Ilungelo Lomhlangano: Indima Yalo Embusweni Onempilo Wentando Yeningi

Ilungelo lokuhlangana liyisisekelo semiphakathi yentando yeningi, eyenza abantu bakwazi ukuqoqa ndawonye, baveze ukukhathazeka okuhlanganyelwe, futhi banyathelise ukuze bashintshe. Lesi sihloko sihlola indima ebalulekile efezwa yinhlangano ekusekeleni idemokrasi eqinile, kusukela ezisekelweni zayo ezingokomlando nasezivikelweni ezingokomthetho kuya ezinkingeni zamanje nasebunzimeni bobuchwepheshe obuguqulayo. Ngokuqonda kokubili amandla nobungenamandla lalungelo, singaqonda kangcono ukuthi kungani ukuqapha inhlangano kubucayi empilweni yentando yeningi.

Ukubaluleka Komhlangano

Umhlangano usebenza njengendlela yokuhlanganisa izwi nezenzo, ukuqinisa izimiso zentando yeningi zokuhlanganyela, ukucabangisisa, nokulandisa. Ivumela amaqembu ahlukene mayelana nomphakathi nezinhlangano zezwe lonke(ukuhlanganisa) nokuthuthukisa izithakazelo ezingase zingaqondwa. Ngomhlangano, izakhamuzi zingaxhumana ngokuqondile nalabo abanamandla, ukulandisa okuvelele, futhi zakhe ubunye ngezimbangela ezivamile.

Ososayensi bezombangazwe bavame ukugcizelela ukuhlangana njengendlela "yombuso wentando yeningi ozimele" ehlanganisa izinhlangano zabameleli. Lapho abantu behlangana, baveza umbono womphakathi obonakalayo ongathonya isimiso, ushicilele izinkulumo zeningi, futhi uqinise ukubophana kwezakhamuzi. Isenzo sokuhlanganisa sakha futhi inhloko-dolobha yezenhlalo, sikhuthaza ukwethembana nokubambisana phakathi kwamalungu ahlanganisa isenzakalo esidlulele ngalé kwesisodwa.

  • Ukucindezelwa kwe-Ideas: unikeza indawo yesikhululo ukuze kuzweke imibono encinyaneyo, ivimbele ukubekwa kwemibono ebalulekile. Ikhono nje lokuqoqa izimpawu ezivumela umphakathi ukuba ubekezelele ukungavumelani nezimiso ezivulekile.
  • ISivumelwano sePolitical: Imihlangano ngokuvamile isebenza njengendlela yokungenela nzulu kwezombangazwe. Abaqulile bangase baziswe kakhulu ngezindaba, baxhumane nezinhlangano zezempatho, futhi basuka ezibukelini ezingenzi lutho baye kubantu abahlanganyela ngentshiseko ekubuseni ngentando yeningi.
  • Ukushintsha kobukhoma: Umlando ubonisa ukuthi imihlangano eqinile nokuqoqwa kwenqwaba yabantu kungabangela izinguquko ezinkulu. Kusukela emalungelweni omsebenzi kuya ekuvikeleni indawo ezungezile, imibuthano ehlangene iye yaba usizo ekushintsheni kwenqubo yomphakathi nezimiso zamasiko.

Umlando

Ilungelo lokuhlanganisa liye lasetshenziswa amakhulu eminyaka, kodwa ukuqashelwa kwalo kwasemthethweni njengenkululeko eyisisekelo kuyintuthuko yesimanje uma kuqhathaniswa. Ukubhikisha kwakuqala, njengokuvukelwa kweSidlo se-Peasant eNgilandi yeshumi nanye nekhulu le-14 noma imibuthano yabalandeli phakathi neMpi Yombango yaseNgilandi, kwabekwa isisekelo sesivikelo somthetho-sisekelo samuva. Nokho, kwakuyiNkathi Yesikhanyiselo nenguquko yekhulu le-18 nele-19 eyamisa ingqungquthela ngokuqinile njengelungelo.

INguquko YaseMelika NeRepublic Yakuqala

AmaMelika avamile asebenzisa imihlangano yasemadolobheni, ukubhikisha komphakathi, nemihlangano emikhulu enjengeSiphakamiso soMthetho-mthetho sokumelana nemithetho yaseBrithani. Lemibuthano yayingasho ukuthintana; yayihlangene nabafana abacoshelwe, bafaka izicelo, futhi bakha nezinhlangano zokuguqula. ISichibiyelo Sokuqala se-U.S., esagunyazwe ngo1791, ngokucacile sivikela "ilungelo labantu ukuba bahlangane ngokuthula," ibonakalisa ukuqaphela kwabasunguli ukuthi ingqungqungquthela ibalulekile ekuzilawuleni. Izinqumo zakuqala zeNkantolo ephakeme, njenge- United States v. Cruikshman[FLT:] [18] 76], iqinisekisa ukuthi igumbi elikunene kodwa igumbi lesobunxele likhona ngenxa yengxoxo yayo.

Ukuhamba Kwabesifazane Ngenkani

Ekhulwini le-19 nasekuqaleni kwelama-20, izinhlangano zahlela imibuthano emikhulu, imihlangano emikhulu, kanye namashende ukuze kufunelwe amalungelo okuvota. ISivumelwano seMpophoma i1848 sivame ukubizwa ngokuthi isigaba sokuqala kwenhlangano, kodwa amashumi ezinkulungwane zabesifazane ahlanganyela emihlanganweni eUnited States naseYurophu. Lezi zenzakalo zabhekana nokuhlukunyezwa, ukuboshwa, futhi ngezinye izikhathi nobudlova, kodwa ukuphikelela kwaholela ekuncintiseni kwezentengiselwano yekhulu lekhulu. Inhlangano yabonisa ukuthi ingqungquthela enokuthula ingabekela inselele ukucwasana okujulile kwabesifazane.

Inhlangano Yamalungelo Ezakhamuzi

Phakathi kwekhulu lama-20 labashisekeli bamalungelo omphakathi basebenzisa umhlangano njengesu lokusebenza. Izimpi zangaphakathi, ukumasha, kanye nemihlangano emikhulu emasontweni yanikeza indawo yokuhlela nokwakha ukucindezela kokuziphatha. Ngonyaka ka-1963 eWashington, lapho uMartin Luther King Jr. wanikeza khona "Inephupho" inkulumo, uhlala iyisibonelo esinamandla. Ukunqoba okungokomthetho ACP v. Alabama [1988] wavikela ilungelo lezinhlangano lokuhlangana ngaphandle kokungenela kwezwe, kuyilapho i-Civin Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965 kwakuyimiphumela eqondile yomhlangano.

Izinhlangano Zembulunga Yonke

Inhlangano yomhlaba wonke, iye yafeza indima ekushintsheni kwentando yeningi. Umzabalazo wokuzibusa kwamaNdiya wathembela emibuthanweni emikhulu nasemibhikishweni engenabudlova eyayiholwa uMahatma Gandhi. Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20 leminyaka, imihlangano eMpumalanga Yurophu − njengaseVelvet eCzechoslovakia nokuwa koDonga lwaseBerlin − wabonisa indlela imibuthano ehlangene eyayingawisa ngayo imibuso ye-denaria. I-promocracy eTianmen Square ngo-199, nakuba yayicindezelwe ngobudlova, iyaqhubeka inxusa amalungelo abantu.

Umsebenzi Wesakhelo Esingokomthetho

Kuyidemokrasi eminingi, ilungelo lokuhlangana livikelwe ngokucacile yimithetho-sisekelo noma izivumelwano zomhlaba wonke. ISichibiyelo Sokuqala soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. siqinisekisa ilungelo loku "hlangana ngokuthula". Ngokufanayo, iSiphakamiso 20 seSimemezelo somhlaba wonke samalungelo abantu sisho ukuthi, "Wonke unelungelo lenkululeko yokuhlangana ngokuthula nenhlangano." i-Regional Convention on Human Rights iqinisa ngokwengeziwe lesivikelo.

Umda nokulinganiselwa

Nakuba ukuhlangana kuyilungelo eliyisisekelo, akunalo eliphelele. Ohulumeni bangabeka imingcele ukuze bavikele ukuphepha komphakathi, bavimbele ukuphazamiseka, noma bavikele ukulondeka kwesizwe (*), kodwa imingcele enjalo kumelwe ilungiswe kancane futhi ifeze isithakazelo esishukumisayo. E-United States, izinkantolo zisebenzisa ukucubungula imithetho eqoqiwe. Isithiyo esiyinhloko sihlanganisa:

  • [[Isikhathi:0], Indawo, neMiyalo ye-Manner: Iziphathimandla zingafuna imvume yokuhlanganisa imibuthano emikhulu ezindaweni zomphakathi, ibeke imikhawulo yomsindo, futhi ichaze izindawo zokubhikisha. Nokho, lemithetho kumelwe igcwale i-octive-netic futhi ishiye eminye imikhondo yokukhuluma.
  • [ Ukuphepha kobuphekula: Uma umhlangano uletha usongo oluseduze lobudlova noma ukulimala komphakathi, ukugcinwa komthetho kungangenela. Indinganiso yalokhu kungenela iphakeme; ukuphikisana nje nomyalezo akukuthetheleli ukuvinjelwa.
  • [[IMPAWU:0] Impahla: Ilungelo lokubutha alidluliseli embonini yangasese ngaphandle kwemvume yomniniyo. Izikhungo zesitolo namayunivesithi angalinganisela imibuthano, nakuba eminye imithetho kahulumeni inikeza izivikelo ezilinganiselwe.

Izindinganiso Zamazwe Ngamazwe

INhlangano yeZizwe Ezikhethekile yeSiphakamiso se-O.N.U. esikhethekile senkululeko yokuhlangana ngokuthula nenhlangano siye sakhipha iziqondiso ezigcizelela ukuthi noma imiphi imingcele kumelwe ivumelane nomthetho, idingekile, futhi ilinganise. Imibiko iye yaqokomisa imikhuba ekhathazayo enjengokuvinjelwa okungagcwele emibhikishweni yokubhikisha noma ukusetshenziswa kwegunya ngokweqile. Izindikimba zomhlaba wonke ngokuvamile zicindezela amazwe aphula amalungelo emihlangano ngezindlela zokuxhumana noma ngemijelo yezo yokujekethi.

Izinselele Zokuhlangana

Naphezu kwesivikelo esingokomthetho, ilungelo lokuhlangana libhekene nezinsongo eziphikelelayo kokubili ezicini zentando yeningi nezobushiqela.

Imingcele Kahulumeni Nezimvume Zokuvimbela

Abanye ohulumeni babeka imvume enzima yokuvumela izimfuneko, izindleko zokukhushulelwa, noma ukuphika imvume yemibuthano ebucayi kwezombangazwe. Emadolobheni amaningi ase-U.S., izinqubo ziye zagxekwa ngenxa yokungabina sobala noma ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwezikhali ukuze kunqandwe ukubhikisha. Umbiko ACLU [ ogciniwe ufaka izinhlu ezigciniwe lapho imishuwalenselo yamaphoyisa ifuna izibopho ezinzima noma izindlela zokuvukela ezilinganiselwe ukuze unciphise abahlanganyeli.

Ukugadla Nokwesaba

Inani elikhulu labathathi-mbuthano liye lathuthuka kakhulu. Izinhlangano zokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho ziye zasebenzisa ukuhlola izokuxhumana, abafundi bephepha-mvume, nokuqaphela ubuso ukuze zibonakalise ababhikishi. Kwezinye izimo, lokhu kuye kwaholela ekuphindiseleni abaqashi noma izinhlangano zikahulumeni. I-Ectronic Foundation Foundation iye yaxwayisa ukuthi imikhuba enjalo ibanda, njengoba abantu bengase bagweme ukuhlangana ngenxa yokwesaba ukuphindisela.

Izambulo Eziphikisayo Nobudlova

Imihlangano ingakhanga iziteshi ezivunayo, ngezinye izikhathi eziholela ekuxabaneni. Nakuba izimpi ezinokuthula zivikelwa, ubudlova buphazamisa ilungelo lokuhlangana. Iziphathimandla kumelwe zilinganisele ukuvikela womabili amaqembu, ngokuvamile zidinga ukuhlela ngokucophelela. I-2017 Association i-Quiation i-Queaueter e-Licktarsville, eVirginia, yaqubuka ngobudlova futhi yaphumela ekufeni, ibonisa ingozi engenzeka lapho kunempi yemihlangano ephikisanayo.

Izithiyo Zezomnotho Nezenhlalo

Akubona bonke abantu abangahlanganyela kalula emihlanganweni. Abantu abahola imali ephansi bangase bantule isikhathi noma izimali zokuya ezindaweni zokubhikisha. Abazali bangase babhekane nezinselele zokunakekela izingane. Abantu abakhubazekile bavame ukubhekana nezindawo ezingafinyeleleki.

Indima Yobuchwepheshe

Ubuchwepheshe buye bashintsha indlela imihlangano ehlelwa ngayo, eqhutshwa ngayo, futhi busebenza ngayo. Amathuluzi asebenza ngemishini anamandla futhi enza kube nzima ukuhlanganisa, okwakha amathuba amasha lapho kufakwa izinsongo ezintsha.

Ukuthunjwa Nge - Internet Nemithombo Yezindaba Yomphakathi

Ama-computer ezokuxhumana manje aseyinhloko ekuhleleni imihlangano emikhulu yesilinganiso. Kusukela e Facebook e-Tripy e-Arabia Spring kuya e-twitter imicu ye-Black Live Matter, izinxoxo ze-millimeters zivumela ukuhlangana okusheshayo, okunesizotha. Ama-Hashtag asebenza njengezindawo zokuhlangana, avumela abantu abahlakazekile ukuba bahlangane ngesizathu esisodwa. Nokho, amapulatifomu abuye abhekane nokugxekwa kokwaziswa okungalinganiswa kwe-algoricco noma ukumiswa kokulandisa okuhlela imibuthano eyingozi.

Imihlangano Nezifanekiso Ezisansimbi

Isifo se-COVOID-19 sandisa ukushintshwa komdlandla we-inthanethi ohlanganisa ama-webbinar, amahholo edolobha, kanye nokubhikisha okungena emagumbini. Nakuba lokhu kunikeza indlela yokuhlangana lapho imibuthano engokomzimba ibekelwe imingcele, abanakho ukuhlangana nokusebenza kobudoda phakathi kwe-inthane. Imishini ehlanganisa ukuhlelwa kwe-intanethi nokubhikisha okungokomzimba manje ivamile, ivumela ukuhlanganyela kakhulu kuyilapho inciphisa izingozi zempilo. Kodwa futhi imihlangano engokoqobo iphakamisa imibuzo nge-teruptury kanye nobubanzi benombolo ye-atruptic i-adiodition iyasuswa.

Ukubhala Nokuphepha

Abahleli basebenzisa izinhlelo eziyimfihlo njengophawu lwe-Signal noma i-Telegram ukuhlela imihlangano, ukunciphisa ingozi yokuqapha. Izisebenzi eziqhayisayo ezibhikishayo ziye zavela ukuze zigweme umholi oyedwa ongase ahloselwe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ohulumeni baye bafuna ukuba izingcango zibhalwe phansi, bephikisana ngokuthi badinga ithuba lokuvimbela ubuphekula noma izenzo zobugebengu. Ukungezwani phakathi kokuphepha nokuzifihla kuyingozi kakhulu ekuhleleni imihlangano.

Ukwaziswa Okunezibalo Neqoqo Lokwaziswa

Iziphathimandla zingalandelela abahlanganyela ekuhlanganeni ngemetametha metameta, indawo yocingo, kanye nokuchitha izinhlelo zezokuxhumana. Phakathi nonyaka ka-2020 George Floyd ukubhikisha, uMnyango we-U.S. wezokuvikela i-Homeland wasebenzisa ukwaziswa okuvela kuzokukhangisa ngeminyaka ehambayo nasemithonjeni yezokuxhumana ukuze aqaphele ukubhikisha, ukuphakamisa izinkathazo zenkululeko yomphakathi. ACLU qinisekisa ukuqapha okusakazekile [ okungase kupholise ukuthatha iqhaza. Ngaphandle kwezivikelo eziqinile, ezobuchwepheshe zingaguqula ilungelo lokuhlangana libe yisibopho.

Ukuhlola Icala

Ukuhlola imihlangano ethile kwembula indlela okusebenza ngayo okulungile, amasu asetshenziswa abahleli, nemiphumela efinyelelwe.

UMarch Wabesifazane (2017)

Lolu suku lwamiswa ngemva kokumiswa kukaMongameli uDonald Trump, uMashi wagcina ungolunye lwemibhikisho emikhulu kakhulu emlandweni wase-U.S., idweba abahlanganyeli abalinganiselwa ku-4-5 miliyoni kulo lonke izwe futhi baqhubeke bemasha ngobunye emhlabeni wonke. Lesi senzakalo sahlelwa kakhulu ngezokuxhumana futhi sathembela emihlanganweni yezisebenzi zokuzithandela ezihloniphekile. Yaletha ukunaka kwamalungelo abesifazane, ubulungisa bokuzala, inguquko yokufuduka, kanye nobuhlanga. Ngokuqhubekayo, ukumasha okuthatha amashadishi kwabangela ukuba kube negagagasi lemizwana lemizwa yotshani elihambayo, okwaholela ekuqophelweni kwenani eliqophayo labesifazane abasebenzela ihhovisi ngo-2018. Nokho, ukuphikisana kwangaphakathi kwaba nenselelenezentengo yokulondoloza ubuholi bezindawo zobunye, ukuthutha nokuhlala ezindaweni ezinkulu.

Indaba Yokuphila Okumnyama Ibalulekile (2020)

Ukubulawa kukaGeorge Floyd yisikhulu samaphoyisa aseMinneapolis kwabangela ukubhikisha okukhulu kakhulu emlandweni wase-U.S. ngokulinganisela kwabathatha iqhaza abayizigidi ezingu-15-26. Imihlangano yayiphawuleka ngokuhlukahlukahluka kwenani labo, kuhlanganise nabantu bazo zonke izinhlanga nabudala. Abahleli basebenzisa izakhiwo ezizimele, ezifihliwe, futhi nge-i-inthambi esemthethweni ehlala kuyi-intanethi ukuze bahlele futhi babhale izenzakalo zempi. Izingxoxo eziphoqeshiwe ngenguquko yamaphoyisa, zaphumela ezinguqukweni ezithile (umz., ukuvinjelwa kwemigoqo, ukukhushulwa kweminywa kwezindawo ezingezinye izindlela zomphakathi), nokushintsha umbono womphakathi ngobulungisa bohlanga. Nokho, bahlangana futhi nokukhishwa kwemithetho eqinile, kuhlanganise nokukhithilozwa kwezinhlamvu, nezinhlamvu zenhlamvu, nemidalo yemithetho evimbela imingcele engokomthetho.

Isimo Sezulu Siyagadla (209)

Iphefumlelwe umshisekeli wezokulwa kwezwe laseSweden uGreta Thunberg, ukugadla kwesimo sezulu sentsha kwabangela izigidi zabafundi ukuba baphume emakilasini ngoLwesihlanu. I-Global Climate Attall ngo-September 2019 yahlanganisa abantu abalinganiselwa ezigidi ezingu-7,6 emazweni angu-185. Lemihlangano yayiphawuleka ngokubambisana kwawo kwezizwe ngezizwe nokusebenzisa amapulatifomu ukuze ihlanganyele imithombo yemali nezimpawu. Imihlangano yacindezela ohulumeni ukuba bamemezele izimo eziphuthumayo zezulu futhi baqinise izivumelwano zemithetho. Nakuba ithonya langempela ekuqhutyweni kwegesi lilokhu kuphikisana, ukubhikitya kokuphakama kwesimo sezombangazwe futhi kwasiza izinhlangano ezifana ne-Sunrise Project ne-Dice. Imihlangano yabhekana nokugxekwa ngenxa yokungabi namasiko amaqembu ahlukene emadolobheni, kodwa yabonisa amandla abantu abasebasha ukuba bahlele amaqembu amaqembu amaqembu ahlukahlukene.

Isiphetho

Ilungelo lokuhlangana liseyinsika ebalulekile yokubusa kwentando yeningi. Ivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zikhulume ngokuphikisana, zakhe ubunye, futhi zishintshe imiphumela. Kusukela ekuxazululeni kwezincwadi namalungelo omphakathi abashisekeli besikhathi esikhona bezinhlangano zobulungisa bohlanga kanye nesimo sezulu, imihlangano iye yalungisa kabusha imiphakathi. Kodwa lelilungelo lingaphansi kokucindezela kokuqapha, imithetho evimbelayo, nokungalingani komphakathi. Ukuvikela akudingi nje ukuqinisekisa komthetho kuphela kodwa futhi kudinga ukuqashelwa okuqaphileyo komphakathi, ukuveza izisekelo zomthetho, nezimiso zobuchwepheshe eziveza amalungelo abantu. Enkathini yokunyuka kwezindawo nezimiso zobuchwepheshe, ukulondolozwa kwezindawo ngokuthula kubaluleke kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili ukuze kuhlale kuhlala i-democrali.