Ukuqonda AmaRepublic: Umsuka Nezimiso Ze - core

Umqondo werepublic udlulela ngalé kwencazelo elula yesichazamazwi. Engxenyeni yayo, irepublic iyisimiso sikahulumeni lapho ubukhosi buhlala khona nabantu, abasebenzisa amandla abo ngabameleli abakhethiwe. Igama ngokwalo livela esiLatinini strata[, lisho "impikiswano yomphakathi" noma "into yomphakathi". Lomqondo oyisisekelo wesisekelo ukhathalela umphakathi, hhayi isakhiwo esizimele sababusi. [=imelela ukushintshwa okujulile kwenkosi nemibuso ye-athority.] ERiphabliki, akukho muntu onegunya eliphelele; esikhundleni sawodwa, unikezwa futhi ulinganiselwe umthetho noma imithetho.

Ngokomlando, amarepublic aye athatha izindlela eziningi. IRome Republic (5092-BCE) isalokhu ingenye yezibonelo zokuqala nezinethonya elikhulu, nesimiso sayo sokuhlola nokulinganisela, izimantshi ezikhethiwe, kanye neziqu ezimeleli njengeSigeqe nemihlangano ethandwayo. Kamuva, amazwe asemadolobheni anjengeVenice neFlorence asebenza njengerepublic phakathi neNguquko. Inkathi yanamuhla yabona ukunyuka kwamarepublic omthetho-mthetho-siseko ngemva kwenguquko eMelika naseFrance. Namuhla, izizwe eziningi zentando yentando yeningi zisebenza njengohlobo oluthile lweRepublictic, ezihlanganisa ummeleli kahulumeni nomthetho.

Umehluko oyinhloko ukuthi irepublic ayiyona idemokrasi emsulwa. Kuyo yonke imithetho nemithetho yentando yeningi, izakhamuzi zivota ngokuqondile. ERepublic, abameleli abakhethayo abe sebezenzela lezo zinqumo. Lesi simiso sokumelela sivumela ukubusa okuphumelela ngokwengeziwe, ikakhulukazi emazweni amakhulu nahlukene. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amarepublic ahlanganisa isivikelo somthetho-mfantu samalungelo amancane, okuvimbela u-"tyrany of theoperation" ongase ukwenzeke ngokuqondisa okuqondile idemocracracy.

Izimiso eziyisisekelo zerepublic zihlanganisa ukubusa okuthandwayo, umthetho, ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso, nokuvikelwa kwamalungelo abantu. Izikhulu ezinganakiwe ziboshwe yilezimiso, futhi igunya lazo lilawulwa umthetho-sisekelo. Lesi simiso siqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni ufeza isithakazelo somphakathi kunayizinhloso zangasese zalabo abasemagunyeni.

Indima Ebalulekile Yezikhulu Eziqashelwe

Izikhulu eziqashelwayo zisebenza njenge-aspective jomentia esebenzayo phakathi kwendikimba nemishini kahulumeni. Ziphathiswe umsebenzi onzima wokuhumusha intando nezidingo zabavoti ezibekwe emthethweni nasemithethweni. Imithwalo yazo yemfanelo ihlelwa ngandlela-thile futhi idluliswe kakhulu ngaphandle kokuvota ezikweletini.

Ukuhlelwa Kwemithetho Nokuhlelwa Kwezimiso

Umsebenzi oyinhloko wezishaya-mthetho eziningi ezikhethwe (ngoba kusepalamende, engqungqutheleni, noma embusweni wedolobha ("ifuna ukuphoqelela, ukuphikisana, nokumisa imithetho."Izimo"i-'inqumo" ihlanganisa ukucwaninga izindaba eziyinkimbinkimbi, ukubuza ochwepheshe nabaphethe, ukuxoxa ngokuvumelana, nokuvota okunolwazi. Ukubekwa kwemithetho okuphumelelayo kudinga ukuqonda okujulile kokubili lendaba ekhona kanye nezinqubo ezingokomthetho esebenza kuyo."Olders org shondmentmentmentss uma zihlala zithembekile ezimisweni zabo nasezidingweni zabo.

Ukuphatha Nokulandisa

Izikhulu eziqashelwe zisebenza futhi njengezinja ezigade igatsha eliphethe izinhlangano zikahulumeni. Ngokuzwa, ukuhlola, ukubukeza uhlelo lwemali, namandla esikhwama semali, ziqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho isetshenziswa ngokwethembeka futhi isetshenziswa ngokunempumelelo. Lo msebenzi wokwengamela ubalulekile ekuvimbeleni ukonakala, ukungcola, nokusebenzisa kabi amandla.

Izinkonzo Zokusekelana Nesivumelwano

Abameleli kulindeleke ukuba balondoloze imikhakha yokuxhumana evulekile nabantu ababakhethayo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuba namahholo edolobha, ukusabela ezincwadini nakuma-imeyili, ukusiza abantu ukuba baqondise izikhulu zikahulumeni (isizk., baxazulule izindaba ngezinzuzo, amaphassport, noma ama-visa), futhi bangeneke emaqenjini omphakathi. Ukuthembisana ngokubambisana kuyinto ephilayo engcono eRiphabliki elinempilo [1] Igcina izikhulu zisezingeni eliqinile ezinqumweni zazo.

Izixwayiso Zomthetho - sisekelo

Ngaphandle kokubusa kwansuku zonke, izikhulu ezikhethiwe zinesibopho esiqotho sokusekela umthetho-sisekelo. Zifunga izifungo zokuwuvikela. Lokhu kusho ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso, ukuvikela inkululeko yomphakathi, futhi ukungaqedi imingcele yegunya lazo. Uma kucatshangelwa ukuthi ukwephulwa komthetho-sisekelo, kungase kube umsebenzi wabameleli abakhethiwe ukuba baqalise ukuqulisa noma amakhambi angokomthetho.

Ukumelelwa Nokulandisa: Izinsika Eziyizinsika Ezine - Dual

Izimpawu nokulandisa kuyizinsika ezimbili irepublic ehlala kuzo. Ngaphandle kokumelelwa ngeqiniso, uhulumeni akabe esaba "owabantu" ngaphandle kokulandisa, abameleli bangahlukaniswa noma bazifunele ngokwabo.

Indlela Okumelelwa Ngayo

Ukulinganisa akuwona umqondo owodwa-wonke. Ososayensi bezombangazwe baveza imifanekiso eminingana. kumfanekiso we-dilegate [, abameleli basebenza njengabakhulumeli abaqondile bezindawo zabo, bavote ngendlela engcono kakhulu yesifunda, ngisho noma bona ngokwabo bengavumelani. [[FLT:] [FLT]] [isibonelo sezentengiselwano , abameleli basebenzisa izahlulelo zabo siqu nobuchwepheshe, abakholelwa ukuthi babenza izinqumo ezingcono kakhulu. Izikhulu ezikhethiwe eziningi zisebenza ngemfashini exubene, zilinganisa ukuchasana kwazo ngokombono wazo siqu walokho okuhle kakhulu emphakathini. Ngaphandle kwalokho, abameleli bemi bamelela imiphakathi yezithakazeko, njengamalungu ehlangene, abasebenzela indawo, noma abamele izinhlanga, noma izikhulu.

Izindlela Zokulandisa

Ukhetho oluvamile, olukhululekile, nolungakhethi luyinqubo eyinhloko yokulandisa. Abavoter bangavuza noma bajezise abameleli ngokusekelwe ekusebenzeni kwabo. Nokho, ukulandisa kuhlanganisa futhi ukubika okungaxegiyo, imithetho yezimiso, inkululeko yokwaziswa, kanye nomshini ozimele ohlola izenzo zezikhulu. Ukuhlola noma ukukhumbula ukhetho kunikeza izinhlolo ezengeziwe zokungalungi kokuziphatha okubi okudlulele.

Ukulandisa kuye kwaqala ukuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu enkathini yanamuhla. Izici ezinjengokulawula imali ngokuhlukanisa, ithonya lemali kwezombangazwe, nokukhula kwezindawo ezilondekile kungalulaza ukuhlobana okuqondile. Uma ummeleli eqinisekiswa cishe ukukhethwa, isikhuthazo sokusabela ekukhetheni okukhulu kungase kunciphe. Lokhu kubangela ukuba izinguquko zokwakha ezihloselwe ekuncintisaneni okukhulayo nokukhanya kube yinselele ekulondolozeni isimiso esinempilo seriphabliki.

Ukubaluleka Kokukhetha ERepublic

Izinhlelo ziyindlela izakhamuzi ezivumela ngayo noma zihlehlise imvume yokubuswa. Azizona nje izenzakalo zokuphatha kodwa amasiko okuvuselelwa kwentando yeningi. Isimiso sokukhetha esisebenza kahle senza okungaphezu kwabanqobi abanqobi; sigunyaza wonke uhlelo lwezombangazwe.

Umncintiswano Okhululekile Nowufanele

Ukuze okhetho bafeze indima yabo, kumelwe banikeze umncintiswano wangempela. Lokhu kusho ukuthi akukho zithiyo ezivimbela abafaneleki ukuba bangene, akukho mithetho etshengisa indawo yokudlala kubantu abafuna ukuvota, futhi akukho kucindezelwa kwamalungelo okuvota. Ukwethembeka kobu mbuso (electoral) ukubheka ukuthi amavota abalwa ngokunembile nokuthi lenqubo ilondekile ekuxhasweni ngo-/is ephambili. Izindinganiso zomhlaba lonke zigcizelela ukuthi okhetho kumelwe lube ngezikhathi ezithile, lungahlangani, futhi luqhutshwe ngenyelwa ngasese.

Ukuhlanganyela Nokushintsha Izincwadi

Ukufaneleka kwerepublic kuyakhuliswa uma i-parthecrative ebanzi yezakhamuzi ihlanganyela. Ukuvota okuphansi kungabonisa ukungalungi noma izithiyo zokuhlanganyela. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuhlanganyela okukhulu kuvame ukuveza imiphumela eyengeziwe. Amarepublic anamuhla asebenzisa amathuluzi ahlukahlukene ukukhuthaza ukuvota, kuhlanganise nokuvota okungena zincwadi, ukuvota kwasekuqaleni, ukuvota okuzenzekelayo, kanye (kwamanye amazwe) ukuvota okuphoqelelwe. Ukuvikela ilungelo lokuvota zonke izakhamuzi ezifanelekayo − → Inzuzo yebala, inzuzo, noma ukukhubazeka, kuhlala kuyinselele emalini eningi.

Izimiso Zokudlala Nethonya Lazo

Imithetho eqondile yokhetho eklanywe kakhulu. Amazwe asebenzisa izimiso ezihlukene:

  • Eyokuqala-kamuva-kwenye indawo (uvota olubanzi): Isetshenziswa e-United States nase-United Kingdom, lesimiso sivame ukuholela ekubusweni okunezingxenye ezimbili futhi singaveza imiphumela ehlukile lapho iqembu lithola izihlalo eziningi ngedlanzana levoti ethandwayo.
  • I-projectal i-(PR): Ivamile engxenyeni enkulu yeYurophu, i-PR ihlela izihlalo ezisekelwe engxenyeni yamavoti atholwa yilungu ngalinye, iholela ezinhlanganweni zemithetho ehlukene kanye nohulumeni abahlangene.
  • I-metal-metal (MMP): ihlanganisa izigodi eziyiziqephu ezinezinhlu ezilinganayo, njengoba zibonwa e-Jalimane naseNew Zealand, ukulinganisela ukumelelwa kwendawo ngokulinganayo.
  • Ukuvota okucetshiwe (RCV)]: kwaziwa nangokuthi ukuvota okusheshayo, i-RCV ivumela abavoti ukuba bafake izigaba. Kuqeda isidingo sokhetho oluhlukile futhi kungakhuthaza umkhankaso osekelwe ekuvumelaneni.

Isimiso ngasinye sinezimo zokuhweba mayelana nokuma kwezindawo, ukuma okuqinile nokulunga. Ukukhethwa kwesimiso kunganquma ukuthi irepublic isebenzela izakhamuzi zayo kahle kangakanani.

Izinhlobo Zokukhetha ERepublic

Ukubusa kweRepublic kuhilela amazinga nezinhlobo eziningi zokhetho, ngalunye olunenjongo ehlukile.

Ukukhethwa Kwesizwe: Umongameli Nomthetho

Ukhetho lukamongameli lukhetha inhloko kahulumeni nohulumeni eRepublic kamongameli. Kumarepublic ephalamende (njengeJalimane noma iNdiya), umphathi wesifundazwe angase abe umongameli onemisebenzi yemikhosi, kuyilapho umphathi kahulumeni engundunankulu okhethwe yindlu yomthetho. Ukhetho lwemithetho lugcwalisa izihlalo ephalamendeni noma engqungqutheleni, okuthi imithetho yemithetho yemithetho yesizwe futhi kwengamele umphathi.

Ukukhethwa Kwezwe, Kwesifunda Nesifunda

Amarepublic amaningi kahulumeni, okusho ukuthi amandla ahlukaniswa phakathi kwezinhlangano ezisenkabeni zikahulumeni nezifundazwe (izifundazwe, iLänder). Labhulumeni bezifunda banabaholi abakhethiweyo nezishaya - mthetho, abasingatha izindaba ezinjengemfundo, ezokuhamba, kanye nokulondeka komphakathi. Lokhu kuletha uhulumeni eduze nabantu futhi kuvumela ukuhlukahluka kwezindawo phakathi kwesizwe esinobunye.

Ukukhetha Kwendawo

UMasipala nokhetho lwesifundazwe banquma amameya, imikhandlu yedolobha, amabhodi esikole, namanye amahhovisi endawo. Lokhu kunethonya eliqondile ekuphileni kwansuku zonke . Ukususa yonke into kusukela ekwakheni imithetho esemthethweni kuya ekuqoqweni kwemfucumfucu kuya ekuqoqweni kwentela yendawo. Ngokuvamile okhetho lwendawo luye lwancipha kuneyesizwe, kodwa lubalulekile ekubusweni komphakathi nasekuqeqesheni isifunda nabaholi bezwe elizayo.

Ama - referendem Nezinyathelo Zokuqalisa

Amanye amarepublic avumela izakhamuzi ukuba zivote ngokuqondile emithethweni ethile noma ekulungisweni komthetho-mthetho nge-astendendums (ebekwe ebhodini nge-colot nge-partimes) noma inyathelo (elibekwe ebhodini lesicelo sesizwe). Nakuba lezi zingamathuluzi aqondile entando yeningi, ngokuvamile zisetshenziswa phakathi kwesimiso sombuso wempucuthe sobuzweni ekwenzeni izinqumo zokunezela abameleli. Izibonelo ezaziwayo zihlanganisa iziphakamiso ezivamile zase Switzerland nezincwadi ze-colotats yaseCalifornia.

Izinselele Zokumelela Okuphumelelayo

Naphezu kwemibono ye - republic, izinselele ezisebenzayo ngokuvamile ziyalilulaza izinga lokumelela.

Ukuzalanisa Izinambuzane Nemiphumela Yazo

Ukulawula kuwukusetshenziswa kwamabomu kwemingcele yesifunda esikhethayo ukuze kuthandwe iqembu elithile noma iqembu. Ngoku "bephanga" abavoti bokuphikiswa ezifundeni eziningi noma "abajikijela" esifundeni esisodwa, amadilowa omngcele angenza ukuba amakhetho angaphazanyiswa. Lokhu kunciphisa ukulandisa ngenxa yokuthi abameleli ezifundeni eziphephile babhekene nosongo oluncane lokulahlekelwa izihlalo zabo.

Izindlela zomnyaka: Imishini ezimele yokulungisa i-reddigiciging, njengaleyo esetshenziswa ezizweni eziningi zase-US (umz. California, Arizona) nasemazweni anjengeCanada, ingadweba amabalazwe asekelwe ezindinganisweni ezingathathi hlangothini ezinjengokuhlanganiswa nokuhlonipha isithakazelo. Izindinganiso zomthetho ezimelene ne-gerrymaning kanye nokubukezwa kokwahlulela nazo ziyasiza.

Ukucindezelwa Kwezinto Eziningi Nezithiyo Zokuhlanganyela

Ukunqandwa kwevoter kuhlanganisa imithetho noma imikhuba eyenza kube nzima kakhulu ngamaqembu athile ukuba abhalise, avote, noma ukuba amavoti abo abelwa. Lokhu kungahlanganisa imithetho ye-ID eqinile, incishisiwe amahora okuvota angaphambili, ukukhishwa kwemivoti, ukuvalwa kwezindawo zokuvota ezindaweni ezimbalwa, nokunqanda imithetho eqinile. Izinyathelo ezinjalo zithinta imiphakathi encikene kakhulu futhi zenza buthaka isimiso sokumelela okulinganayo.

Iziphetho ezithi shube: ukuvuma ukubhalisa okuzenzekelayo, ukwandisa ngaphambi kwesikhathi nokuvota, ukubuyisela amalungelo okuvota kubantu ababevalelwe ngaphambili, nokuqinisekisa izindawo zokuvota ezanele ziyizinyathelo eziyisisekelo. Amandikimba ezizwe zonke anjenge [[FLT:] i-OSCE Office yeDemocratic Institutions ne Informations inikeza iziqondiso zokukhetha okulungile.

Ithonya Lemali Kwezombangazwe

Imizamo idinga imali enele, iphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngokuthi izithakazelo ezicebile noma izinkampani zingathonya ngokungafanele izikhulu ezikhethiwe. Uma abezombangazwe bechitha ingxenye enkulu yesikhathi sabo beqoqa, ingaphazamisa ukubusa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umbono wokuthi cishe inqubo yokudayisa ilimaza ukwethenjwa komphakathi.

IZisombululo zomphakathi:[ Iminikelo ethile (ngokuzithoba kwemithetho yomthetho-sisekelo kwamanye amazwe), futhi ukusungulwa kwezinhlelo ezincane ezihambelanayo kunganciphisa ukulawula kwemali enkulu. Izinhlangano ezinjenge Opensethis [ imali yomkhondo kwezombangazwe ukuze kwandiswe ukukhanya.

Ukungaqondi Nokuhlukana Kwezindaba

I-volution ehlelwe kahle ibalulekile e-republic esebenza. Nokho, ukuvela kwezenhlalo zezokuxhumana, amagumbi okunanela, nemikhankaso ekhishwa uhulumeni kuye kwenza kwaba nzima ngezakhamuzi ukuqonda amaqiniso emangeni. Lokhu kungaholela ekukhetheni okungalingani, izinkolelo zozungu, nokuwohloka kwezinto ezingokoqobo ezifanayo, okwenza ukumelelwa nokuhlehliswa kube nzima kakhulu.

Iziphetho zePotelential:[[[FT:1] Ukukhuthaza ukufunda imithombo yezindaba ezikoleni, ukusekela ukusakaza kwezindaba ezizimele, ukumisa imithetho yokukhangisa kwezezombangazwe ze-intanethi, nokufuna amapulatifomu ukuba abhalwe noma asuswe amakhambi alimazayo, futhi izakhamuzi zinomthwalo wemfanelo wokufuna ukwaziswa okuthembekile.

Ikusasa LamaRepublic Ezwe Elishintshayo

AmaRepublic awami ndawonye; kumelwe ashintshe ngoshintsho lwezenhlalo nolwezobuchwepheshe ukuze ahlale ephilile futhi ethembekile.

Ubuchwepheshe Nentando Yeningi Yezinqubo

Ubuchwepheshe bunikeza amathuba nezingozi zombili. Ama-Online platform angathuthukisa ukuthembisana kwezakhamuzi ngokuzibopha, ngokuhlela imali, nangokuzihlela ngokungeyikho amahholo asemadolobheni. Ubuchwepheshe beblockchain bunganikeza amathuba amasha okuvota ngokuphepha. Kodwa, usongo olufana nokuhlaselwa kweze-ibhuloho ezimbonini, amavidiyo ajulile, nokusetshenziswa kwe-algorics kudinga ukuzivikela okuqinile. Ukulondoloza ubuqotho bezinqubo ze-republic kuzoba yinseleleko enkulu.

Imfundo Nesivumelwano Semfundo Yesibalo

IRepublic inamandla njengesibopho sezakhamuzi zayo kuyo. Ukukhokha ulwazi lomphakathi nokuhlanganyela embusweni wentando yeningi omisiwe kuyindaba ekhathazayo. Ukuqinisa imfundo yomphakathi ezikoleni, ukuthuthukisa izinhlelo zenkonzo yesizwe, nokuthuthukisa impucuko yokuzithandela nokuhileleka kwendawo kungasiza ekuvuseleleni umoya weRepublic. Intsha akumelwe ifundiswe nje kuphela indlela uhulumeni esebenza ngayo kodwa ukuthi kungani ibalulekile.

Ukuhwebelana Kwembulunga Yonke Nokubusa Kwezizwe Zonke

Izinselele eziningi zekhulu lama-21 .Clibonnes, ushintsho, izifo, ukuhweba, ukuthutha kwemingcele yezwe. (izindawo ezihlala izifundazwe ziyasebenza phakathi kwezivumelwano nezinhlangano zezizwe zonke (isibonelo, iEuropean Union, iZizwe Ezihlangene). Lokhu kuphakamisa imibuzo ngokuziphendulela ngentando yeningi: lapho kwenziwa izinqumo zezindikimba zomhlaba wonke, izakhamuzi zingaba nesibopho sokuba abameleli bazo abakhethiwe? Ukulinganisela ubukhosi bezwe lonke nokubambisana kuyingxabano eqhubekayo.

Izinguquko Zokumelela Okuqinisayo

Izinguquko ezihlongozwayo kumarepublic amaningi zihlanganisa ukuqeda iElectoral College e-United States (ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umongameli ukhethwa ngevoti ethandwayo), ukuguqula ukumelelwa kwenani, ukunciphisa iminyaka yokuvota ibe ngu-16, futhi ukwamukela ukuvota okusemthethweni. Nakuba kungekho kulokhu okuyizinhlamvu zesiliva, kubonisa imizamo yokuveza ukukhethwa nokuncintisana.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Njalo Kukahulumeni WaseRiphabliki

AmaRepublic akazona izimiso eziphelele − azikho konakala, ziphikisana, futhi zingaphansi kokonakala nokuhluleka. Nokho ahlala ewuhlelo oluqinile kakhulu olusungulwe ukuze kulinganiswe inkululeko ngokuhleleka, ukubusa okuningi namalungelo amancane, nokuphumelela okuhambisana nokulandisa. Umqondo wokuthi uhulumeni uthembekile emphakathini, ulawulwa izikhulu ezikhethiwe eziphendula abantu, uyinto engcono nehlala njalo.

Impilo yeRepublic ixhomeke ekuhlanganyeleni ngenkuthalo, ngolwazi kwezakhamuzi zayo kanye nobuqotho bezinhlangano zayo. Izikhulu ezilahliwe ziyodumaza noma zihluleke ngezinye izikhathi, kodwa isimiso sinikeza amathuluzi okulungisa − ukuqondisa, ukuqondisa, nokuqondisa umthetho. Ngokuqonda ukuthi abameleli bethu kufanele basebenze kanjani, baqaphele izinselele ababhekene nazo, futhi bacabangele kule nqubo, singasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi amaRiphabliki ethu ahlala esabela, elungile, futhi eqinile ukuze izizukulwaneni ezizayo zilandele.

Ukuze ufunde ngokuqhubekayo, imithombo yokucwaninga esukela ezinhlanganweni ezinikezelwe ekubusweni kwentando yeningi, njenge Internationalter Institute for Democracy and Electoral help[ ne Center yeJaji.