UMongameli we-United States usebenzisa igunya elingavamile, ekhonza njengenhloko kahulumeni, umphathi-nhloko, nomphathi omkhulu kahulumeni. Lokhu kunqwabelana kwamandla kwenziwa ngamabomu, kuklanyelwe ukunikeza amandla anqumayo ezikhathini zenhlekelele nokunikeza ubuholi besizwe. Nokho, labo bantu abafanayo abanika lamandla amandla babewaqapha kakhulu ama-ascracy. Bakha ekwakheni iqoqo lezakhiwo zomthetho ngokomthetho lokulinganisela i-(-"galgal, izombangazwe, kanye nokuqinisekisa ukuthi amandla kamongameli uyaqhubeka ehlala ewumthwalo wokulandisa. Ukuqonda lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu kunoma ubani ofunda uhulumeni waseMelika noma ohileleke ekuphileni komphakathi. Lesi sihloko sihlola izisekelo zomthetho-mthetho-presidenti, izimiso zokuwuhlola, izindlela zokuhola ezisetshenziswa ngumongameli, ukubusa nokulawula kwegunya elikhona phakathi kwezenzwe negunya lentando yentando yentando yeningi.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Samandla Omongameli

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., eSiphakamisweni II, ufaka itshebe lombuso kuMongameli oyedwa. Nakuba iSiphakamiso I (Conrest) siningiliziwe kakhulu, iSiphakamiso II sinikeza igunya elibanzi, ngezinye izikhathi elingaqondakali. Imibuso eyinhloko edwetshwe ngokucacile ihlanganisa:

  • Umyalo-ngaphakathi-i-Chief weButho, iButho, ne-Provier amasosha kahulumeni uma ebizelwa enkonzweni kahulumeni.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Intethelelo nentethelelo [ kumacala kahulumeni, ngaphandle kwamacala okungagunyazi.
  • Yenza izivumelwano , uma zinikezwa izingxenye ezimbili-ntathu zeSigele siyavuma.
  • misa futhi umise [ amanxusa, amajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme, nezinye izikhulu zikahulumeni, ngeseluleko nemvume yeSigele.
  • [ I-VETO umthetho udluliswe yiSishaya-mthetho, umelwe ukudlula ngevoti yama-3-3 kulawomakamu.
  • Cela umbono obhaliwe [ wezikhulu eziyinhloko eminyangweni ephethe.
  • [[[UMTH:0] no-'Fontene' Isikhongozelo ezikhathini ezingavamile.
  • [ qaphela ukuba imithetho ikhishwe ngokwethembeka[ [1]"i-games eye yachazwa njengenikeza igunya lomphathi wefa.

Ngalé kwalamandla acacile, amongameli baye bathi isikhathi eside baqaphela isibopho sikamongameli sokuvikela abaphathi bezwe kanye nokusekela izithakazelo zesizwe, kodwa esibonakala sibalulekile ukukhipha ihhovisi. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme ku-Neagle [1890] saqaphela isibopho sobumongameli sokuvikela abaphathi bezwe kanye nokusekela inzuzo yesizwe, ngisho nangaphandle komthetho. Ngokufanayo, uMahluleli kaRobert Jackson uVumente odumile uVumelwane ku i-Stown & Lamp; u-Cevie. v. [FLT] u-FLD] u-'ult [5] u-sectivescet we-facerder'iactive'iactive's providential, noma umqulu wamandla oqinile, lapho ungekho, noma umqulu ovunyiwe kakhulu, lapho kugunyaza umqulu walo.

Imfundiso yesikhulu sokulawula iyakuphikisa ukuphatha kwe-, incazelo yamuva neyimpikiswano, ikholelwa ukuthi uMongameli uphethe ngokuphelele igatsha eliphethe ihhovisi elikhulu, kuhlanganise namandla okususa noma isiphi isikhulu esingaphansi kwentando. Abasekeli baphikisana ngakho kudingekile ukuze kubekwe icala, kuyilapho abagxeki bexwayisa ngokulula izinhlangano ezizimele nokuphathwa kwenhlangano. Le ngxoxo ikhule kakhulu emashumini eminyaka amuva, ikakhulukazi phakathi nenkathi ye-Trump ne-Biden, futhi iyaqhubeka iklama i-transiation phezu kwemiyalo yezikhulu nezimiso zokubusa. Ukuqhubeka kokufunda, [[FLTL:2] i-ANTPT.[FLT]

Indima Yamagobolondo Nokulinganisela

Abakhi bamaFrame bahlanganisa ngamabomu ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso nesimiso sokuhlolana. UJames Madison wabhala kuFederalist No. 51 ukuthi “ukuvelela kumelwe kwenziwe ukuze kulwisane nokufuna ukuvelela.” Ngakho, amandla kamongameli acindezelwa:

Izinhlolo - vo Zenhlangano

  • I-Veto ikhululeke:[ Izikhondla-Mkhandlu zingaqeda umongameli we-veto kanye nokwethathu okukhulu kakhulu kuzo zombili izindlu.
  • Ukuqinisekisa kanye neseluleko: ISigele kumele siqinisekise izivumelwano ezinkulu nezivumelwano ze-ravizence.
  • Amandla okuguqula: uKhongolo olulawula isikhwama semali; ngaphandle kokusebenzisa imali, izinyathelo zokuqondisa.
  • [ Indlu ingamnikeza uMongameli umgomo “ngomcabango, ukufumbathisa, noma obunye ubugebengu obukhulu kanye namaphutha,” ngokuqulwa nokususwa kwegele.
  • Ukuhlola nophenyo: Amakomiti angafaka amabhukwana eposi futhi aphoqelele ubufakazi obuvela kubaphathi begatsha abaphethe.
  • [ Igunya lomthetho: Isikhomba-khamuzi singamisa imithetho ecindezela ngokuqondile ukuqapha umongameli, ukuba ibekwe futhi ikhululwe.

Ama - archy Okwahlulela

  • Ukubukeza okungokwesiko: izinkantolo zeFederal zingashaya izenzo zomongameli eziphula uMthetho-sisekelo noma ezedlula igunya lomthetho.
  • I-Injctions:[ Izinkantolo zingamisa iziyalezo zezikhulu noma izinqubo ezilindele ukubekwa.
  • [ Ukufakwa kwemithetho: Ijaji linquma incazelo nobubanzi bemithetho okumelwe amongameli ‘ bayenze ngokwethembeka."

Iziphepho Zezombangazwe Neziyiphutha

  • Ukhetho oluvamile njalo njalo ngemva kweminyaka emine lunikeza indlela yokulandisa.
  • Ukuhlola okuphathelene nemithombo yezindaba nokubhala ngezincwadi ngokucwaninga kungadalula ukuxhashazwa nombono womphakathi.
  • Amaqembu anesithakazelo, izinhlangano ezisekela umbuso, nezinhlangano zezenhlalo kukhuthaza ukuphikiswa noma ukusekelwa.
  • Ohulumeni boMbuso bangabekela iziqondiso zikahulumeni inselele enkantolo (njengoba kubhekwa ngezinselele zokugcinwa kwamandla okuthutha).
  • [[UMTH:0] Izakhiwo [ @a umshini wokunyathelisa okhululekile(amacts) njengenja egadayo, njengoba isho isho i-frid enqanyuliwe kwisivikelo seSichibiyelo sokuqala.

Ukudlala kwale mishini kuqinisekisa ukuthi alikho igatsha elingabusa. Isibonelo esiphawulekayo sesikhathi esikhona yi- Conregional Review Act, evumela uKhongolo-mthetho ukuba luguqule imithetho yegatsha phakathi kwefasitela elilinganiselwe. Omongameli futhi baye babhekana nokuhluleka kwenkantolo ezindabeni ezisukela ekunqanyulweni kohambo kuya ekuthetheleni intethelelo yabafundi, ebonisa indima enkulu ye-judiary.

Izindlela Zobuholi Bomongameli

Indlela umongameli asebenzisa ngayo amandla ngokuvamile ixhomeke endleleni yokuhola, nayo ethinta ubuhlobo noMkhandlu, izikhulu nomphakathi.

Ukuhola Okungashintshi

Lendlela igcizelela ukuthengiselana, ukwenza, nokuzuza. Abameli abathatha indlela yokuthengiselana baphatha ezombangazwe njengochungechunge lokusekela amavoti, imithombo yokwethembeka. ULyndon B. Johnson wasebenzisa ngokudume kakhulu ubuciko bakhe bobu budlelwane ukuze adlulise umthetho wamalungelo omphakathi. Muva nje, indlela kaBarack Obama yokulungisa inguquko yezempilo ihilela ukuxoxa kakhulu nabaxhasi bezemboni. Amandla omholi othengiselelweyo asekelwe ekutholeni kwayo i-pragmatism; ubuthakathaka bayo buwukuthi ayinawo umbono oshukumisayo wokushintsha okukhulu.

Ukuhola Kwenguquko

Omongameli bokuguqula bafuna ukuguqula izakhamuzi nezinhlangano zesizwe ukuze bamukele uhlelo olusha. UFranklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal uyichaza ngokuyisisekelo indima kahulumeni kahulumeni, kanti ushintsho olungokwesiko lukaRonald Reagan luye lwaguqula futhi isimiso sezomnotho kanye nendawo yokuqondisa. Ukuhola kokuguqula kuxhomeke kakhulu emandleni okungaphenduli, ekuvukeleni umphakathi, nasekulandiseni okucacile. Kuvame ukubangela ukuphikisa okukhulu kodwa kushiye izikhundla zezekwayo.

Ukuhola Okuzimele Noma Okungenamsoco

Abanye amongameli basekela kakhulu ukwenza izinqumo futhi bathembele kakhulu eziqondisweni zezikhulu, izimemezelo, nezenzo zokuphatha, benciphisa ukuxhumana neKhomishane noma ngisho namalungu ekhathekhabethe. Umongameli wenkosi uRichard Nixon (ophawulwe ngokusebenzisa ukuthuthwa kwemikhankaso, imikhankaso yokubhomba okuyimfihlo, nokusungulwa kwe-athomu, futhi ukwakhiwa kwe “iyunithini lokulawula” kuveza izingozi zalendlela. Muva nje, ukusebenzisa kaningi kwemiyalo yezikhulu ekuthutheleni, ukuhwebela, ukuhwebelana, nemithetho, kanye nezinselele zokuhlasela i-intergamentena, kuye kwavuselela izimpikiswano mayelana namandla angawe-awe-a. Lendlela inikeza ijubane nezingozi eziwujuqu kodwa inikeza ukunqotshwa, ukunqotshwa okungokomthetho, nokukhucululwa okungokomthetho, nokuwohloka kwezimiso zentando yentando yentando yentando yeningi.

Umphathi Noma Umholi Onegunya

Abanye amongameli babheka indima yabo njengomphathi woMthetho-sisekelo nezithakazelo zesizwe, ukusebenzisa amandla ngokuqapha nangokuthobela amanye amagatsha. UGeorge Washington wamisa isibonelo ngokuthintana nezinhloko zezinhlangano nangokuhlonipha iseluleko seSigele sezivumelwano. Ukuhola kwesandla esifihliwe kwahlanganisa ukuzithiba komphakathi kanye nokuqondisa okungemva kwesimiso sombuso. Lendlela ingakha ukwethenjwa kwenhlangano kodwa ingabonakala ingenamsebenzi ezikhathini zenhlekelele.

Ukuhola Kwabaphathi

Abaholi abaphathisa amakhabethe abo kanye nezisebenzi ukuba bahole ekusetshenzisweni kwezimiso. Ngokwesibonelo, indlela kaRonald Reagan yokuphatha, yathembela kumphathi onamandla wezisebenzi nohulumeni wekhathektha. Ukugunyaza kungathuthukisa ukuphumelela nobuchwepheshe kodwa kungadala izikhawu zokulandisa uma abangaphansi bethatha isinyathelo ngaphandle kolwazi lukamongameli.

Indlela yokuhola ayimiswanga; amongameli abaningi baxuba izindlela kuye ngomongo. Ukuqonda lezizigaba kusiza izakhamuzi nezazi ukuba zingahloli lokho okwenziwa ngomongameli kuphela, kodwa indlela ababusa ngayo.

Imininingwane Yemishini Elandisayo

Ukulandisa kobumongameli kusebenza kokubili ngezinqubo ezingokomthetho zomthetho - sisekelo nezingcindezi zezombangazwe ezivamile.

Ukuzifunela

Ukuqulwa kwecala okunzima kakhulu kunakho konke okungasuswa umongameli. Indlu iqala ukuqulwa ngokudlulisa izihloko zokungagunyazi; iSigele sibe sesiqunga icala, siphethe amavoti amabili-sithathu afunekayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe. Bobathathu kuphela amongameli abaye baphoswa: Andrew Johnson (1868, ahluliwe), uBill Clinton (1998, akanacala), futhi uDonald Trump (umthetho, 2019 no 2021, bobabili bakhulula). URichard Nixon udebe ephumile phambi kwento ecishe yabelwayo nokuqiniseka. Umthetho uchaza “ubugebengu obukhulu nokungaqondiseki", ushiye izinga lokwahlulela kwezombangazwe ngokungacacile. Izazi zingaphika ukuphucwa kobugebengu noma ukukhohlakazwa okungathi sína kwamandla. [Fornion Active] [Forttion]

Ukuqondisa Nokuphenya Okusemhlanganweni

AmaKomiti kulawo magumbi womabili ahlala equnga icala ukuze abukeze izenzo zobuphathi. IKomiti yendlu yoMnyango noHulumeni, iSigele esingumButho, kanye neSigeqe se-Compate Folations iphakathi kweKomiti yeSishaya-mthetho ekhuthele kakhulu. Omongameli bangamelana nama-ponae ngokuzibiza ngelungelo eliphethe, kodwa izinkantolo zingaphoqelela ukuba kutholwe. Uphenyo lweWatergate, i-Iran-Contate, kanye nekomiti ka-Januwariyo 6 lubonise indlela ukuhlolwa ngakungahlola ngayo ukuziphatha okubi kukamongameli.

Izazi ezihlolayo

Ama-IG azimele kodwa amiswe ngumongameli, edala ukucindezeleka. Abaholi basuse ama-IG ngaphandle kokubangela (IGs) umkhuba osekelwa ku- [[FLT:] EC]. NTEU[FLT][FF:1] kodwa ugxekwa amaqembu amahle, kodwa angalulaza ukulandisa. Nokho, imibiko ye-IG ivame ukubangela ukuba kube nokuhlolwa kwezezindaba nokuthatha isinyathelo somthetho.

Ukuhlola Iseluleko Esikhethekile

Uma uMnyango wobulungisa uphikisana nesithakazelo, kungamiswa iseluleko esikhethekile sokuhlola ububi obungase bube umongameli. Isibonelo sanamuhla esidumile kakhulu ukuhlolwa kukaRobert Mueller ekungeneleni kweRussia ekukhetheni nasekuphazamiseni okungase kube nguMongameli uTrump. Iseluleko esikhethekile sisebenza ngesilinganiso esithile sokuzimela, kodwa imibiko yabo yokugcina ingaphansi kweDOJ redactions nezinqumo zokubona ngaphandle.

Umbono Womphakathi Nemithombo Yezindaba

Abaholi babusa ngokuqaphela njalo izibalo zomphakathi ezigunyazwa umphakathi. Ukuvunyelwa okukhulu kungavimbela ukuphikisa komphakathi; ukuvunyelwa okuphansi kuletha ukumelana futhi kungathatha izigijimi zemithetho. Imithombo yezindaba iveza izenzo zomongameli futhi ilololonga ukuqonda komphakathi, kokubili ngokubika okungokwesiko nangezinsika zombono. Kulenkathi yobuchwepheshe, imithombo yezokuxhumana ivumela amongameli ukuba bakhulumisane ngokuqondile nomphakathi − kodwa futhi babachaye ekugxekeni ngokushesha kanye nasekulahleni izigijimi.

Izinselele Ezingokomthetho Nokubukezwa Kokwahlulela

Amaqembu, izigodlo, nezishaya-mkhandlu zingamangalela izenzo zikamongameli. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yakhipha isinqumo ngokumelene nomongameli ezindabeni ezinkulu, kuhlanganise necala lensimbi (] intsha [), i-Trump yokuhamba ivinjelwa (ngokuqinisekile isekele kodwa ngemva kokulungisa okukhulu), kanye ne-Biden Courtstings program yentest (ibolengiswe ku- BIden v. Nebraska). Lamacala aqinisa ukuthi uMongameli akakhonzi ngaphezu komthetho.

Ukuhlola Icala Lamandla Kamongameli Kusebenza

Izibonelo ezingokomlando ziveza ukungezwani phakathi kobuholi nokulandisa.

U - Abraham Lincoln Nempi Yombango

Lapho ebhekene nokuncishiswa, uLincoln wathatha izinyathelo ezingavamile: ukumisa i-habeas corpus, ukwandisa ibutho lezempi ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa yinhlangano, nokukhipha i-Emanciption Proclation. Wathethelela lezi zenzo njengokudingekile ukuze kulondolozwe i-Union. Kamuva uKhongolo lwavuma izinqumo zakhe eziningi, futhi izinkantolo zazishaya indiva. Ukusebenzisa kukaLincoln ububanzi kuvame ukuvezwa njengesibonelo somholi ophuthumayo, kodwa futhi kwaphakamisa imibuzo ehlala njalo ngemingcele yegunya lomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo phakathi nenhlekelele.

I - “roosevelt ” Entsha

FDR yandisa amandla okuphatha ngokuphawulekayo ngeziqondiso zezikhulu, ukusungulwa kwezinhlangano ezintsha njenge-National Recovery Administration, kanye “nesicelo sakhe sokulungisa”. INkantolo Ephakeme yaqale yagadla izinhlelo ezinkulu kodwa ekugcineni yashintsha izifundo ze-West Coast Hotel v. Parrish [1937]. Umholi we-FDR waguqula u-Priceants waba umshayeli omkhulu wezimiso zasekhaya, wamisa inqubo eqhubekayo namuhla.

URichard Nixon Nowatergate

Ukusebenzisa kabi igunya (16) kuhlanganise nokusungulwa kwesimiso sokumpompa esiyimfihlo, ukusetshenziswa kabi kwe-FBI ne-CIA, kanye nokuvinjelwa kobulungisa, kwabonisa ukuyeka kwakhe. Lelihlazo labonisa ukuphumelela kokuqondisa i-countalia, ukuhlola kwemithombo yezindaba, nokulandisa komphakathi. Kwaphumela futhi ezinguqukoni ezinjengethi Ethics in Government Act kanye nokwakhiwa kwezeluleko ezizimele (kamuva ezavunyelwa ukuba ziphele).

Ronald Reagan no - Iran-Cotra

Icala lembula izingozi zokusebenza kweWhite House engalawulwa futhi laholela ezinkolelweni zezikhulu eziningana. Izikhulu zikaReagan ezavuma zaphinde zatholakala, kodwa lelihlazo lagcizelela isidingo sokuhlola okukhulu kwangaphakathi nokuveza iqiniso.

Izenzo Ze - barack Obama Ezilawulayo Ekuthutheleni Ezweni

Ihluleka ukudlulisa inguquko yokufuduka ebanzi ngoKhongolo, i-Oma Defered Action for Childhood Agedals (DACA) ne-Defered Action for Parents of America (DAPA) ngomyalo wesikhulu. I-DACA yasekelwa ngokwengxenye yiNkantolo Ephakeme (2020), kodwa i-DAPA yavinjelwa. Lelicala libonisa ukuthi abaphathi bangasebenzisa kanjani ukuqondisa ukuze baphishekele imigomo yemithetho lapho umthetho unqanyulwa, iqhube izimpikiswano ngemingcele yegunya lesikhulu.

Imishini KaDonald Trump

UTrump wagxekwa kabili: okokuqala ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kabi kwegunya nesithiyo soMkhandlu ngokuphathelene nokucindezelwa kwe-Ukraine ukuba ahlole imbangi yezombangazwe, futhi okwesibili ukuze kuvuswe ukuvukela ngemva kokuhlasela kwe-Capitol ka-6. Zombili izikhathi iSigele samkhulula, kodwa izenzakalo zaqokomisa ukwehlukana okukhulu kokuthi yikuphi ukuziphatha okungalawuleki. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-strump ekuqondiseni iziyalezo zezikhulu (umz., ukuvinjezelwa komngcele, ukuxhaswa kwemali emngceleni) nakho kwaveza ukudilizwa okuphawulekayo.

Iziqondiso Zokuqondisa KaJoe Biden NoLoans Omfundi

I-HEROES Act yakhankasela ukubuyisela imithetho kodwa futhi yabhekana nezithiyo ezingokomthetho. Umzamo wayo wokusula isikweletu sabafundi nge-HEROES Act yanqanyulwa yiNkantolo Ephakeme; imiyalo yakhe yokugoma abaqashi abakhulu yavinjelwa ngokwengxenye. Lemiphumela iqinisa ukuthi ngisho nezenzo zezikhulu ezihloswe kahle kumelwe zithole igunya eMthethweni wemithetho noma eMthethweni.

Umphumela Wombono Womphakathi

Umbono womphakathi usebenza njengendawo elawula umongameli ngokomthetho. Abaholi abanezilinganiso eziphezulu zokuvunyelwa bangasekela ngokulula kakhulu ukuqoqa izingqungquthela, ukuqeda ukuphikiswa, nokuhlelwa kwezinhlelo.

Izici Eziphazamisa Umbono Womphakathi

  • I-media faming:[ Indlela izikhangiso zezindaba ezimboza ngayo izinkulumo zikamongameli, impumelelo, namahlazo okuthonya kakhulu ukuqonda komphakathi. Izimo zezindaba zingadala izinto ezihlukene.
  • Izimo zezomnotho: ukukhula kwezomnotho, amazinga okungasebenzi, kanye nokwehla kwamandla emali kuthinta ukuvunyelwa ngokuqondile. Abameli bavame ukuthola isibopho ngezikhathi ezinhle futhi basolwe ngezikhathi ezimbi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kukulawulwa kwangempela.
  • Impumelelo yenkambiso yobuKapanapa: Izimpi nezinhlekelele zomhlaba wonke zingadala “umphumela ojikelezayo weflag”, othuthukisa ukuvunyelwa okwesikhashana. Izimpi eziqinile, nokho, ekugcineni ziqeda ukusekela.
  • [ Izinhlangano zezentengiselwano nokubhikisha: Izinhlangano ezinjenge-Black Live Matter, i-Tea Party, noMakethe Women baye bacindezela amongameli ukuba bamukele noma bahlehlise izimiso, ngokuvamile ezinemiphumela eqondile.
  • Amahlazo obuntu kanye nokushiyeka kwezimiso zokuziphatha:[ Ukubhekishwa kokonakala, ukuziphatha okubi kobulili, noma izingxabano zesithakazelo kungalimaza isithombe sikamongameli, njengoba kubonakala kuBill Clinton’s Clinton kanye nokuhlola kukaTrump kaningi.

Ngokwe Isikhungo sokucwaninga , izilinganiso zemvume kamongameli ziye zahlukana kakhulu phakathi kwemikhakha yeqembu, nokusekela okuncane okuzimele kwabavoti abashintshayo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa kunganciphisa ukulandisa kokhetho ababonwa ngabaFramers, njengoba abasekeli abangaphakathi bengase bahlale bethembekile ngisho nalapho bebhekene nokuziphatha okubi kakhulu. Ukuqonda lamandla abalulekile ekuhloleni ukuthi isimiso samanje sicindezela amandla angokomongameli ngokwaneleyo.

Isiphetho: Ukulinganisela Okuhlala Njalo

Umongameli uyisikhundla esinenzuzo enkulu kakhulu, futhi esilimazayo. Uma umshini womthetho unikeza amandla amakhulu ngamabomu kuyilapho ukuhlola okusebenza okudinga amongameli ukuba bafune ukubambisana, bahloniphe imingcele engokomthetho, futhi babhekane nemiphumela ekhona uma bephaphamba. Lokhu kulinganisela akuzenzakaleli; kudinga ukuqapha kweSishaya-mthetho, izinkantolo, ukucophelela, nokuvota. Uma noma isiphi isehlakalo silula, ingozi yomongameli yokudlondlolonga iyanda. Umlando ubonisa ukuthi ababusi abaphumelela kakhulu yilabo abasebenzisa igunya labo ngokuhloniphekile, baqaphela imingcele yesenzo sobuphini, futhi babusa ngeso labo abafuna ukuphumelela nokulandisa. Njengoba amazwe embulungeni embulungeni yonke izinselele zibhekana nezinselele ezintsha, ukusongela ukuhleleka kwezesayensi yentando yeningi ukuya ekuso eliphakathi kobukhonziswayo.