Indima Yamandla Okubeka Imithetho Ekuphuceni Iphepha Lokudla

Amandla okulawula isisekelo lapho kwakhiwe khona izindinganiso zokudla nezokudla. Imithetho edluliselwa ohulumeni bezwe nabezifunda ichaza ukuthi yikuphi ukwaziswa okumelwe kuvele emaphaketheni okudla, indlela okumelwe kunikezwe ngayo, nokuthi yini abenzi abathi bavunyelwe ukuyenza. Lesimiso somthetho sithonya ngokuqondile ukuziphatha kwabathengi, imikhuba yezemboni, nemiphumelo yezempilo yomphakathi. Ngaphandle komthetho oqinile, izitolo azinakuba nokukhanya okudingekayo kubathengi ukuze benze ukukhetha kokudla okunolwazi.

E-United States, kwadingeka ukuba kutholakale i-Ntriction Libeging and Education Act ka-1990 (NELEA) njengomthetho obalulekile owagunyaza izimpawu zokudla okusesilinganisweni ezisemqoka ekudleni okuningi okunamaqoqo. Kwakudinga ukuvela kwamacalorie, amafutha, anqumayo, i-colesterol, i-sodium, i-carbohydrate, fiber, ushukela, neprotheni, kanye nobukhulu bokusebenza ngokusetshenziswa ngokwezinga elivamile. I-U.S.F. (FDA) Isilinganiso salokhu kulungisa lezimfuneko; ngokwesibonelo, ushintsho luka-2016 lwaluhlanganisa ushukelano nokubaluleka kwansuku zonke. [FLD]]

Ngokufanayo, i-European Union’s Ulwazi lwe-Food, i-appool, iprotein, iprotheni, i-EU FIC) i-[11. i-odated withription i-'divolution's'' (i-apply, i-afreeances, i-carbohydrate, i-protein, iprotein) futhi idinga ukubekwa kwemigqa ye-oday ye-openthi, izwe-oximin, kanye nokuba khona kwezithako ezithile. Ezinye izizwe, kuhlanganise ne-Canada, i-Australia, i-Australia, i-Brazil, zinemithetho yazo yokudla ebanzi, i-oral protectives protences.

Indlela Ukushaya Imithetho Okulolonga Ngayo Izindinganiso Zokudla

Ngaphandle kwesambulo esilula, izindikimba zomthetho zimise izindinganiso zokuthola ezithinta ngokuqondile uhlobo lokudla kanye nokuthengiswa kwemikhiqizo ethile. Lezi zindinganiso zivame ukusekelwa ekutuseni kwezesayensi ezinhlanganweni zezempilo zomphakathi futhi ziklanyelwe ukunciphisa izifo ezihlobene nokudla.

Imingcele Emikhulu Yezondle Eziyingozi

Ohulumeni abaningi baye bamisa imingcele engokomthetho yezakhi ezinjengokudlulisa amafutha, usawoti, kanye noshukela ekudleni okuphekiwe. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuzimisela kweFDA ngo-2015 ukuthi amafutha afakwe i-hydrogen ngokwengxenye (umthombo oyinhloko wamafutha okufakelwa) awasaqashelwa “njengephephile” (GRAS) eholele ekuphumeni kwezinkulungwane zamathani amafutha adlulisene no-U.S. iDenmark yaba izwe lokuqala ukubeka imingcele eqinile yokuwadlulisa ngo 2003, okuphumela ekuncipheni okukhulu kwezenzakalo zenhliziyo. [[FLT:] iNhlangano yezempilo yomhlaba wonke ekhuthaza ukuphuma kwenani lamafutha e - FULACE[FLD]

Iziqondiso Zokudla Esikoleni

Amandla okudla athengwa futhi anwetshwa ezinhlelweni zokondleka ezixhaswa umphakathi. , iNyanga-Free Kids Act ka-2010 izindinganiso ezithuthukisiwe zokudla ukudla kwesikole, idinga izithelo eziningi, imifino, okuphelele, okusanhlamvu, namafutha aphansi, kuyilapho kulinganisela isodium namafutha angenampilo. Ngokufanayo, iUK’s School Food Directive Act ifuna izikole zokudla okunomsoko kanye nokunciphisa isilinganiso esiphambili sokudla okunethwasa, ukudla. Lemithetho ihlose ukulungisa imikhuba yokudla abantwana futhi iye yabonisa intuthuko engcono ekudlani.

Izindinganiso Zokuzithandela

Ezinye izindinganiso zokudla zingokokuzithandela kodwa zisekelwa yizishaya-mthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, i-National Salt Reduction Initive e-UK isebenzisa izisulu zokuzithandela ezibekwe yi-Food Standards Agency, esekelwa ukubika komphakathi, ukunciphisa usawoti ekudleni okuphekiwe cishe cishe nge-40% yeminyaka eyishumi. Nokho, izazi eziningi zezempilo ziphikisa ukuthi izisulu ezibophekile ziveza imiphumela esheshayo, elinganayo, ikakhulukazi kubantu abasengozini.

Ukuhlukahluka Kwemithetho Yokudla Esemhlabeni Wonke

Ukuqonda lokhu kungafani kubalulekile ukuze kutholwe futhi kuhlolwe ukuphumelela kwezindlela ezihlukahlukene.

Kuyi- i-EUPAN Union, amalebula kumelwe ahlanganise isimemezelo sokudla okuphoqelelwe esihlelweni esiqondile (ikhulu g/ml), enohlu lwezakhi ezihlelekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-EU ilawula ukudla okunomsoco kanye nokufuna impilo ngaphansi kwe-Regative (EC) No 1924/2006, enqabela ukuzisholo ukuthi idukisa noma ayisekelwe ngokwesayensi. Ngokwesibonelo, umkhiqizo awunakuthi “ungamafutha aphansi” uma ugcwele ushukela, futhi ukuncipha kwezifo kudinga ukuhlanganiswa kwangaphambi kokuba i-Regatemyation (EFS), i-EFOA.

.nada walungisa izimiso zakhe zokunikeza isondlo ngo-2016, eqala uhlelo olusha lwethebula "Amaqiniso angokondla" nohlobo olukhudlwana, uhlu olubukeziwe lwezakhi, nemfuneko yenani lansuku zonke. Ngo-2022], iCanada yagunyaza phambili-yoku-solini “ephezulu kwe” izimpawu ezixwayisayo ngokudla okunamafutha anele, ushukela, noma i-sodium. Lendlela iyafana neya I-ChIT], efaka umthetho ngo-2016 odinga izimpawu ezimnyama ezixwayisayo okudla okungahlanzekile, kanye nemingcele yokuthengisa izingane.

Australia ne New Zealand zisebenzisa iziqondiso ezihlangene zokudla eziqondiswa yizindinganiso zokudla i-Australia New Zealand (FLANZ). Zidinga iqoqo lolwazi olunomsoco kodwa futhi zinikeza isilinganiso sokuzithandela se-pack-“Inkanyezi" hlelo. Nokho, i-active coptic ayilingani, iholela ekubizeni ukumiswa kwemithetho esemthethweni. Okwamanje, I-Indiaadia ingenisa i-Diout nezindinganiso (Imithetho nesiboniso) imithetho edinga ukwaziswa okunomthezeko, isilinganiso sokudla, isilinganiso sokuhlelwa kwezakhi, nokuhlelwa kwemindebe.

Ukuthwetshulwa Kwamabhange Angaphambili: Ukuthambekela Okukhulayo Kwemithetho

Ukubizwa kwe-freeat (FOP) sekuyindawo evelele yokuthatha izintambo. Umgomo ukudlulisela ngokushesha izinga lokondleka komkhiqizo kubathengi, ikakhulukazi ukuze kwakhiwe izakhi eziyinhloko zokukhathazeka kwempilo yomphakathi. Amazwe aye athatha izimiso ezihlukahlukene:

  • Izimpawu zokujezisa (iChile, iMexico, iUruguay, i-Israel, Canada): izimpawu ezimnyama ze-octagon ezibonisa amazinga aphakeme kashukela, isodium, amafutha anqumayo, noma amacalorie. Umthetho waseChile uvimbela ukuthengiswa kwemikhiqizo enjalo kubantwana futhi uyabavimbela ezikoleni.
  • UNtri-Score (France, Belgium, Jalimane, Netherlands, iSpain, iLuxembourg, Switzerland): Umbala oyisihlanu, isilinganiso esilinganisa izinga lokudla okunomsoco elisekelwe kumthetho ocacile. Isetshenziswa kakhulu eFrance futhi isetshenziswa kakhulu ngaphansi kokuhlola kwegunya kwamanye amazwe angamalungu e-EU.
  • Isimiso sokukhanya sokukhanya (UK – ukuzithandela): izimpawu zombala ezibhalwe ngombhalo (obomvu, inhlaka, uluhlaza) zamafutha anqumayo, ushukela, nosawoti. Nakuba abadayisi bokuzithandela, abanjenge-Tesco kanye nezimboni njenge-Nestlé baye bawamukela.

I-FDA ibheka i-FOP njenge-actived yokwenza i-FOP iphoqelele ukuba iphawulwe. I-European Commission ihlongoze i-EU-FOP yonke, nakuba imininingwane isalokhu iphikisana. I-FDA ibheka i-board eyisibopho “ehen siphawu oluphezulu ku-” lokuxwayisa ngoshukela owengeziwe, kodwa awukho umthetho wokugcina oye wakhishwa ekuqaleni ko-2025.

Izinselele Nezikhungo Zokuhlobana Enkantolo Yokudla

Nakuba imizamo yomthetho ihlose ukuvikela impilo yomphakathi, ngokuvamile ibhekana nezithiyo ezinkulu futhi ibangela impikiswano.

Ukuphikiswa Kwezemboni Nokuphangwa Kwezinto Ezithile

Izinkampani zokudla neziphuzo zivame ukulwa nemithetho echaza inzuzo. Ziphikisa ngokuthi izixwayiso ezibophayo noma izimfuneko ezithiyayo ezithiywe imingcele ziphazamisa inkulumo yezentengiselwano kanye nokukhetha kwabathengi. E-United States, amaqembu ezimboni aye afuna ngokuphumelelayo ukwenza buthaka imithetho yokumisa amagama − ngokwesibonelo, umthetho we-FDA yokumisa izimpawu ze-menu we-computer wanqanyuselwa izikhathi eziningi ngenxa yokucindezela kwezemboni. Ngokufanayo, ukubhalisa izakhi zofuzo ezishintshiwe (GMOS) akugunyazwanga ngokwemithetho kuze kube yilapho i-National Biocereetered Food Dislohavision Standard imiswa ngo-2016, kodwa imboni impompela yophawu olusekelwe ku-mbhalo ne-QR yesixwayiso esicacile.

Kwezinye izimo, izinkampani zisebenzisa ikhambi ukuze zibeke inselele eqanjweni imithetho yesixwayiso se-Chile ebekwe izinkampani zokudla zamangalela ukuthi imingcele yokuthengisa yayingekhona okusemthethweni. INkantolo ePhakathi yaseChile ekugcineni yawusekela umthetho ngo-2018, ibeka isibonelo somthetho ofanayo kwamanye amazwe.

Izinkulumo Ezinembile Nezidukisayo

Ngisho nangezimiso eziqinile, izaba ezikhohlisela ukubizwa ngezimpawu ezidukisayo. Amagama anjenge- “engokwemvelo,” noma“ukukhanya” angadidaniswa futhi axhashazwe abadayisi. I-FDA ayichazwanga ngokomthetho ukuthi imvelo” (ngaphandle kwenqubo evamile yokuthi ayisho lutho olufakiweyo noma olungeyokwenziwa), eholela ekudidekeni kwabathengi. Ngokufanayo, i-“aklium” isetshenziswa kwi-subriguar ne-sprodure.

Izibalo zempilo ezisho okuthile ngokudla ziyaphikisana. EU.S., iFDA ivumela izinhlobo ezimbili: izibalo zempilo ezigunyaziwe (ezidinga ukuvumelana okuphawulekayo kwezesayensi futhi eziyivelakancane) kanye nezithi zifanelekile (ezisekelwe ebufakazini obusanda kuvela kodwa ezisebenzisa ama - dislainmer). Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ngisho nezithi zifanelekile zingadukisa abathengi ukuba bakholelwe ukuthi ukudla kunempilo uma kungenjalo. I-EU inesimiso esiqinile: kuphela izibalo ezisohlwini lwe - EU Register of odology nezokufuna kwezempilo ezivunyelwe, futhi kumelwe zisekelwe ebufakazini obungokwesayensi ngokuvamile.

Intengo negunya loMbuso

Ezimisweni zikahulumeni njenge-U.S. neCanada, ukuhlukana kwezindawo zombuso phakathi kohulumeni besizwe nokwesizwe kudala ukuxabana. I-Fod, Drig, ne-Cosmetic Act yase-U.S. inesigqebhezana esikhulu sokukhulula, okusho ukuthi awekho ukubeka izimfuneko ezihlukile noma ngokwenezela imithetho kahulumeni yokubeka imithetho ehlukene, ngaphandle kwezindawo ezithile ezifana nezixwayiso zokuphepha ngophuzo oludakayo. Nokho, amazwe aye azama ukudlulisa imithetho yawo siqu yokubeka izimpawu zegama (ngomzekelo, i-Forcian Active ne-Inhove Enfoctive Actal) eda izixwayiso zamakhemikhali afana ne-acrylamedissss, ephikisana nenqubo yenqubo ye-FDA. Ikhasime lokuhlola ukudla konjini wezakhi zofuzo nawo ayebona futhi isimo sombuso wezwezwe (i-GM) edluliselwe umthetho womthetho womthetho wesizwe waleyo omthetho womthetho we-Evition Poorlo.

Kukhona izingxabano ezifanayo eCanada, lapho imfuneko yeQuebec yokubiza amagama angokomthetho ngesiFulentshi iqine kakhulu kunezimfuneko zikahulumeni, okuholela ekulungiseni izimiso zesizwe.

Ukuphoqelelwa Nokubambisana: Igodi Lomthetho Wokudla

Imithetho isebenza kuphela uma iphoqelelwa. Izimiso zokufaka amagama okudla zivame ukuphoqelelwa yizinhlangano ezizinikezele ezinegunya lokuhlola imikhiqizo, ukubukeza, izincwadi ezixwayisayo, nefacensi levy noma ukuthatha imikhiqizo. Ukusebenza kokuphoqelelwa kwemithetho kuyahlukahluka ngokwezwe.

E-United States, FDA yengamela ukuphepha nokubhala amagama emikhiqizo yokudla ngaphandle kwenyama, inyama yenkukhu, nemikhiqizo yamaqanda eqediwe, ewela ngaphansi kwe USDA. Izifundo zenqubo yokuhlola, imikhiqizo yamasampula, kanye nokuhlola. Inamandla okucela ushintsho lwegama, idinga izivumelwano zokulungisa, noma ifuna ukukhumbula. [[FLTL:] FOLD [FF] FLT] Commission [FC] [FLTC:5] amaphoyisa athengisa ukudla, kuhlanganise nalokho okwenziwa kuthelevishini, umsakazo we-Intername. Zonke lezi zinhlangano, zisebenzisa i-prectoret.)

I-EU incike kumthetho osemthethweni: isifundazwe ngasinye sikhomba igunya laso elifanele (isinye, i-Agency yezindinganiso ze-Food e-UK, i-ANSE eFrance). Lezi ziphathi zisebenza nge-Rapid Alert System for Food and Food Reast (RASFF), ehlanganisa ukwaziswa ngokuphepha okukhulu kokudla kanye nezindaba ezichazayo. I-Europe Commission ibuye ihlole i-Health and Answers and Ancultry Office.

Isigwebo sephulwa singaba sibi kakhulu. E-U.S., ukujezisa kungaphumela ekuthatheni imikhiqizo, iziyalezo, noma izikhalo zobugebengu. E-EU, amafa avamile, futhi kwamanye amazwe anjengeFrance neJalimane, abaphuli bomthetho bangabhekana nokuboshwa. Nokho, ukuphoqelelwa ngokuvamile kubekelwa inselele yimithombo elinganiselwe, imikhiqizo eminingi emakethe, kanye nobunkimbi bempahla yomhlaba wonke.

Isu lesithathu le-clight club, njenge- Non-GMO Project iqinisekisiwe noma uqwembe lwe-USDADURY[, futhi yenza indima ekuqinisekiseni izithengi, kodwa zingeyokuzithandela futhi azisekelwanga ngokuqondile umthetho kahulumeni (ngaphandle kokubekwa ilebula elikhishwe ngokusemthethweni, elilawulwa ngokusemthethweni).

Ikusasa Lokubhalelwa Komthetho Wokudla

Njengoba isayensi yokudla iguquka futhi ithuthuke kwezobuchwepheshe, izinqubo zokushaya umthetho kumelwe zizivumelanise nokusingatha izinselele namathuba amasha.

Ukubhala Ukudla Okune - injini Ephilayo (GMO)

Ngo-January 2022, i-National Biomical Biographive Displayide Dislosure Standard yaqala ukusebenza ngokugcwele, ifuna ukuba ukudla okunezakhi zofuzo ezikwazi ukutholakala kwi-bioenergering kubhalwe ngephawu “BE”, umbhalo, noma umxhumanisi we-electronic noma we-attic compact (Ikhodi ye-QR). Lomthetho uthatha indawo yomsebenzi wakuqala we-palethi, kodwa abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi icebo lokusebenzisa i-QR lithatha abathengi abaphansi ngaphandle kocingo. I-EURO igcina ilebulabala elisemthethweni eliqinile ne-spectivesss, nakuba amazwe afana ne-Indiya ne-Australia nayo i-dective translated. Ushintsho lwesikhathi esizayo lungadinga ukukhubazeka kakhulu ezinkulumo ze-o-o-octive-ographic.

Izigqebhezana Zezinombolo Nezokuhlakanipha

Ubuchwepheshe obuhlanganisayo obunjenge-QR code, i-RFID, iziphawuli ze-RFID, kanye ne-brectin yenza ukuba kufakwe ukwaziswa okuningi kakhulu kunokulingana nempahla engokoqobo. Abanye abamisi-mthetho bahlola umqondo we- “metabula yokwethula” lapho ukwaziswa okulawulayo (ukulandelana kwe-aldergen, i-aldergen data, ukuqina kwe-metrics, ukugcinwa kwe-scan, ukunciphisa imfucucre. Nokho, kuphathelene nokulingana kwemidwebo kanye nesidingo sokuzimela ngaphandle kolayini. Ikhomisha yaseYurophu icabangela ukuvumela izimpawu zokondla-oraltic transtures.

Ukudlondlobala Nokwaziswa Okungokwemvelo

Ngokunyuka kokuhlola izakhi zofuzo ngokuqondile nokuhlola izinhlelo zempilo ezihambayo, kunesithakazelo esikhulayo emehlweni angokondleka komuntu siqu. Umthetho ungafuna ukuba ekugcineni amalebula okudla ahlanganiswe namaplatifomu amanani abonisa ukutusa okungokwempilo yomuntu, ukungezwani kwakhe, noma isimo sezakhi zofuzo. Umthetho onjalo ungaphakamisa imibuzo eyinkimbinkimbi mayelana yimfihlo, i-equity, ne-FDA noma i-EFLASA yezezempilo ye-millic.

Ukulondolozwa Kwemvelo Nezici Ezihilelekile Endaweni Ezungezile

Abathengisi bafuna ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngethonya lokuhlala kokudla, njengekharbon transmigrate, i-carbon transformation, nokufakwa kwamanzi. Abanye ohulumeni baye baqala ukulawula “izincwadi ze-eco-label.” Ngokwesibonelo, iFrance igunyaze ukuba izinkampani zokudla ziveze ithonya elisemqoka lezinto ezisendaweni ezungezile ngokusebenzisa indlela engokomthetho (isimiso sokusebenza esingamashumi amahlanu). Ukuhlongozeneyo kwe-EUUC'S Environment Footprint” (PEF) kungaba imfuneko eyimfuneko yazo zonke imikhiqizo, kuhlanganise nokudla. Nokho, ukukhula kwemigqa eqinile, engokwesayensi eqinile, imithombo eqinile ehlala ihlala inselele inselele, futhi okukhohlisayo noma okukhohlisayo esendaweni ezungezile. Ukugcinwa kwemithetho esobala nencazelo engokomthetho kuyoba okubalulekile.

Amandla Okushaya Indiva Nethonya Lawo Empilweni Yomphakathi

Ekugcineni, umshayeli oyinhloko wemithetho yokuphatha ukudla nokudla ungcono kwempilo yomphakathi. Ukudla okubangelwa izifo ezingathatheki − kuhlanganisa nokukhuluphala, isifo sikashukela sohlobo 2, isifo senhliziyo nemithambo yegazi, kanye neminye imidlalo ephambili yokufa emhlabeni wonke. Izinyathelo ezithatha i-grative zingasiza ekujikijeni ijika.

Ucwaningo lubonise ukuthi izixwayiso eziphoqelelwe ezingaphambili ze-pack eChile zaholela ekuncipheni okukhulu kokuthengwa kweziphuzo ezinoshukela nemikhiqizo ephakeme. E-UK, intela nokwehla koshukela, kuhlangene nokubekwa uphawu olucacile, kwanezela ekuncipheni kwe 10% kashukela ophuzwa iziphuzo ezibandayo. E-United States, imfuneko yokudweba ushukela owengeziwe eHlazini lezentengiselwano Facts iye yashukumisela abanye abakhi ukuba balungise imikhiqizo ukuze banciphe imikhiqizo egcwele ushukela oshukelani.

Nokho, imithetho ephumelelayo kumelwe ihambisane nemfundo yomphakathi, ukuthembisana ukuthenga, nemizamo yokuxazulula izingwadule zokudla nokungahleleki kwezomnotho. Imithetho yokubhala amagama okudla iyithuluzi elinamandla, kodwa isebenza kangcono njengendlela ebanzi ehlanganisa intela, imingcele yokuthengisa, imithetho yesikole, kanye nokuthola ukudla okunempilo.

Ekuphetheni, amandla omthetho anamandla alawula zonke izici zokubekwa kokudla kanye nezindinganiso zokudla. Uma sichaza lokho okuhlanganisa “u-E project" uthi izimpawu zesixwayiso emikhiqizweni ephakeme, imithetho iguqula isayensi yokondleka iyise ekwazisweni okusebenzayo. Nakuba izimpikiswano nezinselele zokugcinwa kwemithetho kuqhubeke, ukuthambekela kusekubekeni okwengeziwe okuphoqelelwe, okusobala, futhi okuvumelanayo okubeka imingcele engokwempilo yomphakathi. Abenzi bezentengiselwano, ababambi bezentengiselwano, nabathengi kumelwe baqhubeke behlanganyela enqubeni yezeluleko yezekelo yezekelo zokunikeza inzuzo yabo eyisisekelo: ukunikeza abantu impumelelo yabo yokukhetha okusekela impilo yabo.