intuthuko yezombangazwe yayingeke ikwazi ukuyenza ibe ubufakazi bokuthi amaRepublic ayebuyekile ubudlova, kuyilapho amaRepublican aphikelela ukuthi ukukhipha imvume kumelwe kwenzeke ekwandeni kwempi noshintsho.

Amalungelo Abantu Nokulingana

Isivumelwano seGood Wesihlanu siqukethe isahluko esikhulu samalungelo abantu. Kwagunyaza ohulumeni baseBrithani nabase-Ireland ukuba bafake i - European Convention on Human Rights emthethweni wabo wasekhaya, i - UK eyawenza ngoMthetho Wamalungelo Abantu ka - 1998. Lesi sivumelwano samisa i - Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission (NIHRC) ukuze banikeze iseluleko futhi bahlole isivikelo samalungelo abantu.

Ilungiselelo eliyinhloko lokulingana litholakala eCandelo 75 leNyakatho Ireland Act 1998, elidinga izindikimba zomphakathi ukuba zikhuthaze ukulingana kwethuba ezingxenyeni ezingu - 9, kuhlanganise nenkolelo engokwenkolo, umbono wezombangazwe, uhlanga, ubulili, iminyaka yobudala, nokukhubazeka.

Lesi sivumelwano safuna futhi iBhili yamaLungelo eNyakatho Ireland. Ngemva kweminyaka eminingi yokuhlola, i-NIHRC yahlongoza i-Bill yokudweba ngo- 2008, kodwa ayikasetshenziswa ngenxa yokungavumelani kwezombangazwe. Naphezu kwalokhu, ukwakheka kokulingana kuye kwaba nethonya eliguqulayo enkambisweni yomphakathi, yenza i-Northern Ireland ibe ngenye yemibuso engcono kakhulu elinganayo e-UK.

Inhlonipho Nobulungisa

IRoyal Ulster Conssabulary (RUC), ibutho lamaphoyisa eNyakatho Ireland, yagxekwa kakhulu abashisekeli besizwe ngendima yabo phakathi neZinkathazo. Isivumelwano sayala ukuba kushintshwe inguquko ebanzi yamaphoyisa, esekelwe ekutusweni kwePatten Report (1999). I-RUC yathathelwa indawo i-Police Service yase-Northern Ireland (PSI), nezakhiwo ezintsha eziklanyelwe ukuba zimelele yomibili imiphakathi.

Izinguquko zahlanganisa izinguquko esifungweni samaphoyisa, izimpawu, ukufakwa kwezisulu (iqembu lamaKatolika elingamaphesenti angu - 50, amaProthestani), kanye nokwakhiwa kweButho Lezombangazwe namalungu azimele ukuze kwengamele ithonya. IPhoyisa i-Ombudsman lasungulwa ukuba lihlole izikhalo. Inguquko yepolitiki yayiyinqubo ende neyasempikiswayo, kodwa ekugcineni yasiza ekukhuliseni ukuthembela kwesizwe ezinhlanganweni, iholayo iSinn Fé in ukusekela iPSNI ngo- 2007.

Imibuso yobulungisa yagcinwa kuqala uhulumeni we-UK kodwa yahliswa eMhlanganweni wase-Northern Ireland ngo-2010. UNgqongqoshe Wezobulungisa umiswa esebenzisa ivoti yokuhlanganisa iziphambano, kunokuba isetshenziswe i-d’ indlela kaHondt, ukuze aqinisekise ukusekelwa okubanzi.

Ukukhululwa Ejele

Ilungiselelo eliphikiswana kakhulu leGood Wear Agreement laliwukukhululwa kweziboshwa eziboshwe ngecala lezempi. Isivumelwano sathi zonke iziboshwa ezifanelekayo ezihlangene nezinhlangano eziqaphela ukunqamuka komlilo zazizokhululwa phakathi neminyaka emibili. Iziboshwa ezingaphezu kuka - 400 zakhululwa, kuhlanganise nezinye ezaboshwa ngokubulala. Lelicebo lathathwa kancane kancane, iziboshwa zikhululwa ngemva kokuthatha izimfuneko eziphansi futhi zingaphansi kwezimo.

Lelilungiselelo laphikiswa kabuhlungu izisulu eziningi u’ imikhaya nabasizi bemishado, ababenomuzwa wokuthi livuza ubuphekula. Nokho, kwabonwa njengokubalulekile ukunxenxa amaqembu amabutho ukuba abophe isibopho sokuthula. Icebo leziboshwa lokukhulula lalilinganiselwe isikhathi futhi lenganyelwe ikhomishane ezimele. Lilokhu lingenye yezici ezibuhlungu kakhulu zesivumelwano sabaningi, kodwa futhi lavumela abaholi bamaqembu anjenge-IRA ukuba bahlanganyele ngokugcwele ekuphileni kwezombangazwe.

Ukusebenza, Izinselele Nefa

I-Good Wear Agreement ayizange yakha isimo esizinzile sezombangazwe. Eminyakeni yokuqala kwaba nezinkinga eziphindaphindiwe ngenxa yokunqanda ukuthunyelwa kwebutho, inguquko yamaphoyisa, kanye nokuthembana. ISivumelwano samiswa izikhathi eziningana, futhi kwadingeka kuze kube ngo- 2007 ukuba uhulumeni onamandla aqinile olawulayo ukuba wakhe ngaphansi kobuholi buka-Ian Paisley (Dup) noMartin McGuinnes (Sin Fueacute;in). Isivumelwano se-St Andrews ka-2006 senza izinguquko, njengokuguqula imithetho yokungahlobi iNgqolo Yokuqala nesekela leNtshulumbuso Yokuqala, futhi yalungisa indlela yokukhiqisa.

Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, lezi zikhungo ziye zasebenza ngamazinga ahlukene empumelelo. Izikhathi zokuwa, njenge-2017-2020 encishiswe ngenxa yehlazo lokusebenza amandla elivuselelwe, ziye zahlola ukuqina kwesakhiwo. Nokho, isivumelwano i-’ inqubo − ikakhulukazi imfuneko yokusekela ukunqamuka kwe-common / kwaye yavimbela ukubuyela ebudloveni obanzi.

Isivumelwano saqala futhi ukusabela ezinkingeni ezintsha. Ukusuka kwe-UK’ ukusuka e-European Union kwaletha inkinga eyingqayizivele, njengoba isivumelwano sakhiwe emongweni womphakathi we-UK ne-Ireland njengamalungu e-EU. I-Protocol yaseNyakatho Ireland (kamuva i-Windsor Framework) yaklanyelwa ukuvikela i-Good WearProvince ngokugwema umngcele onzima esiqhingini sase-Ireland kuyilapho iphethe ukuhwebela phakathi kweGreat Britain ne-Northern Ireland. Lokhu kuye kwabangela izingxabano zezombangazwe, kodwa kubonisa ukuma kwesivumelwano sika-1998.

Namuhla, i-Good Wear Advement isalokhu isisekelo sokuthula eNyakatho Ireland. Ikhona futhi ngaphandle kwabagxeki − Abaphikisi baphikisa ukuthi lokhu kululaza ukuhlangana, kuyilapho abanye abashisekeli besizwe bekholelwa ukuthi akwenzekanga ngokwanele ukuxazulula ukungalungi komlando. Kodwa iye yavumela isizukulwane ukuba sikhule ngaphandle kokuhlangenwe nakho kobudlova kwansuku zonke. Amalungiselelo aso okusizana kwamandla, ukubambisana okunqamule imingcele, futhi amalungelo abantu ayaqhubeka ehlela isimo sezombangazwe, futhi izimiso zokuvuma nokwethembana kuhlala kuyisisekelo esingcono sekusasa elinokuthula.

Ukufunda Okwengeziwe

Kulabo abafuna ukuhlola isivumelwano ngokuningiliziwe, umbhalo ogcwele ukhona kumthetho kahulumeni we-UK ’s umlondolo. Ungathola futhi ukuhlaziywa nomongo ongokomlando emithonjeni enjenge Encyclopedia Britannica[, , BBC History of the Troughts [, kanye ne-[FLT] inqoloba e-UPT] e-USLERY . Lemicebo inikeza ukwaziswa okugunyaza phambili nendlela isebenza ngayo.