Izisekelo Zamandla Kahulumeni

Umbuso kahulumeni usuka emithonjeni eminingi echaza ubukhulu bayo nokufaneleka kwayo njengeqembu. Umthombo ovelele kakhulu yimvume yababusi, isimiso esivezwa ongqondongqondo abanjengoJohn Locke noJean-Jacques Rousseau. Ezimisweni zentando yeningi, lemvume ivezwa ngokhetho, ukumelelwa, nezivumelwano zomthetho-sisekelo. Imithetho yemithetho-sisekelo imisa imingcele yegunya, isho ukuthi yimaphi amagatsha kahulumeni angenza futhi ngaphansi kwaziphi izimo. Izenzakalo zezehlakalo zamandla futhi zibekwa ngemithetho yenkantolo evelele noma ngezenzo zesikhulu ezimisa amapulani okubusa esikhathini esizayo. Amapulani emithetho emithetho yezomthetho, kuhlanganise nemithetho, izivumelwano, iveza imingcele enikezwa izinhlangano nezikhulu. Ukuqonda lemithombo kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zihlole ukuthi zisebenza kuziphi imingcele yazo.

Amandla kahulumeni angahlelwa ngezinhlobo eziningana: ukushaya imithetho (ukwenza imithetho), ukuphatha (ukusebenzisa imithetho), nokwahlulela. Uhlobo ngalunye lunemithwalo yemfanelo ehlukile namathuba okuxhashazwa. Ngokwesibonelo, amandla okushaya imithetho angasetshenziselwa ukunikeza imithetho enweba inhlalakahle yomphakathi noma imingcele yenkululeko yomuntu siqu. Amandla okulawula ngokuvamile ahilela izimemezelo eziphuthumayo, ukulwa kwezempi, noma ukwenza imithetho. Amandla omthetho womthetho womthetho-mthetho anquma ukuba imithetho ibe yimithetho esemthethweni futhi angasebenza njengesekeli sobukhohlakani. Ukwehlukana kwemibuso, njengoba kufakwe emithethweni eminingi yemithetho engokomthetho, kuklanyelwe ukuvimbela noma isiphi isici somuntu ukuba athole igunya elingavinjelwe. Nokho, ukulinganisela phakathi kwalamagatsha ashintsha isikhathi, athonywe ukucindezela kwezombangazwe, nombono womphakathi.

Ukuba Isekela Lemithetho Nenhlangano Yezenhlalo

Umthetho uyisici esenza ukuba amandla kahulumeni amukeleke ngokwezimiso. Ngaphandle komthetho, igunya limane liphoqelela. Inkolelo-mbono yenhlalo yokuthi abantu bayavuma ukunikela inkululeko ethile ukuze bavikeleke. Uma uhulumeni ephula lesi sivumelwano (ngokwephula amalungelo), ukuhluleka ukunikeza ukulondeka, noma ukwenza ngokusemthethweni) ukugunyazwa kwamandla awo. Izinguquko zezesikhathi esidlule, njengokuVukela kweNguquko kwaseMelika noma iNguquko yaseFrance, zazithethelelwa ngokuthi ababusi bawuyekile umkhawulo wabo wesivumelwano. Ebushicimeni banamuhla, ukufaneleka kuqiniswa ngokhetho lwezikhathi ezithile, izigebetho ezizimeleyo, nokuvikela inkululeko yomphakathi. Nokho, ngisho nohulumeni abasemthethweni kumelwe baqhubeke bebonisa ukuthi izenzo zabo zikhonza okuhle, noma balahlekelwa igunya labo elibangenile.

Ukuchaza Okuhle Komphakathi

Umqondo womphakathi uphikiswana ngokwemvelo. Izazi zefilosofi kusukela ku-Aristotle kuya kuJohn Rawls ziye zaphikisana ngokuthi yini eyakha umphakathi omuhle. Emkhakheni wayo, inzuzo yomphakathi ibhekisela emiphumeleni nasezimweni ezizuzisa wonke amalungu omphakathi, hhayi nje ambalwa kakhulu. Izinto ezivamile zihlanganisa ukutholakala kwamanzi ahlanzekile, umoya, nokudla; izimiso zemfundo yomphakathi; izakhiwo zesisekelo ezinjengemigwaqo, amabhuloho, ne-internet axnetyne; izinkonzo zokunakekela impilo; nesivikelo sendawo ezungezile. Lezizinto ngokuvamile azizona ezivamile futhi azizona izinhlobonhlobo zokwenza ukuba umuntu angazinciphisi ezinye izinto, futhi kunzima ukuvimbela noma ubani ukuba angene kuzo. Izakhiwo zomphakathi, isivikelo somphakathi, nezindawo zokuvikela umphakathi.

Nokho, intuthuko yomphakathi ayiyona into eqhubekayo. Intuthuko yezesayensi yomphakathi, ukushintsha kwenani labantu, kanye nokushintsha kwezindinganiso zomphakathi kuvumelana nalokho okubhekwa njengokubalulekile. Ngokwesibonelo, i-intanethi ye-intanethi ebanzi manje ibhekwa njengenzuzo yomphakathi edingekayo ekuhlanganyeleni kwezomnotho nakumphakathi. Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuye kwandisa izinga lokuvikela indawo ezungezile njengomphakathi omuhle, kudinga ukubambisana kwezizwe zonke. Izimpikiswano ngokuqondene nezimpahla zomphakathi ezisekelwe ekwabiweni: kufanele kuqondiswe kangakanani intela ezikoleni ezisemgwaqwelweni ezimelene nemigwaqo ezungezile? Lezi zinqumo zezombangazwe futhi zibonisa imibono ephikisanayo yomphakathi. Ohulumeni kumelwe balawule lezi zimpikiswaneze ukuthi imithetho ayisebenzi izithakazelo ezizuzisa kakhulu.

Izinselele Zokuveza Inzuzo Yomphakathi

Enye inselele iwukuthi inzuzo yomphakathi ingasetshenziswa ukuze kuthethelelwe izimiso ze-pholia. Abaholi bangasho ukuthi ukucindezela ukungavumelani nenkululeko kufeza “okungcono kakhulu.” Izibonelo ezingokomlando zihlanganisa izimiso zokuqoqa zeSoviet Union, ezithetheleleka njengokuthuthukisa umphakathi kodwa ezibangela indlala enkulu. Ngokufanayo, ukuqashelwa kwesizwe kuye kwasetshenziselwa ukuthethelela izinhlelo zokuhlola eziphazamisa imfihlo. Ukulawula kwentando yeningi okunempilo kudinga ukuba incazelo yokuhle okuvelayo ekuphikisaneni obala, hhayi ukubekwa yisikhulu esibusayo. Enye inseleleko phakathi kwamalungelo abantu ngabanye nezinzuzo ezihlangene. Ngokwesibonelo, ukumelana nezifo ezithathelwanayo kusiza umphakathi, kodwa ukugoma okuwumthetho kungaphikisana nezimfuneko zokuzilawula. Ukuzilawula lezi zimiso zokuphikisana kudinga nokuzinqikela.

Ukungezwani Kwegunya Nomthwalo Wemfanelo

Igunya libhekisela elungelweni elingokomthetho lokusebenzisa amandla; umthwalo wemfanelo ubhekisela esibophoni sokusebenzisa lawomandla ngokwezimiso nangempumelelo. Ukucindezeleka kuphakama lapho abaholi bakahulumeni behlela igunya eligciniwe phezu kokufeza imithwalo yabo yemfanelo. Lokhu kungabonakala ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene: ukusebenzisa imithombo kahulumeni ukuze bazuze, ukushaya indiva ubufakazi obungokwesayensi ekwenzeni inqubo, noma ukuvimbela ukumelana nokuhlala unegunya. Ukungaqiniseki, ukulandisa kuyimfuneko. Ukulandisa kusho ukuthi izikhulu zikahulumeni ziphendule ngezenzo zazo emphakathini noma kwamanye amagatsha. Izikhulu ziyisimo esiqondile sokuziphendulela ngalokhu, kodwa azinanele uma kungenalwazi. Amarekhodi ezindaba omphakathi, ukuzwa kwabantu, nokunyathelisa uhulumeni.

Esinye isici esiyinhloko umthetho, ohlanganisa izenzo zikahulumeni ezinqunywe umthetho. Uma abaholi benza okungaphezu komthetho, igunya liba yisijeqe. Izikhulu zezikhulu ezizimele zifeza indima ebalulekile ekuqinisekiseni umthetho, ukubukeza izenzo zobuphathi nomthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho. Izinhlangano zomphakathi, njengamaqembu aqaphile namalungelo abantu, zinikeza izikhalazo ezithi ohulumeni bazolandisa ngokudalula ukuziphatha okubi nokukhuthaza izinguquko. Ukuhlanganyela komphakathi ekubuseni amahholo edolobha, ukuphawula inkathi, ikomiti yezeluleko, nokuqondisa idemokhrasi njengekhothazo zomthetho-demokhrasi. Izinhlangano zomphakathi zinikeza izakhamuzi isigxobo ezinqumweni ezithinta zona. Lezi zinqubo zokuzibopha icala azikhuthanga nje kuphela ukuveza ukulandisa inguquko kodwa zithuthukisa izinga lezimiso zokulungisa imibono ehlukahlukeneyo.

Ukutadisha Icala: Amandla Aphuthumayo Nokulinganiselwa Kwawo

Phakathi nezinkinga, ohulumeni ngokuvamile basebenzisa igunya elikhulisiwe ukuze bavikele ukulondeka komphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi nobhadane lwe-COVOID-19, amazwe amaningi amisa imingcele yokuhamba, nemithetho yokufihla izifihla ubuso. Lezi zinyathelo zalunganiswa njengokusebenzisa okuhle komphakathi ngokunciphisa ukudluliswa kwezimiso zezokunakekelwa kwempilo nokuvimbela ukugcwala kwezimiso zempilo. Nokho, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla ephuthumayo kwaphakamisa futhi ukukhathazeka ngokuphazanyiswa. Abanye ohulumeni basebenzisa lesi sifo njengebhaxa lokuhle kwabaphisi bempi yezombangazwe noma ukuvimbela inkululeko. EHungary, uNdunankulu uViocio Orbán wasebenzisa umthetho wesimo esiphuthumayo ukuze alawule ngemithetho, abhekene nokugxekwa kwemithetho esobala engokomthetho ehlela izinhleloni eziphuthumayo, futhi balondoloze ukulinganisela kwezenzo zempi ezindaweni eziphuthumayo naphakathi kwesibopho sokulandisa.

Ukuhlola Icala Okungokomlando: Ukuphumelela Nokuhluleka

Ukuhlola izibonelo ezingokomlando kunikeza izifundo zokubusa kwamanje. Enye indaba yempumelelo ukumiswa kwezimiso zezempilo zomphakathi emazweni amaningi ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II. EUnited Kingdom, i-National Health Service (NHS) yasungulwa ngo-1948 ngesimiso sokuthi ukukhathalela impilo kuyinto enhle etholakala kubo bonke, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iholo elingakanani. Uhulumeni wasebenzisa igunya lakhe ekukhokheleni intela nasondleni imithombo yezempilo, futhi wathatha umthwalo wemfanelo wokuqinisekisa ukufinyelela yonke indawo. Lokhu kwathuthukisa kakhulu iminyaka yokuphila nokunciphisa impilo. Ngokufanayo, i-New Areciement eUnited States phakathi nokwehla kakhulu kokwehla kokwehla komnotho wasebenzisa amandla kahulumeni ukudala imisebenzi, ukwakha izakhiwo (njengaleyo HoverDam), nokumisa ukulondeka komphakathi. Le zinhlelo zasekelwa futhi zibonisa indlela yokukhokha inzuzo yomphakathi.

Ngokuphambene, ukwehluleka komphakathi womhlaba wonke kuyenzeka lapho umbuso kahulumeni usetshenziswa kabi. Okunye ukuhluleka kungukusabela esiphephweni ngo-2005: uhulumeni wasebenzisa igunya lawo ukuhlela nokubhebhethekisa ubudlova obukhulu ngokumelene nedlanzana lamaTutsi. Lokhu kusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla kwaphumela ekufeni kwamakhulu ezinkulungwane. Lokhu kuhluleka komphakathi womhlaba wonke ukungenela kuye kwagxekwa kakhulu. Okunye ukuhluleka kuyindlela yokusabela eSiphephweni uKatrina ngo-20059, lapho ukulungiselela okunganele nokwephuza kukahulumeni kwaholela ekuhluphekeni okusakazekeni okukhulu. Le nhlekelele yaveza ukuhluleka kwezimiso zezenzwe zemisebenzi, ukubambisana, ukuphathana, ukuhola okuhle, nokuqapha kwezakhamuzi. Uma uhulumeni behluleka ukufeza imithwalo yemfanelo yabo, imiphumela ingaba inhlekelele.

Izifundo Ezivela Kubaholi Bezincwadi

Imibuso yabaphathi inikeza izixwayiso ngombuso ongalawulwa. EJalimane lobuNazi, uhulumeni wasebenzisa inkulumo - ze, amaphoyisa ayimfihlo, namakamu okuhlushwa ukuze uqinisekise intando yawo, ukwenqaba okuhle komphakathi ngenxa yezinhloso zemibono. Kuleyo-Siriya yangaleso sikhathi, uhulumeni we-Assad uye wasebenzisa izikhali zamakhemikhali namabhomu e-ambumbulela amasosha ngaphansi kokubekwa kwempi yobuphekula, ebangela inhlekelele yenhlalakahle yabantu. Lemibuso ibonisa ukuthi ngaphandle kokuhlola nokulinganisela, amandla okonakala. Nokho, ngisho nedemocracism ayigobekile ekukhukhulekeni kwezimiso zentando yeningi. Ukuwohloka kancane kancane kwezinhlangano zentando yeningi emazweni anjenge-Hungary nePoland, ukuncitshiswa kwezezomthetho, izinguquko zomthetho, nokuvinjelwa komphakathi emphakathini wesizwe, futhi ibonise ukuthi ukulingana phakathi kwegunya phakathi komthwalo wemfanelo nesibopho. Kumelwe ukuba izakhamuzi nezizwe zomhlaba ziqaphele izikhali ukuba zivinjelwe ngamandla.

Ukuhlanganyela Kwesigqi Esifanayo Ngokumelene Nesimo

Isivumelwano senyunyana esithembisiwe mhlawumbe siwukuphikisana okuphumelela kakhulu nohulumeni ophathwe kabi. Ukuthembisana ngemithetho kuhlanganisa okungaphezulu kunokuvota; kuhlanganisa ukuya emihlanganweni yomphakathi, ukubhalela abameleli, ukujoyina amaqembu okuvukela, ukuhlanganyela ekubhikisheni, nokuzimela isikhundla. Kuhulumeni wentando yeningi, izakhamuzi zikhuthazwa ukuba zilinganisele ukudayisa ukuhweba nokunikela ekwenzeni inqubo. Amathuluzi emishini awenziwe ngemishini anwebe amathuba anwebekile okuthembisana: i-e - e-pane, i-pane, futhi imikhankanka yezokuxhumana abantu kungahlanganisa izinombolo ezinkulu zabantu. Nokho, ukubophela kwemidiyamu yezeli kukhuthaza ukukhomba, njengamagumbi okungena ngomsindo. Izivumelwano eziphumelelayo zidinga ukufinyelela ulwazi olunokwethenjelwa, ulwazi, ulwazi, ukufunda nokuhlanganisa nokuhlanganisa nezinhlangano ezikhungweni ezingawahluphangagodi.

Izinhlangano ezilwa ne-asroot ziye zathatha ushintsho olukhulu ngokomlando. Inhlangano yamaLungelo e-Civil Rights e-United States yasebenzisa ukubhikisha okungenabudlova, izinselele zomthetho, kanye nokuhlela komphakathi ukuphoqelela ukumiswa komthetho okwaqeda ukuhlukaniswa nokuvikelwa kwamalungelo okuvimbela ukuvota. Inhlangano emelene nokuthola imingcele eNingizimu Afrika yathola ukusekela kwembulunga yonke futhi ekugcineni yaholela ekususweni kobuhlanga obuhleliwe. Muva nje, i-kivivismism eholwa intsha (umz. NgoLwesihlanu lwesikhathi Esizayo) iye yacindezela ohulumeni ukuba bamukele izisulu zokuhlasela kobudlova. Lezi zibonelo zibonisa ukuthi izakhamuzi zingagcina ohulumeni benombono engcono. Ngoba izinhlangano ezinjalo zidinga ukuvikelwa ngaphansi komthetho wenkululeko yokukhuluma, nokunyathelisa okumelwe kuhloniswe. Uma zincishiswe amalungelo azo, lapho zincishiswa amalungelo abo.

Ukuhlanganyela Okungokwesayensi: Izibonelo

Abanye ohulumeni baye basungula izindlela ezingokomthetho zokuhlanganyela emphakathini. E-Brazil, uhlelo lokuhlela imali yokuhlukanisa luvumela izakhamuzi ukuba zinqume ukuthi zingawabeka kanjani amasheya, kuholele ezingeni elingcono futhi kunciphe inkohlakalo. E-Iceland, inqubo yokubukeza yomthetho-sisekelo encikene nezakhamuzi ezivamile ehilela ukudweba umthetho-sisekelo omusha (nakuba ekugcineni awuzange wamukeleke). Lokhu kuhlola kubonisa ukuthi uma umphakathi unikezwa amandla angempela, izinqumo ziyasabela ngokwengeziwe ezidingweni zendawo. Nokho, ukuhlanganyela ngokwako kungafakwa uma abaphathi bezomthetho-mthetho-mthetho kudinga ukuba wonke amazwi, ikakhulukazi ancitshiswe, anele, athole ithuba elilinganayo lokuzwakala.

Izinselele Zanamuhla Nesidingo Sokuzivumelanisa Nezimo

Ukubusa kwamuva kubhekene nezinselele ezingakaze zibonwe ngaphambili ezivivinya ukulinganisela kwegunya nomthwalo wemfanelo. Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kudinga ukungenela kukahulumeni emazingeni angakaze avele ngaphambili , ukuncishiswa kwamandla avuselelwe, nokusetshenziswa kwezimiso zokuzivumelanisa. Nokho, ukungenela okunjalo kungabonwa njengokuphazamisa inkululeko yezomnotho noma eyedwa (umz., imingcele yezimoto zikaphethiloli). Umqedazwe odabukayo odaliweyo odalwembulwe emazingeni kahulumeni nokuthembana. Amazwe anokuthenjwa okukhulu, njengaseNingizimu Korea naseNew Zealand, akwazi ukuveza izinyathelo eziphumelelayo zempilo yomphakathi ngokuvumelana nokumelana nemithi yezekelo ephansi. Inkathi yonyaka iveza izinselele: ohulumeni kumelwe balawule iziteshishaniso zezenhlalo ukuze bavimbele izindaba zezindaba, kodwa izikhululiwe.

Enye inselele yanamuhla ukungalingani okukhulayo. Uma izimiso zikahulumeni zihlukanisa ingcebo, inzuzo yomphakathi iyancitshiswa. Inhlangano ye-Occupy Wall Street kanye nesiphithiphithi sezombangazwe esilandelanayo zibonisa umbono wokuthi ohulumeni bakhonza izicukuthwane kunokuba basebenzise okuhle okuvamile. Ukungalingani kudinga ukukhokhwa okuqhubekayo kwentela, amanetha aqinile angokwenhlalo, nokutshala imali ezintweni zomphakathi njengemfundo nokunakekela impilo. Nokho, izithakazelo ezinamandla zivame ukumelana nezinyathelo ezinjalo. Ukulinganisela phakathi kwegunya nemithwalo yezombusazwe ekugcineni kuwumzabalazo wezombangazwe. Izakhamuzi kumelwe ziqaphele ukuthi amandla kahulumeni awathathi neze amanani; angasetshenziswa ekunciphiseni noma ukwanda kobunganisela. Umhleli ofundile udinga ukuqinisekisa ukuthi igunya liyasebenza ukuze kuzuze bonke.

Indima Yezinhlangano Zomhlaba Wonke

Impahla yomphakathi embulungeni yonke — njengokulawula isimo sezulu, ukuvuleka kobhadane, nokubambisana ngokwezimali ngalé kwemingcele yesizwe. Izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke njengeZizwe Ezihlangene, iNhlangano Yezwe, neNkathi ye-Monetary Fund zisebenzisa ithonya kohulumeni bezwe. Nokho, lezinhlangano ngokwazo zibhekene nezindaba ezingokomthetho neziwubungathwayo. Izinqumo ezenziwe amazwe acebile zingaphoqelela izindleko kwabampofu. Ukulinganisela igunya nomthwalo wemfanelo emhlabeni wonke kuyinkimbinkimbi ngisho nakakhulu ngoba akukho uhulumeni wembulunga yonke onamandla ahlangene. Izivumelwano nemithetho ixhomeke ekuthobekeni ukuzimisela nokucindezela kontanga. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, izinhlangano zobuPropulist ziye zabuza igunya lezinhlangano zomhlaba wonke, ziphikisa ukuncintisana kwesidingo sokuzinguquko emhlabeni wonke. Lokhu kugcizelela ukukhathalela ukubusa kwemibuso yentando yentando yentando yeningi.

Isiphetho

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwegunya likahulumeni nenzuzo yomphakathi bunamandla futhi buphikiswana. Igunya lidingekile ukuze ohulumeni banikeze izinkonzo ezidingekayo, bavikele amalungelo, futhi baphendule ezinkingeni. Nokho, ngaphandle komthwalo wemfanelo `embobown', ukulandisa, ukulandisa, nokubusa komthetho . Izakhamuzi azizona izikhonzi nje; zihlanganyela ngentshiseko enqubeni eqhubekayo yokuhlanganisa imingcele yamandla. Ukuphumelela nokuhluleka kwezehlakaniphisa ukunikeza isiqondiso, kodwa isizukulwane ngasinye kumelwe sivumelanise lezifundo nomongosiso saso. Enkathini yokushintsha ngokushesha, kusukela ekuphazamisekeni kwezesayensi yezobuchwepheshe, isidingo sokuqonda okulinganiselwe ekuphileni komphakathi, ukulandisa okufuna ukulandisa, nokusekela ukuchazwa kwemiphakathi, kungaqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni ufeza injongo yayo yonke inhlalakahle.

Ukuze ufunde ngokuqhubekayo, cabangela lemithombo elandelayo: uJohn Locke’s USELESTIATY of Hulumend unikeza imibono eyisisekelo emvumeni nasegunyeni; uSivumelo esingavumelaniyo samaLungelo Obuntu [ unikeza ukuqonda ohulumeni okumelwe basekele; [[FLT:]] i-Econom [[FLT] World Forum ukuhlola ukuthembela kuhulumeni phakathi nezinkinga; [[FLT6]]] unikeza ukuqonda okungoko ngesibopho nenkohlakalo. Lemicebo ingathuthukisa ukuqonda inseleleko eqhubekayo yegunya elikhona ngemithwalo yemfanelo yomphakathi.