Isingeniso: Inselele Ehlala Njalo Yenkululeko Ehleliwe

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwegunya nomthetho buyi-ascheme eyisisekelo lapho imiphakathi yentando yeningi iphendukela khona. Igunya, ngendlela yalo eyisici esiluhlaza kakhulu, liyikhono lokuqondisa noma ukuphoqelela ($) igazi lokubusa elidingekayo ukuze kulondeke umphakathi wonke. Nokho, umlando usifundisa ukuthi amandla anganqandeki angcolisa ngokungagwegwesi, aholela ekubuseni kobushiqela nakwaphuleni amalungelo ayisisekelo. Ukubusa komthetho yindawo yokwakha eklanyelwe ukuvimbela le ngxenye. Kuyisibopho esijulile sezombangazwe nesesimilo esiqinisekisa ukuthi amandla awasebenzi ngokwezifiso zenamandla, kodwa ngokusebenzisa icebo elaziwayo, eliqinile, neliwumthetho ongokomthetho. Lokhu kunikeza isimiso esiyinhloko esiyinhloko senkululeko, ubulungisa, nokuchuma. Ukuqonda ukuqondwa kwesimiso sanamuhla kuqonda ukuhlobana, amandla, futhi kuvame ukuphikisana phakathi kwalezi mikhosi emibili.

Ukuhlanganiswa Kwamandla Emibuso

Igunya lentando yeningi libuye lilinganiswe ngokuyingqayizivele. Ukugunyaza okungokomthetho ngokuvuma kwababuswayo, ukulithumela ngezinhlangano zabameleli. Nokho, lokhu kudluliselwa kwabaningi kuya kwabambalwa kudala ukucindezeleka okuzuzwe njengefa − inkinga eyinhloko ye-agnity lapho umphakathi kumelwe uqinisekise ukuthi abameleli bawo bathatha isinyathelo ngesithakazelo esifanayo kunokuba benze ngokwabo. Ukulawula lokhu kucindezela kudinga ukuqonda okujulile kwesimo samandla kanye nekhono eliqinile elingokomthetho lokuwafaka.

Inhlangano Yezenhlalo Negunya Elingokomthetho

Izazi ezikhanyiselweyo njengoJohn Locke pose zavuma ukunikezela ingxenye yenkululeko yabo engokwemvelo endikimbeni ebusayo ukuze zishintshele ekuvikeleni amalungelo azo ($whome, inkululeko, nempahla. Lesivumelwano somphakathi sidala amandla angenamandla [, intelekelelo ephathiswe uhulumeni ngenxa yabantu. Ngakho igunya lombuso linemibandela futhi lilinganiselwe. Uma umbusi ethatha imithetho eqinile, uphula lokhu kuphathiswa, noma imithetho ngaphandle kwemvume yokubusa, isivumelwano somphakathi siyaphulwa, futhi isombuluko sokumelana neso. Lesi sisekelo sefilosofi siveza ukuthi amandla angokomthetho ahlangeneyo ngenxa yabantu.

Ukuhlukana Kwamandla: Ukuhlola Ukwakheka Kwesifiso Sokuvelela

UBaron de Montesquieu wanikeza isibonelo sokwakha esinethonya kakhulu sokuphatha amandla. Umoya woMthetho, waphikisa ngokuthi inkululeko ivikeleke kakhulu lapho igunya likahulumeni lihlukaniswa ngamagatsha amathathu ahlukene: isishayamthetho (wenza umthetho), umphathi (umthetho owenzileyo), nomthetho odumile (uchaza umthetho). Ngokunikeza igatsha ngalinye indlela nenhloso yokumelana nokungenela kwabanye, isilinganiso esinamandla sidalwa. Lesimiso se [FLT:] silinganiswa futhi sincishiswe amandla angcono kakhulu [[FLT:], futhi itshekwa kakhulu nguJakobe [FLD] [FFFOLD] [F:] [5] kusetshenziswa ukusekela kwezimiso ezisebenzayo.[5]

Izinhlobo Ezingqubuzanayo Zamandla Emphakathini Okhululekile

Ukubusa kwentando yeningi okuphumelelayo kumelwe kulwisane namandla adlulela ngalé kwethuluzi elingokomthetho lombuso. Ukubusa okubanzi kohlelo lomthetho kuhlanganisa inqubo:

  • Amandla angokweProlithical:[ Igunya elinikwe izikhulu ezikhethiwe nezinhlangano zikahulumeni. Lolu uhlobo olubonakala kakhulu lwamandla, kodwa akulona ukuphela kwamandla anethonya.
  • Amandla ezomnotho: Ukulawula inhloko - dolobha, ingcebo, kanye nomkhiqizo owenziwa yizinhlangano nabadlali abazimele. Ngaphandle kokuvinjelwa okungokomthetho, amandla ezomnotho angasonta izinqubo zezombangazwe ngokunxusa, ngomkhankaso wezimali, nangokuthumba.
  • Ikhono lezokuxhumana ne-Caltural Power: i-protoctures, i-socity, kanye ne-social social communsts ukumisa inkulumo yasobala, izimiso, nezinkolelo. Kunyaka wobuchwepheshe, lolu hlobo lwamandla luye lwanqwabelana kakhulu futhi ludinga ukuqondisa okungokomthetho ukuqinisekisa ukuthi lusebenza ngokukhathalela umphakathi.

Isimiso sentando yeningi esiqinile asilawuli nje amandla kahulumeni; simisa isimiso sezinto eziphilayo esingokomthetho esiqukethe zonke izinhlobo zamandla — umphakathi nezomuntu siqu — okungabhekwa njengomthetho.

Isisekelo Sobufilosofi Nesemithetho Somthetho

Igama "imithetho yomthetho" livame ukubizwa, kodwa incazelo yalo iyacebile futhi iyafuna. Lingaphezu kakhulu kokuba khona kwezimiso noma amaphoyisa. Liyisimiso sezimiso esihlukanisa umphakathi obuswa umthetho olawulwa yintando elawulwa yibo.

Uhlelo lwe-dicey's Classical

Ummeli wekhulu le-19 waseBrithani A.V. uDicey wahlanganisa izici eziyinhloko zokubusa komthetho njengoba kuqondwa esikweni lamaNgisi namaMelika:

  1. Ukungalawuleki koMthetho ovamile: Akukho muntu ongajeziswa noma aphazanyiswe ngokomthetho ngaphandle kokwephula umthetho okuhlukile okumiswe phambi kwezinkantolo ezivamile. Lesisimiso senqaba ngokuphelele uhulumeni ngesinqumo noma umthetho wobugebengu owephula umthetho.
  2. Ukulingana phambi koMthetho: Wonke umuntu, kungakhathaliseki isikhundla, ingcebo, noma isikhundla esingokomthetho, ungaphansi kwesimiso esingokomthetho esifanayo nombuso wezinkantolo ezifanayo. Akukho ukukhululeka okukhethekile kwabanamandla.
  3. [ UMthetho-sisekelo njengemiphumela yezinqumo zokwahlulela: Amalungelo avikelwe kangcono kakhulu ngamakhambi angokomthetho asemthethweni anikezwa izinkantolo, kunokuba afakwe ngezimemezelo ezingabonakali. Ilungelo linamandla njengendlela engokomthetho yokuwaphoqelela.

Imibono Eklanywe Kakhulu Nengalawuleki

Izazi zefilosofi ezingokomthetho zihlukanisa phakathi "ku-"thin" (uhlobo) ukulinganisa umthetho kanye "ne-"thick" ne"padtick" (engaphansi) eyodwa. Ukukhulelwa okusemthethweni kudinga ukuba imithetho ivame, icace, ilindele, iqinile, futhi ibekwe obala (ifuna ukuhleleka kanye nokungagudlelwa kodwa ingenandaba nokuqukethwe imithetho. Umbuso ocindezelayo ungahlangabezana nalezimiso ezingokomthetho. Ngokungafani, umqulu wemiqondo yokukhulelwa [[[FLT: 1]] uhlanganisa izindinganiso eziyisisekelo njengamalungelo abantu, idemocracy, nokulunga kobulungisa. Umbuso wentando yeningi, indlela esemthethweni esemthethweni esemthethweni ingenele. Ukubusa komthetho kumelwe kuhlanganiswe ngokuzibodwa ngokuhlonipheyo entweni eyisisekelo nehlonipheni kubantu ukuze usebenze ngokufanele njengesivikelo sokubusa.

Ukuziphatha Okungenangqondo Komthetho

Umsunguli wezomthetho Lon Fuller waphikisa ngokuthi isimiso somthetho kumelwe sibe "nokuziphatha okuhle" ukuze sisebenze kahle. Wahlela izimiso eziyisishiyagalombili okufanele isimiso silandele ukuze sifeze umthetho: imithetho kumele ihlelwe jikelele, imiswe obala, ingasebenzi, icace, ingaphikiswa, ikwazi ukulalela, ingaguquguquki, futhi ibopheke ngokulandela amagama ayo. Isimiso esiwephula ngokuhlelekile izimiso sihluleka ukudala isakhiwo sesibopho esidingekayo sokulawula umthetho osemthethweni.

Umklamo Oshukumisayo: Indlela Amandla Omthetho Asetshenziswa Ngayo

Ukubusa komthetho akuyona into engabonakali; kuyisimiso esiphilayo sezinhlangano, izinqubo, nezimiso ezicindezela ngamandla okuzimisela kanye namandla emishini. Kunikeza isimiso sokusebenzisana [ sesimo sombuso wentando yeningi.

Inkululeko Yokwahlulela: Isihluthulelo

Inkantolo engakhethi futhi ezimele ingumgcini wemithetho. Lokhu kudinga isivikelo esiqinile: ukulondeka kwezehlulelo (ahluleli akunakuphoqwa ngenxa yezinqumo ezingathandwa), ukulondeka ngokwezimali (izindawo azinakunciphiswa), kanye nokuzimela kwenhlangano (ukulawula inkantolo nesabelo samacala). Uma lezisivikelo zikhukhuleka, ijaji liba ithuluzi lomphathi, nesimiso sokulandisa ngokusemthethweni siyawa. Ilungu elizimele eliphethe i-jaji eliqinisekisa ukuthi wonke amanye amagatsha kahulumeni ahlala emithethweni yawo.

Ukubukezwa Kokwahlulela Nokungawuqondi Umthetho - sisekelo

Amandla ezinkantolo okubukeza umthetho nezenzo zokuphatha futhi azenze zibe lula uma ziphikisana nomthetho ophezulu − umthetho-sisekelo ("iwukuhlola okugxekayo kwamandla amakhulu."iqinisekisa ukuthi ngisho nemithetho yedemokrasi ebekwe ihlonipha amalungelo ayisisekelo nemingcele engokomthetho-sisekelo. Lo mshini, osungulwe embonini evelele yase-U.S. ] Marbury v. Madison], uye wakhiwa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene emhlabeni wonke. Uhlanganisa isimiso sokuthi umthetho wemithetho-siseko wezwe ungumthetho ophakeme, ubopha zonke izikhulu zikahulumeni.

Inqubo Efanele NeHabeas Corpus

Izikhungo ze-procedical ziyizivikelo ezingaphambili emandleni omthetho. Inqubo elindelekile ifuna ukuba umbuso unikeze isaziso esilungile nokuzwa okunenjongo ngaphambi kokuncisha umuntu ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla. [[As] i-corpus, i-"Great Writ," iyithuluzi elingokomthetho elikhethekile elivumela umuntu ukuba abeke inselele ukuvalelwa kwejele lakhe phambi komahluleli. Iphoqelela ukuboshwa kwakhe komuntu, inikeza i-kekisi elinamandla ngokubophaka iziboshwa kwezisebenzi zezempatho kanye namajele eyimfihlo.

Ukulandisa Okuphethe

Izifundazwe zanamuhla ziphathisa izinhlangano zokuphatha igunya elikhulu. Ukubusa komthetho kufuna ukuba lezi zikhungo zisebenze ngokomthetho eziwunikwe wona, zilandele izinqubo ezilungile nezibonisayo lapho zenza imithetho, futhi zihlale zingaphansi kokwahlulela. Umthetho ophethe unikeza uhlelo lokubeka ihhovisi lombuso icala, uvimbele igatsha "lesine" likahulumeni ukuba lingabi umthetho walo.

Indima Yomphakathi Wasemphakathini Nezinkampani Ezikhululekile

Ukubusa komthetho akukhona ukuziqeda ngokwakho. Kudinga izinhlangano eziqaphile nenamandla ukuze ziqondise ukuthatha isinyathelo sikahulumeni futhi zidalule ukuxhashazwa. Umshini wokucwaninga okhululekile nozimele usebenza njenge-washi, uphenya inkohlakalo futhi ubeke izikhulu ezinecala emphakathini. [Inhlangano yomphakathi] ihlanganisa izinhlanganiselo zebha, amaqembu amalungelo abantu, nezinhlangano zobuhlanga, zidlala indima ebalulekile ezicacisweni zokuhlola, zinikeza usizo olungokomthetho, zinikeza izakhamuzi imfundo ngelungelo lazo. [I- Izenza izicubuliso zomphakathi [[[FLT] , kuhlanganise nezingamaqembu e-out, i-activeaccoracy, ifeza indima ebalulekile ekho phakathi kwezelelwayo, ukunikeza izikhathi ezisemthethweni, nokufundisa ngenkululeko esisemthethweni, mayelana nenkululeko esingokomthetho, kanye nezimiso zomthetho.

Izimpikiswano Nezinselele ZoMthetho Zangesikhathi Esizayo

Naphezu kokubaluleka kwayo, umthetho ungaphansi kobunzima obukhulu emhlabeni wonke. Amashumi eminyaka asekuqaleni ekhulu lama-21 aye abona ukuntengantenga kwezomnotho okukhathazayo kwedemocratic , kanye nabaholi abakhethiwe emazweni amaningi abasusa ngentshiseko izinhlangano eziklanyelwe ukunqanda amandla abo.

Ukuvinjelwa Kwentando Yeningi Nokubuswa Kwemithetho

Abaphathi-mthetho banamuhla abawuqedi umthetho-sisekelo noma izinkantolo; bayawachitha. Lento, ngokuvamile ebizwa ngokuthi "umthetho ozimele," ihlanganisa ukusebenzisa umthetho njengesikhali sokulwa amandla. Ama-tactic ahlanganisa:

  • Ukupakisha: kwandisa ubungakanani bezinkantolo eziphakeme noma ukushintsha izinqubo zokumisa ukuze zigcwaliswe ngabasekeli.
  • Ukusebenzisa uMthetho Impoqo: Ukusebenzisa izinhlangano ezimelene nokonakala, izikhulu zentela, nabashushisi ukuhlukumeza abaphikisi bezombangazwe kanye nemithombo yezindaba ezizimele.
  • Ukuhlukanisa i-Fovin Society: Imithetho edlulayo ebiza i-NGOS njenge-"amanxusa angaphandle," incibilikile ekulawuleni nasekwengameleni.
  • [ Ukuhlanganiswa kobuqotho bokhetho: ukukhokhwa kwe-volution, izigodi ezilawulayo, nokucindezela ukuvota.

Lezizenzo ngokuvamile zithandwa abantu abanomuzwa wokuthi isimiso esikhona sonakele, kodwa ziwugodla ngokulandelana umthetho kuyilapho zigcina isithunzi sawo sisobala.

Inselele Yamandla Nobuchwepheshe

Amandla amakhulu ezinhlangano ezinkulu zobuchwepheshe aphakamisa inselele enkulu emahlelweni angokwesiko angokomthetho. Lamapulatifomu alawula inkulumo, ukuzifihla, nokufinyelela kolwazi lwezigidi zezigidi zabantu, kodwa izinqubo zawo zokwenza izinqumo ziwubumgadi futhi azinakubalwa kakhulu kubantu ababuswa ngentando yeningi. amandla omthetho anamandla omthetho ayakwazi ukusakaza ulwazi, alawula ukhetho, futhi aphula imfihlo ngezinga elikhulu. Ngokubhekisele kuleligunya langasese lokubusa umthetho //iziqondiso zemininingwane, ukulinganisela okuchazwa umthetho owenziwa yi-demodeciodegist, kanye nokugcinwa komthetho owe-antluntslo oluqinile.

Ukonakala Nokubanjwa Uhulumeni

Inkohlakalo enkulu imelela ukuhlaselwa okuqondile kwesimiso sokulingana phambi komthetho. Uma abacebile nabezombangazwe bethenga izahlulelo ezilungile, bevikela izivumelwano zikahulumeni ngokufunjathiswa, noma begwema ngokuphelele ukushushiswa, umthetho womthetho awusebenzi. i-State yaseState ithatha [[ lapho ukonakala kuba yisimiso somthetho, kudala imithetho yalomdlalo ukuze kuzuze isigaba esilinganiselwe. Lokhu kuqeda ukwethenjwa komphakathi futhi kululaza ukufaneleka kwesimiso sonke somthetho nezombangazwe.

Ukufinyelela Esimweni Esibucayi Sobulungisa

Isithembiso "sobulungisa obulinganayo ngaphansi komthetho" silulazwa kakhulu uma izindleko zokungena kwesimiso somthetho zingekho. Emazweni amaningi, igebe elikhulu lobulungisa likhona, lapho iningi lezakhamuzi eziphansi neziphakathi zingenayo zingenayo imali yokukhokha imvume yokuvikela amalungelo azo. Ngaphandle kokumelelwa ngokomthetho, abantu ababhekene nokuxoshwa, inkongozelo, ubudlova basekhaya, noma ukulahlekelwa yinzuzo, lincishwa ngokuphumelelayo usuku lwabo enkantolo. Lesimiso sokungalingani sidala isimiso sobulungisa esinezinhlangothi ezimbili eziqinile: omunye wabacebile nowodwa kubo bonke abanye.

Ukuqinisa I - bulwark: Indlela Eqondile

Ukuvikela nokuqinisa umthetho kuwumsebenzi ochazayo wezombangazwe womphakathi okhululekile. Kudinga umzamo wenhloso, onezici eziningi kuzo zonke izigaba zomphakathi.

Ukwakhiwa Kwezinhlangano Nokuguqulwa Kwezinguquko

Izinhlangano ezingokomthetho kumelwe ziklanywe futhi zixhaswe ukuze kumelane nokucindezela kwezombangazwe. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukumiswa kwemikhandlu yokwahlulela esobala, esekelwe ekubekeni isisekelo ukuze ivikele ukukhethwa kwezombangazwe eziqinile. Kudinga ukunikeza izinkantolo imali eyanele, ubuchwepheshe, nokulondeka. Kudinga ukuphoqelela ukuba abahluleli nabameli baqikelelwe izindinganiso eziqinile zokuziphatha, nezimiso eziqinile zokweluleka ukuze balondoloze ukwethemba umphakathi ebuqothweni bomsebenzi ongokomthetho.

Ukwandisa Ukufinyelela Kobulungisa

Ukumisa igebe lobulungisa kudinga isibopho esiqinile sesizwe. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukusekela imali eyanda kakhulu yokusiza ngokwemithetho yomphakathi, enikeza labo abangakwazi ukukhokhela imvume engokomthetho mahhala noma ephansi. Kuhilela futhi ukusungula inqubo ehlukile, njengesinqumo se-internet, ukwenza izinqubo zenkantolo ezivumelanayo, kanye nezintambo zokusiza ezindlini zomthetho. Ukwandisa indima yama-paralegali nabafundi bomthetho ekunikezeni izinkonzo eziyisisekelo ezingokwesivumelwano nakho kuyisici esibucayi sesimiso esifinyelelekayo.

Imfundo Yabonye Nomkhuba Wokugcina Umthetho

Impilo yentando yeningi ixhomeke ekuqondeni izakhamuzi zayo amalungelo azo nokubaluleka kwezinqubo zomthetho. Imfundo ye-bibicic ezikoleni nasemphakathini kufanele ifundise izimiso eziyisisekelo zomthetho-sisekelo, indima yejaji elizimele, kanye nokubaluleka kwenqubo efanele. Ukuhlakulela umkhuba womthetho" (apho izakhamuzi zihlonipha umthetho ngokuzithandela futhi zifune ukulandisa kubaholi bazo).

Ukubambisana Nesimo Sezwe Lonke

Ukubusa komthetho kuyinani lomhlaba wonke, kuhlanganiswe ku-Udatiso olungenamsvango lwamalungelo abantu nezinye izivumelwano. Izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke, izinhlelo zontanga, kanye nomphakathi wembulunga yonke oqaphe izinja njengo Iprojekthi ye-World Justice Project ifeza indima enzima ekulinganiseni ukuthobela, ukuhlanganyela imikhuba engcono kakhulu, nokubeka ohulumeni ukuba bahlulele izibopho zabo zomhlaba wonke. Ukuhlolwa nokubika ngenkululeko yokwahlulela nempilo yezentando yeningi kusiza ukuba kube nokukhanya okudingekayo ngenxa yenguquko.

Isiphetho: Ukuhlala Kwaphakade Kwabakhululekile

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwegunya nomthetho abusona isilinganiso esiqinile esimelwe sifinyelelwe kanye futhi sifezeke ngokuphelele. Kuwumzabalazo oqhubekayo, oshukumisayo − ukuxoxisana okungapheli phakathi kwesidingo segunya nesidingo senkululeko. Amandla ngaso sonke isikhathi ayofuna ukuchitha amabhange alo, ukubalekela ukucindezelwa kwenqubo nokuziphendulela. Ukubusa komthetho kuwumzamo womuntu ohlangene, ohlanganiswe ezinhlanganweni futhi owenziwa yizakhamuzi, ukugcina uqondiswa ekulungenisweni lobulungisa. Ukuvikela lokhu kulinganisela okubucayi akuwona umsebenzi onganikezwa abahluleli noma abezombangazwe kuphela. Kungumsebenzi owesisa bonke abantu abakholelwa ekuhloniphekeni kohulumeni ozimele nohulumeni olinganiselwe. Ikusasa lenkululeko ixhomeke ekuzimiseleni kwethu ukuphikelela, ngamazwi ethu nangezenzo zethu, umthetho ohlala ubukhosi bethu.