Ukuqonda Amandla Kahulumeni Wase - United States

Imibuso kahulumeni kahulumeni ayizikhetheli − ichazwa ngokucophelela nguMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. futhi ibunjwa amakhulu eminyaka ngencazelo engokomthetho, ukuxoxisana kwezombangazwe, nesidingo esingokoqobo. Kuzakhamuzi, ukuqonda lamandla kubalulekile ukuze ziqonde indlela imithetho ehlelwa ngayo, indlela intela eqoqwa ngayo, indlela ibutho lezempi elisetshenziswa ngayo, nendlela izinkonzo zansuku zonke ezisetshenziswa ngayo njengokuthunyelwa kweposi kanye nokunakekelwa kwempilo. Lesihloko sinikeza ukuhlaziywa okubanzi kwezinhlobo zamandla ombuso, izisekelo zawo zomthetho, imingcele, ukulinganiselwa kwazo, nendlela ezingokoqobo elithinta ngayo ukuphila kwansuku zonke kwabantu base-Melika.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Samandla Kahulumeni

Lapho amaFathers Okusungulwa emisa uMthetho-sisekelo ngo-1787, akha uhulumeni kahulumeni wemibuso elinganiselwe, ophathiswe umsebenzi. Ngokungafani nohulumeni bombuso, abalondoloza amandla avamile amaphoyisa ukuba enze okuzuzisa umphakathi, uhulumeni wezwe ungasebenzisa lawomandla awunikeziwe nguMthetho-sisekelo. Lezi ziphatho zegunya zitholakala ngokuyinhloko eSiphakamisweni I, isiqephu 8, kanye nasezincazelweni zokulungisa nokuqondisa. Abahleli boMthetho-sisekelo babehlose lengxenye ukuba inqande ukufakwa kwamandla nokuvikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye.

Isakhiwo samandla kahulumeni sivame ukuphulwa sibe yizigaba ezintathu: amagunya abekwe ngokwezinga eliphansi (abhalwe ngokuqondile eMthethweni), [ingamandla asetshenziswayo] (ithathwe ekuqondeni ububanzi nemingcele efanele), kanye amandla aqinile [[[[[FLT]]] [[FLT]] (isizwe esinguwoqobo ngokwemvelo). Ukuqonda lemikhakha iyisinyathelo lokuqala ekuqondeni ububanzi nemingcele yegunya likahulumeni.

Amandla Anamandla: Uhlu Oluyimfucumfucu

Imibuso elawulwayo yileyo ehlelwe ngokuqondile eSiphakamisweni I, Ingxenye 8 yoMthetho-sisekelo. Lena yimibuso ebizwa ngokuthi iSishaya-mthetho (nefuthe nohulumeni) ngokuqhubekayo. Eminye yemibuso ephawuleka kakhulu ihlanganisa:

  • Ukubeka nokuqoqa izintela, imisebenzi, izikhundla, nokukhipha izikweletu nokulungiselela inhlalakahle evamile yeUnited States
  • Ukuboleka imali e - United States
  • Ukuqondisa ezentengiselwano emazweni angaphandle, phakathi kwezifunda eziningana, kanye nezizwe zoMdabu waseMelika (i - Commerce Claus)
  • Ukumisa umthetho ofanayo wokuzenza imvelo nemithetho efanayo endabeni yokuwa
  • Ukukhokha imali, ukuqondisa ukubaluleka kwayo nokulungisa izinga lezisindo nezilinganiso
  • Ukunikeza isijeziso sokuqamba amanga kokungaqiniseki nokwefa e - United States
  • Ukumisa amahhovisi eposi nemigwaqo
  • Ukuthuthukisa intuthuko yesayensi nobuciko obuwusizo ngokuzigcinela izikhathi ezilinganiselwe abalobi nabasunguli ilungelo elikhethekile lemibhalo yabo nezinto abazitholile (indlela enembile nesemthethweni yokubhala)
  • Izinkantolo ezimisa inkantolo ephansi kuneNkantolo Ephakeme
  • Ukuchaza nokujezisa amaphutha nezenzo zobugebengu ezenziwa ezilwandle eziphakeme namacala amelene nomthetho wezizwe
  • Ukumemezela impi, ukunikeza izincwadi zesheya nokuphindisela, nokubeka imithetho ephathelene nokubanjwa kwempahla emhlabathini nasemanzini
  • Ukukhulisa nokusekela amabutho (ngaphandle kokusebenzisa imali ukuze asebenzise imali ethatha iminyaka engaphezu kwemibili)
  • Ukunakekela nokunakekela ibutho lasolwandle
  • Ukubekela uhulumeni imithetho nokuqondisa izwe namabutho asolwandle
  • Ukunikeza amabutho ukuba abize amasosha ukuba akhiphe imithetho ye - Union, acindezele ukuvukela, futhi axoshe ukuhlasela
  • Ukulungiselela ukuhlelwa, ukuhloma, nokuyala amasosha, nokubusa ingxenye yawo njengoba kungase kuqashwe enkonzweni yase - United States
  • Ukusebenzisa umthetho okhethekile phezu kwezindawo zesigodi zaseColumbia, omagazini, izindawo zokugcina izikhali, izindawo zamachweba, nezinye izakhiwo ezidingayo

Lamagunya ahlukaniswayo akha isisekelo esiqinile segunya likahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, iCommerce Claus iye yahunyushwa kabanzi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ivumela uhulumeni wezwe ukuba ulawule yonke into kusukela engxenyeni ye-injini ephakathi kuya ekudayiseni kwe-intanethi, futhi ngisho namalungelo esizwe ngaphansi kokuqonda okuthinta ukucwasana kwezentengiselwano. uqinisekisa ukuthunyelwa kweposi okungahlukene phakathi kwazo zonke izisho ezingamashumi amahlanu.

Amandla Asetshenziswayo: Igunya Elivumelana Nezimo

Akusiyo yonke inqubo kahulumeni edingekile engabonwa ngaphambili encwadini ebhalwe ngekhulu le-18. Ukugcwalisa legebe, uMthetho-sisekelo uhlanganisa uNicassary noMfaneleyo Claus (Ingxenye I, Ingxenye 8, u-Claus 18), enikeza uMkhandlu amandla “onke imithetho edingayo nefanele ukuthwala ukuphatha amagunya angenhla, nawo wonke amanye Amandla abekwe ngumthetho kuhulumeni we-United States, noma kunoma yimuphi uMnyango noma isikhulu sayo.” Le nkulumo iyimithombo ye [[FLC:2] elawulayo [FLT]] [FLT]] [12] .gractiveltious, kodwa ingenayo.[FLT]

Icala leNkantolo evelele eliyingqophamlando uMcloch v. Maryland (18LT:1) yamisa imfundiso yemibuso eqondene nayo. INkantolo yanquma ukuthi uMkhandlu wawunegunya lokwakha ibhange lesizwe ngisho noma kungekho mandla anjalo abonakala eMthethweni, ngoba ibhange laliyithuluzi eliwusizo neliwusizo lokuphatha amandla ahlangene ahlobene nentela, ukuboleka, nemali. Ijaji elinguMphathi uJohn Marshall wabhala ngodumo, “Isiphetho masibe ngokomthetho, makube ngokomthetho, futhi zonke izindlela ezifanelekile, ezivumelana ngokusobala nalokho okungavunyelwe, kodwa okunganqatshelwe, kodwa okunencwadi nemithetho yomthetho, iwumthetho.”

Izibonelo zamandla asikiselayo asebenzayo namuhla zihlanganisa:

  • Ukumiswa kwe-Internal Revenue Service (IRS) ukuqoqa izintela(manzi entela)] kuyahlelwa, kodwa ukwakha inxusa eliyinkimbinkimbi lokunikeza ukuqoqwa kwentela kungumandla asikiselwayo
  • Ukwakhiwa kwe-FLT Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) ukuphenya ubugebengu obudlula imigqa kahulumeni noma obuhlanganisa umthetho kahulumeni − kususwe kumandla abalayo ukujezisa ubugebengu nokulawula ezentengiselwano
  • Umthetho wokuhamba nge-FLT Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) [1] Ukuhamba emoyeni kwakunzima ngo-1787, kodwa ukuqondisa ezentengiselwano zamazwe nokunikeza inzuzo ebanzi kuthethelela lenhlangano yezenhlalakahle
  • Ukudlula kwemithetho yendawo ezungezile enjenge - Cease Air Act ne - Clean Water Act, esekelwe eMthethweni Wezohwebo KaClaus namandla okulawula amanzi agelezayo

Imibuso esetshenziswayo yenza uhulumeni kahulumeni avumelane nokusabela ezinkingeni ezintsha − isayensi yokusebenza kwembulunga yonke, ubuphekula, izifo eziwumqedazwe — ngaphandle kokudinga ukushintshwa komthetho - sisekelo kuyo yonke imithetho noma inhlangano entsha.

Amandla Emvelo: Ubukhosi Uqobo Lwabo

Ngaphandle kokubalwa nokuchazwa kwemibuso, uhulumeni kahulumeni uphinde ube namandla aqaphela ukuthi i-United States, njengenhlangano ezimele, inamandla okulawula imingcele yayo, iphethe imingcele yayo, iphathele abanye abantu, futhi izivikele ekuhlaseleni.

Izibonelo eziyinhloko zamandla emvelo zihlanganisa:

  • Ukulawula [[QLT:0] nokufakwa kwemvelo [] [1] (nesigaba Ngibala ukubekwa kwemvelo phakathi kwamandla adwetshiwe, amandla angokwemvelo okukhipha noma ukuvuma angewona ama-quarter ayilungelo elingokwamandla abanzi
  • Ukuvikela isizwe ezinsongweni zangaphandle `amandla okuxosha ukuhlasela asohlisiwe kuhlelwe emagunyeni adwetshiwe, kodwa amandla angokwemvelo okuthatha isinyathelo sokuhlenga noma ukungena ezivumelwaneni zokuzivikela asuka ebukhosini
  • Ukuqhuba izindaba zakwamanye amazwe − kuhlanganisa nokuqaphela ohulumeni bakwamanye amazwe, izivumelwano ezihlobana (nemvume yeSigele), kanye nokumisa izimemezelo
  • Ukuthola indawo (njengaseLouisiana Purchase, eyayingagunyaziwe ngokuqondile kodwa yayifanelekela njengokusetshenziswa kokwenza isivumelwano namandla obukhosi angokwemvelo)

Imibuso engokwemvelo ivame ukuphikisana kakhulu ngoba ayisekelwe ngokomthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, izisholo zamandla okubusa angokwemvelo phakathi nesikhathi sempi − njengokufakwa kwamaJapane aseMelika phakathi neMpi Yezwe II noma ukusetshenziswa kwezinkantolo zezempi — kuye kwabangela impikiswano engokomthetho nezombangazwe.

Igunya Elihlanganyelwayo: Amandla Amanje

Nakuba uhulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni usebenzisa igunya elibalulekile, awusebenzisi amandla endaweni engenalutho. Isimiso se- se-[FLT] federalism [ amandla ahlukanisa uhulumeni wezwe nohulumeni. imibuso ekhona yileyo ehlanganyelwa yiyo yomibili imikhakha kahulumeni. Zombili iziphathimandla zikahulumeni nombuso zingasebenza kulezindaba, nakuba umthetho kahulumeni uphakeme ngaphansi kweSumacy Claus (Antactle VI) lapho kuvela izingxabano.

Amandla avamile ahlanganisa:

  • Ukuhlukanisa] [1] Bobabili ohulumeni bahulumeni nohulumeni bangafaka intela, nakuba uhulumeni kahulumeni kudingeka ngokomthetho ukuba wabe intela eqondile phakathi kwezifundazwe (intela yenkokhelo yenziwa ngomthetho ngokomthetho ngeSichibiyelo se-16)
  • Ukwakha imigwaqo nesisekelo [1] izimali zikahulumeni ezikhokhwayo phakathi kwemigwaqo emikhulu nemibhuloho yasesifundazwe, kuyilapho amazwe egcina imigwaqo yendawo nemigwaqo emikhulu emincane phakathi kwemingcele yayo
  • Ukufaka izinkantolo eziphansi @isimiso senkantolo kahulumeni sihlanganisa izinkantolo zesifunda nezinkantolo zesifunda zokudlulisa icala, kuyilapho umbuso ngamunye unesimiso sawo siqu senkantolo
  • Imithetho yokugunyaza[ [bombili] amanxusa kahulumeni (njenge FBI ne-DEA) kanye nemithetho kahulumeni ne-phoyisa lendawo, ngezinye izikhathi ebekwe ngaphandle kwe-ove
  • Amabhange nezinkampani ]
  • Ukuqongelela imali [bombili i-U.S. Treasurence nohulumeni bamazwe baphikisana nesikweletu
  • Isihe nenhlalakahle [1] (nenkathi uhulumeni kahulumeni unikeza iMedicare ne Social Security, izifunda zisebenzisa iMedicaid (ngezimali zikahulumeni) futhi zinezinhlelo zazo siqu zempilo yomphakathi

Leligunya elihlangene livumela ukulinganisela: uhulumeni kahulumeni kazwelonke ungamisa izindinganiso zesizwe futhi unikeze imali, kuyilapho imibuso ingavumelanisa izimiso nezimo zendawo. ukwahlukana kwamandla [ kuyisivikelo esiyinhloko ekubuseni ngonya futhi uhulumeni uqinisekisa ukuthi usaqhubeka usabela ezakhamuzini ngezindlela eziningi.

Ukulinganiselwa Kwamandla Ombuso Ozimele

Ukuze kuvikelwe inkululeko futhi kuvinjelwe ukuphaphanyiswa, uMthetho-sisekelo neSipho samalungelo ubeka izikhawu emandleni kahulumeni. Lemigoqo ibaluleke njengokunikezwa kwegunya ngokwalo.

Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Abantu

Izinguquko zokuqala eziyishumi, zagunyazwa ngo-1791, zagunyazwa ngokucacile ukuthi uhulumeni uzimisele. ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sivimbela ukwenza imithetho yokuthi inkululeko yokubhala, yokunyathelisa, yenkolo, yenhlangano, noma yesicelo. ISichibiyelo Sesine sivikela ekuphenyeni okungenangqondo nokuquleka. ISichibiyelo sesihlanu siqinisekisa inqubo efanelekile futhi sinqande ukuzivala. ISichibiyelo seSichibiyelo sivimbela unya nesijeziso esingavamile. Lamalungelo asebenza ngokuqondile kuhulumeni wombuso (iSikhathi Amalungelo ekuqaleni asebenza kuphela esilinganisweni sikahulumeni; kamuva iSiphendulo se - 14 sasebenzisa isivikelo esikhulu salokhu kuhulumeni ngemfundiso ehlanganisa i-Genetiction).

Ukuhlukana Kwamandla Nokulinganisela

UMthetho-sisekelo uhlukanisa uhulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni ngamagatsha amathathu − kodwa iSigele kumelwe siqinisekise; izinkantolo zingamisa imithetho engagunyaziwe ngokubukeza kokwahlulela (uMphathi). UKhomishane wenza imithetho, kodwa uMongameli angamisa amajaji nezikhulu, kodwa i-Compate iqinise; izinkantolo zingamisa imithetho engagunyaziwe ngokuhlola kokwahlulela (obekwe ku-] [uMkhandlu we-Marry v. Madison[FL:1]], 1803]. Lesimiso sivimbela noma iliphi igatsha elilodwa ekubuseni.

Ubumbano Nobukhosi BukaHulumeni

ISichibiyelo seshumi sigcinelwe izifunda (noma abantu) yonke imibuso engaphathiswa uhulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni ngoMthetho-sisekelo, noma enqatshelwe yimibuso. Lesi simiso sobukhosi sisho ukuthi izimpikiswano eziningi zenza kube nemfundo, ukuhlanganisa, imithetho yomshado, kanye nemithetho yendawo . organisa umthwalo wohulumeni nendawo. Uhulumeni wezwe awunakuyala izikhulu zikahulumeni ukuba ziphoqelele iziqondiso zikahulumeni zezwe (njengoba iNkanto yeNkantolo Ephakeme yayiyiyo printez.[5] v [FLT]], 1997.

Izinqubo Eziqondile

ISiphakamiso I, Ingxenye 9 yoMthetho-sisekelo ihlela imingcele eqondile ewumbuso kahulumeni: akukho kukhishwa kwe-habeas corpus (ngaphandle kwezenhlangothi zokuvukela noma ukuhlasela), akukho zikweleta zemithetho ye-athod noma ye-codo, akukho ntela ekuthunyelweni kwamanye amazwe, akukho kukhethwa kwamatheku ombuso othile ngaphezu kweyabanye, futhi akukho mali ethathwe eNdaweni yezimali ngaphandle kokumiswa okungokomthetho. Lemithetho ibonisa ukungathemba kwaBasunguli kwegunya elingalawulwa.

Indima Kahulumeni Wama - Federal Ekuphileni Kwansuku Zonke

Kunokuba kube yinhlangano ekude eWashington, D.C., uhulumeni uthinta ukuphila kwawo wonke umuntu waseMelika ngokuqondile, ngokuvamile ngezindlela ezingaqashelwa. Ukuqonda lezi zindima kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde ukuthi uhulumeni uzoba yini umphumela, futhi kuzenza zibe nesibopho sokulandisa.

Imfundo

Uhulumeni kahulumeni awuziphathi izikole eziphansi nezisemkhakheni wezwe nemisebenzi yendawo, kodwa unikeza izimali eziphawulekayo futhi uhlela izinto eziza kuqala zweni. Isebelo semfundo sinikeza izinhlelo ezinjengeSihloko-Sikole Esiyaluyaluza Ezikoleni ezifikayo kanye neMisebenzi yoMsebenzi wezemfundo yomphakathi elinganiselwe (IDEA), eqinisekisa imfundo yomphakathi efanelekile kubafundi abakhubazekile. Izinhlelo zokusiza abafundi, kuhlanganise noPellance Grants nemalibolenti yombuso, zisiza izigidi ukuba zikhokhele ikholiji. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uhulumeni ubeka imithetho enjenge-All Stues Revecessivetion Act (ESA) Act.

Ukunakekelwa kwempilo

Ngaphakathi iMedicare (yabantu abadala nabakhubazekile abathile) kanye [kubantu abaphansi] nemikhaya, abaxhaswe ngezimali ezihlangene nezindawo), uhulumeni unikeza amashumi ezigidi zamaMelika izikhokhelo zempilo. [[FLT:] [[FLT:]] [FFLT]] I-Afford Carect [ ukwandisa ukufinyelela umshuwalenselawu oyimfihlo ngezentengiso, futhi usungule isivikelo esinjengentengo yezindawo eziphambili ezikhona. Izinhlangano zokucwaninga zempilo zomphakathi ziphendula i-CFOLT [FLT][19]

Izinto Zokuhamba Nezakhiwo Eziyinkimbinkimbi

Uhulumeni utshala imali eningi kakhulu engosini yezokuthutha yesizwe. Fateral Highway Administration yengamela i- Interstate Highway System, kuyilapho ilawula ukuphepha komoya, ne-Foleral Transtit Administration [ inikeza iziphakamiso zamabhasi nezimiso zokuhamba. [FLT] [FLT] [FLT:] [FLT] [FLT]] Adrederational Administration Administration [[[FLT]] inikeza izilinganiso zezimoto. [FLT] I-Prompers Admigtions, inciphisa ukuphatha kwezentengo, futhi yenza imisebenzi.

Indawo Ezungezile Namandla

[[FLT:] I-Environal Protection Agency (NEPA) imisa imithetho elinganisela ukungcola komoya namanzi, ilawula ukungcola okuyingozi, futhi ilawule amakhemikhali. i-National Oceanic ne Atmospheric Administration (NOA) ihlola isimo sezulu nesimo sezulu, kuyilapho izimali zokucwaninga ngemithombo ye-Emperation [[FLT:]] imfuno evuselela amandla futhi ilawula izikhali zenuzi. Izimiso zendawo zendawo eziphethe imoto zithinta yonke into kusukela kumandla emoota zemoto ukuya ekuphuzeni amanzi.

Ukulondeka Kwezomnotho

Izinhlelo ezifana Ukulondeka okungokokudla (ukuvuselelwa, ukukhubazeka, nezinzuzo zabasindi) kanye SSpplial Interition Information Program (SPAP) kunikeza usizo lwezimali kanye nesondlo. [[FLT:]] [[FLT]]] Isimiso seReservement serve system [[ imisa inqubo yemali ukuze kulawule ukwehla kwenaniseka nokuthuthukisa umsebenzi. ] Izimo ezingokondlayo kanye ne-Exchange (CLT)[FLT] [FLT]] izimakethensi zezimali ukuze kuvikelwe ukuvolo.

Isiphetho

Amagunya kahulumeni kahulumeni anamandla amakhulu futhi acindezelwa. Agunyazwe, ashiwo, futhi afuzwayo anika Washington igunya lokuthatha isinyathelo ezindabeni zokubaluleka kwesizwe (kusukela ekuqambeni imali nasekumemezeleni impi ukuba iqondise izitimela zesitimela nokunikeza ukunakekelwa kwezempilo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, iBill of Rights, ukuhlukaniswa kwamagunya, ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso, uhulumeni, kanye nokuvinjelwa okukhethekile komthetho-sisekelo kuqinisekisa ukuthi lombuso awupheleli. Ngokuqonda lokho uhulumeni wezwe ophethe ongakwazi nokungenakukwenza, izakhamuzi zingahlanganyela kangcono ezimisweni zentando yeningi, zisekele izithakazelo zazo, futhi zigcine abaholi bazo benobushela. Njengoba nje ukuchazwa nokusetshenziswa kwalemibuso kungeke kuhlale kuyisisekelo sawo.

Ukuze uqhubeke ufunda, hlola [ U.S. umthetho-sisekelo ophawulwe[, uhlole [ izimali 101 ezivela ezinkantolo zikahulumeni[, noma hlola izingqwembe zokusungula ezisekelweni zeSibaya sesizwe [[[FLT]]].]