Izimiso Eziyisisekelo: Isimiso Esinenkululeko Sokusebenzisana

Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela ku-U.S. sibekwe eqenjini lomthetho njengendlela yokuvimbela noma iliphi igatsha elilodwa likahulumeni ukuba lithole igunya elingavinjelwa. OFata Abasungulwayo, bedweba kuyifilosofi yezombangazwe yaseMontesquieu kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho kwabo okuqondile ne-parliary yaseBrithani ephambani, eklanywe isakhiwo esine-Legislative (Ikhorati), i-Guquality (Prent), i-Adentier, ne-Jaji (Inkantolo). Igatsha ngalinye linegunya nemithwalo yemfanelo ehlukile, kodwa ngalinye liphethe amathuluzi akhethekile okumelana nawo, noma ukulahla izenzo zabanye. UJakobe u-FLD. ngokudumile waphikisa ku-[FLD.[5] Umbalst] U-No.[51] [Flast] Umthetho owenziwayo"imthetho owenziwayo eqondiswa yiminyaka emibili yamakhulu amabili.

Umqondo oyinhloko uwukuthi alikho igatsha elingathatha isinyathelo ngaphandle kwesilinganiso esithile sobubonisi noma ukumelana. UMkhandlu ubhala imithetho, kodwa uMongameli angayifaka kubo; uMongameli umisa abahluleli, kodwa iSishaya - mthetho siyabaqinisekisa; iNkantolo Ephakeme ichaza imithetho, kodwa i-Congress ingayilungisa noma ihlose ukunqanda ukumiswa kwemithetho. Lesimiso asiklanyelwe ukuphumelela kodwa ukuvikela inkululeko. Ukuqonda ukuthi lokhu kuhlangana kudlala kanjani ezinkingeni ezikhathini ezingokomlando nasezimpini zomthetho kudingekile ekuqondeni ukuvuselela nokulawula kwentando yeningi yaseMelika.

Isibonelo 1: Ukumisa Izomthetho – Marbury v. Madison (103)

Nakuba ingaveli engxabanweni eqondile phakathi kwamagatsha aphethe ne-progional, icala leNkantolo ePhakeme liphawuliwe . Madison [1] iyisibonelo esiyisisekelo se-checks kanye nezilinganiso ngoba yamisa isimiso sokubukeza komthetho . Lelicala lanikeza i-judiary ihlola lalo elinamandla kuwo womabili amaKhomishani kanye noMongameli: amandla okumemezela isimiso somthetho sokungahlangani.

Impikiswano yavela kuMongameli John Adams ekumiseni amajaji amancane okugcina kukaFederalist. UThomas Jefferson ozayo wenqaba ukuletha eminye yalemisebenzi, washukumisela uWilliam Marbury ukuba ashethe unobhala weZwe uJames Madison. UMahluleli omkhulu uJohn Marshall wabhekana nenkinga: uma ayala ukuba ikhomishane inikezwe, umphathi we-Jefferson angalinaki, anciphise igunya leNkanto; uma enqaba ukuzwa icala, wavuma ukuthi iNkantolo ayikwazanga ukuhlola umphathi.

Ikhambi likaMarshall lokuhlakanipha laliwukumemezela ukuthi ingxenye yoMthetho weSigqi sango-1789 ovumela uMarbury ukuba aweshele ngokuqondile eNkantolo Ephakeme ngokwayo yayingekhona ukuvumelana nemithetho engokomthetho. Ngokushaya umthetho odluliswe yiSishaya-mthetho, iNkantolo yaqinisekisa amandla ayo okuchaza uMthetho-sisekelo njengomthetho ophakeme wezwe.

Umphumela Ohlelweni Lwamasheke Nokulinganisela

Lesi sinqumo samisa unomphela ikomiti yamajaji njengegatsha elilinganayo elikwazi ukwenza izenzo zomthetho-mthetho noma uMongameli odlula imingcele yomthetho-sisekelo. Iseyithuluzi elinamandla kakhulu ijaji elinalo lokuhlola amanye amagatsha. Ngaphandle uMarbury v. Madison, iNkantolo ePhakeme isho ukuthi ayinalo lokunquma amacala anjengaye [[FLT:] United States v. Nixon[FT:3] noma [FLT:] FB. [ibel[FL:][FLT] [FLT]] [ist:]

Umxhumanisi wangaphandle: National Archives – Marbury v. Madison (103)

Isibonelo 2: I - Impeatingment ka - Andrew Johnson (1868)

Isinqumo sokuqala somongameli ohleli e-U.S. saveza ukuphikisana okuqondile phakathi kwamagatsha emithetho nesikhulu. UMongameli uAndrew Johnson, uDemocrate waseNingizimu owalandela uAbraham Lincoln, waphikisana ngokuphindaphindiwe neRepublican Congress elawula isimiso sokulungisa. Indlela kaJohnson yokuyekelela kumazwe ayebuzwe iConferaterate nemithetho yakhe yamalungelo omphakathi yacasula amaKhomishane.

Imvungela esheshayo kwaba uJohnson ukuphulwa komthetho woMthetho we-Office (1867]), owawufuna ukuvunyelwa kweSigele ngaphambi kokuba umongameli asuse abathile abaphathi besikhundla. Johnson waxosha unobhala weWar Edwin M. Stanton, i-Republicalcan admy, futhi wazama ukumbuyisela ngaphandle kwemvume yeSigebengu. Indlu yabameli yavotela ukuvala uJohnson ngezihloko eziyishumi nanye, ikakhulukazi ihlobene nalokhu kwenqaba.

Indima Yesigele Njengesekisi

Khona - ke iSigele saqunga icala. Ngaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo, iSigele sodwa sinamandla okubopha iziboshwa nokususa umongameli. Johnson wasinda ngevoti eyodwa – 35 kuya ku-19 enecala, isifinyele samahora amabili-ntathu afunekayo. Lokhu kulahlwa kwabonisa ukuthi ukujezisa kuyithuluzi lezombangazwe, hhayi inqubo yobugebengu, futhi i-Stemperary ihlola isigaba se-presidente. Isenzakalo futhi saholela ekuncipheni kwegunya lobumongameli emashumini eminyaka ambalwa alandelayo.

Isibonelo 3: I-Watergate Scantal ne- United States v. Nixon (1974])

Mhlawumbe isibonelo esiphawuleka kakhulu sanamuhla sokuhlola nokulinganisela savela phakathi nehlazo laseWatergate. Umongameli uRichard Nixon wahlanganyela ekuxhashazweni okulandelanayo, kuhlanganise nokuphulwa kwe-templat ngo-1972 endlunkulu yeKomiti yesizwe yeDemocratic kanye nokwemboza okulandelayo. Lapho i-Congress iqala ukuhlola, uNixon wazama ukusebenzisa ilungelo lokuphatha izikhulu lokuvimba amakhasethi ezingxoxo zakhe kubacushi nakumshushisi okhethekile.

Lendaba yafinyelela eNkantolo Ephakeme . [FLT] United States v. Nixton. Iqembu elingokomthetho laphikisa ngokuthi umongameli wayenelungelo eliphelele lokulawula nokuthi amakhasethi ayevikelekile. INkantolo yavumelana ngokuthi nakuba ilungelo lesikhulu likhona, aliphelele futhi kumelwe linikeze izidingo ezingokomthetho zesimiso sokwahlulela sobugebengu. IJaji eliyinhloko uWarren Burger wabhala ukuthi "akukhona imfundiso yokuhlukanisa imibuso, noma isidingo sokufihla izingxoxo eziphakeme, ingasekela ilungelo eliphelele, eliphelele lomongameli womthetho womthetho ezimweni ezingaphansi kwazo zonke."

Indlela Ama - check Asebenza Ngayo Lapha

UKhomishane wasebenzisa amandla awo okuhlola futhi wakhipha ama-pona. Ijaji laphoqelela lawomapopona angaphansi, libeka imingcele elungelweni eliphezulu. UMongameli walalela umyalo weNkantolo, ekhipha amakhasethi ayembula ukuhileleka kwakhe ekugcineni embonweni wesembozo. Ukubhekana cishe nokungagunyazi nokususwa, uNixon wasula – umongameli wokuqala ukuba enze kanjalo. Lokhu kufakazela ukuthi isimiso singaba nesibopho esinamandla uma wonke amagatsha esebenza ezindima zawo zomthetho-mthetho.

Umxhumanisi wangaphandle: [[FLT] Oyez – United States v. Nixon (1974)

Isibonelo 4: Umthetho wokunakekela ongenakungadukiswa nowokuhlola – NFIB v. Sebelius (202)

Lapho kudluliswa umthetho we-Congress Isivikelo sokwelapha ne-Affordble Care Act (ACA) ngo-2010, wawumelela ukwanda okukhulu kwamandla kahulumeni ekunakekeleni impilo. Umthetho wawuhlanganisa igunya lomuntu ngamunye elifuna ukuba amaMelika amaningi athenge umshuwalense wempilo noma akhokhe isijeziso. Abaphikisi baphikisa ukuthi uMkhandlu ungenalo ngokomthetho ngaphansi kwe-Cemperacleus ukuze uqhubele abantu ukuba bangene kwezentengiselwano. Icala, [FLT] [FLT]] i-National Federation of Independent Intependetion v. Sebel[[FLT:][FLT][5] [2010], waba ukuhlolwa kwe-judiary.[2020]

INkantolo Ephakeme, esinqumweni esingu-584, yasekela umyalo kodwa hhayi ngaphansi kwe-Chwethem Claus. Kunalokho, uMahluleli omkhulu uJohn Roberts wabhala ukuthi umyalo ungathethelelwa njengentela ngaphansi kwamandla entela kaKhalandawo. INkantolo yalahla nelungiselelo elalizovumela uhulumeni ukuba avimbele wonke amaMedicaid imali ezweni elanqaba ukwandisa – ukuhlola okuphawulekayo kwemali esetshenziswa yiSishaya-Hulumeni.

Izici Eziningi Ezihlola Ukudlala

Lelicala libonisa indlela iNkantolo Ephakeme ehlola ngayo kokubili iziKhongolo (ngokubukeza umthetho womthetho) negatsha eliphethe (ngokulinganisela indlela uMnyango Wezempilo Nezinkonzo Zobuntu owawusebenzisa ngayo umthetho). Futhi kubonisa ukuthi iNkantolo ayimane nje ikwazi ukuvala injoloba noma iqede umthetho; ingasekela umthetho ngezizathu ezihlukene kunalezo ezihloselwe yiKhomishane, ngaleyo ndlela i-ACA yalungisa umthetho. kodwa ubukhulu bayo bachazwa yi-jajidiary, hhayi nje kuphela yi-partimension noma umongameli.

Isibonelo 5: Umongameli We - Vetoes Nomphakathi Udla Ingebhe

I-veto amandla angenye yezindlela eziqondile zokuhlola uMongameli ophethe iSishaya-Mkhandlu. Isigaba 7 soMthetho-sisekelo sinikeza uMongameli izinsuku eziyishumi ukuba asayine noma afake isikwele. Uma sishiywe, isikweleti sibuyela eKhongolo, engadlula iveto ngenani eliyisithathu esingaphezulu kuzo zombili izikhundla. Le mithetho enamandla iveza futhi iqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho isekelwa kabanzi.

Isibonelo esivelele samuva senzeka ngo-2015 lapho uMongameli Barack Obama ezama ukudlula iveto, kodwa indlu yawa kuma-360 adingekayo (ivoti yayingu-241-186). I-veto yayikhona, ilondoloza umthetho wempilo osele we-Obama's Hueder.

Eminye Imifino Ephawulekayo

Ekuqaleni komlando wase-U.S., uMongameli uAndrew Jackson wakhipha i-partum yeSibili Bank yase-United States ngo-1832, efaka i-cheke lokuqondisa elinamandla enkambisweni yezomnotho. Muva nje, uMongameli uDonald Trump ukhiphe ivetoes eningi, kuhlanganise nencwadi yemali ye-bipartisan evimbela usizo lwempi eSaudi Arabia ngokubulala i-Kahoggi, iSishaya-Mkhandlu esingakwazi ukuqeda. Isibonelo ngasinye sibonisa ukuthi i-veto ayiyona nje inqubo yezentengiselwano kodwa i-evingsss ayiselo engathi ingabuyisela umthetho wasobala lapho uMongameli noMkhandlu we-Hulumeni ephikisana.

Isibonelo 6: Isinqumo Sempi Nesenzo Sezempi

I- Isinqumo seMpi soMbuso weMpi ka 1973 (edluliswe kuMongameli Nixon's vento) kwakuwumzamo woMkhandlu wokuthola igunya lawo lomthetho ukuze umemezele impi ngemva kwezimpi eziqhubekayo eKorea nase Vietnam. Isinqumo sifuna uMongameli ukuba azise uMkhandlu phakathi namahora angu-48 okufaka amabutho ahlomile empi futhi aphumele emabuthweni angakadluli izinsuku ezingu-60 ngaphandle kokuba iSishaya-Mkhandlu sigunyaze isilinganiso. Lomthetho uyi-ake uhlola ngokuqondile emandleni kaMongameli njengenduna-mphathi.

Ngokwenqubo, leli zwi lesinqumo liye laphikiswana. Abameli babo bobabili abahlukene baye baphikisa ngokuthi liphazamisa iziphathimandla eziphethe, futhi baye bathumela amabutho kaningi ngaphandle kokufuna ukuvunyelwa ngaphambi kwenhlangano. Ngokwesibonelo, uMongameli uBarack Obama's 2011 ukungenela kwezempi eLibya kwaqhubeka nangaphezu komngcele wezinsuku ezingu-60 ngaphandle kwemvume yokumiswa kwesivumelwano, okwaholela eziphikiswaneni ezingokomthetho. Kamuva inkantolo yesifunda yanquma ukuthi uhulumeni awuzange uphule iSigqi seMpi ngenxa yokuthi imisebenzi ayizange ihlanganise "imvume" ngomqondo ongokomthetho – incazelo yokwahlulela eyavumela isikhulu ukuba sinwebe imingcele yomthetho.

Ukucindezeleka Okuqhubekayo

Lesi sibonelo siqokomisa ukuthi ukuhlola nokulinganisela akusebenzi ngaso sonke isikhathi. uma amagatsha omthetho nokwahlulela engathandi ukubekela inselele eqinile ukuthatha isinyathelo sezempi esiphethe, isimiso singangalinganiswa. Noma kunjalo, iSigqi Sombuso seMpi sisewumthetho onqandelwa amongameli, futhi unikeza indawo yokushaya impikiswano nokuqondisa, ngisho noma isehlo sokugcina sivame ukuba sezombangazwe kunokuba sibe somthetho.

Isibonelo 7: Ukuhlongozwa kukaBill Clinton (1998 - 1999)

Umongameli uBill Clinton waqalwa ukujezisa ngenxa yobuhlobo bakhe noWhite Housennn Monica Lewinsky futhi kamuva wabe esethiya ukumangalelwa. Indlu yabameleli, elawulwa amaRepublicans, yavotela ukunqanda i-Clinton ngoDecember 1998 ezihlokweni ezimbili: ukujezisa phambi kwejaji elikhulu nesithiyo sobulungisa. Lesi senzo sabonisa amandla endlu ukuletha amacala kumongameli ohleliyo ngenxa yokumangalelwa ukuthi umongameli uwenziwa.

Icala leSigele ekuqaleni kuka-1999 laphela ngokulahlwa, futhi amajenali angu - 50 evotela iziboshwa ngecala elibiwe ngecala futhi angu - 50 ngokuvalela – kufinyele kulama 67 adingekayo ukuze lisuswe. Umphumela waqinisekisa ukuthi inqubo yokungagunyazi ithuluzi lezombangazwe njengelingokomthetho. Kwabonisa futhi ukuthi iSigele, njengesitha seqiniso sokugcina, sisebenza njengesehlo esibalulekile ekuhlolweni kwendlu yamaphekula. Clinton washiya ihhovisi elinezilinganiso eziphakeme zemvume, futhi lesi senzakalo asizange sivale uhulumeni.

Isibonelo 8: INkantolo Ephakeme neMiyalo Ephethe – Trump v. Hawaii (2018)

Isiyalo esiphethe sivumela uMongameli ukuba aqondise ukusebenza kukahulumeni kahulumeni ngaphandle komthetho omusha, kodwa afanelwe ukubukezwa. Ngo-2017, uMongameli uDonald Trump wakhipha u-Edict 13769, ngokuvamile obizwa ngokuthi "ukuvinjelwa," ukuvinjelwa ukungena emazweni amaningi kakhulu e-Musim. Izinkantolo ze-Frederal zasheshe zavala umthetho ngezizathu ukuthi cishe wephula i-Clausce ngokususa ngesisekelo senkolo.

Uhulumeni walubukeza lolu hlelo kaningi, futhi ekugcineni icala lafinyelela eNkantolo Ephakeme njenge [FLT]Trump v. Hawaii [2017]. INkantolo yasekela uhlelo olubukeziwe lokuvinjelwa kokuhamba, ibhekisa egunyeni lomphathi wezwe nokulondeka kwezwe. Nokho, isenzakalo sabonisa ukuthi i-jadidicariary ingamisa futhi ibukeze inqubo yesikhulu, iphoqe ukuba ihluze izimiso zayo ukuze ihlangabezane nomthetho. Yaqokomisa futhi ukuthi ukuhlola kwejadiary akuphelele; uhulumeni unganqoba ekugcineni uma ukhuluma ngeze izikhalo zenkantolo.

Ukuxhumana kwangaphandle: Inkantolo yoMcimbi - Trump v. Hawaii (No. 17-965)

Isiphetho: Ikhono Elinamandla Nelibalulekile Lokuhlola Nokulinganisela

Lezi zibonelo ezingokoqobo zomlando wase-U.S. zibonisa ukuthi isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela asiwona nje umqondo ocatshangelwayo encwadini. Liyilungiselelo eliphilayo, elinamandla elihlala likhona ezinkingeni, ezinkingeni ezingokomthetho, nasezingxoxo zezombangazwe. Kusukela ekusungulweni kobuhlaziywe kwezokwahlulela ngo-1803 kuya ekulweni kwamuva ngemithetho yezikhulu nenguquko yezempilo, igatsha ngalinye liye lavivinya amandla alo futhi lagqugquzela abanye.

Lesimiso asiphelele. Ngezinye izikhathi abaMongameli baye badlula igunya labo; iziKhomishane ngezinye izikhathi ziye zahluleka ukuhlola umphathi onegunya ngokweqile; ijaji ngezinye izikhathi belilokhu lithatha isinyathelo. Kodwa ngokuphindaphindiwe, isimiso somthetho-sisekelo siye sanikeza izinqubo zokulungisa. I-empeating, i-vetoes, ukubukeza kokwahlulela, i-Sociences Resolution yeMpi, nenqubo yokuqinisekisa konke kusebenza njengesivikelo ekunqandeni amandla angalawulwa.

Ukuqonda lezi zindlela kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde ukuthi kungani uMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. ukhuthazele ngaphezu kwamakhulu amabili eminyaka. Uhloselwe ukwenza kube lula uhulumeni, kodwa ukwenza ubushiqela bube nzima. Njengoba isizwe sibhekene nezinselele ezintsha – kusukela ekuhloleni kwemishini kuya enkathini ehlukene - lezibonelo ezingokomlando zisikhumbuza ukuthi ukulinganisela kwamandla kumelwe kugcinwe ngokuqapha ngawo womathathu amagatsha kanye nokhetho olunolwazi.

Ukuze ufunde ngokuqhubekayo, [[QUMTY: 0] Amaqiniso okuncitshiswayo asekhasini ekuhloleni nasekulinganiseni anikeza ukucaciswa okufingqiwe. Itshe elingokomlando elibhalwe ngoAndrew Johnson's ment linikeza umongo owengeziwe.