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Ukuqonda Isisekelo Sokubusa Kwentando Yeningi

Amasesha nezilinganiso zimelela enye yezinqubo zobuhlakani kakhulu emlandweni wokubusa kwentando yeningi. Lesimiso esiyisisekelo sisebenza njengesisekelo segunya lombuso wentando yeningi womthetho-sisekelo emhlabeni wonke, siqinisekisa ukuthi amandla kahulumeni ahlala esabiwe, elandisa, futhi esabela kubantu abawakhonzayo. Ekujuleni kwawo, isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela kwakha uhlaka lapho amagatsha ahlukene kahulumeni enekhono lokuhlola, ukulinganisela, futhi alinganisa igunya lomunye nomunye, ukuvimbela ukufakwa kwamandla aholela ekubushiseni nasekucindezelweni okungokomlando.

Umqondo wavela emakhulwini eminyaka wefilosofi yezombangazwe nezifundo ezinzima mayelana nemvelo yomuntu kanye nokubusa. Abahleli bezimiso zentando yeningi baqonda ukuthi amandla, uma engaqalwa, athanda ukwandisa nokonakalisa labo abawasebenzisayo. Ngokuklama uhulumeni lapho igunya lihlukaniswa ngamabomu futhi lapho isitho ngasinye sinamathuluzi akhethekile okuvimbela ezinye, badala isimiso sokuzilawula esivikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye kuyilapho belondoloza ukubusa okuphumelelayo. Lokhu kulinganisela okubucayi kuyaqhubeka kulololonga indlela idemocriation esebenza ngayo namuhla, kuthonya yonke into kusukela ekubukelweni kwemithetho yemithetho yezomthetho ukuya ekuhloleni inqubo yezeluleko.

Enkathini lapho ukukhathalela ukuphangwa kukahulumeni, igunya eliphethe, nokuvikelwa kwenkululeko yomphakathi kuhlala kusemqoka enkulumweni yeningi, ukuqonda indlela ukuhlola nokulinganisela okusebenza ngayo akukaze kube okubucayi ngayo. Izakhamuzi eziqonda lezi zinqubo zihlonyiselwe kangcono ukuba zihlanganyele ezimisweni zentando yeningi, zigcine abameleli bazo benecala futhi ziqaphela ukuthi isimiso sidinga ukuqapha noma inguquko.

Imvelaphi Engokomlando Yezinhlokwana Nokulinganisela

Izisekelo zefilosofi zokuhlolwa nokulinganiswa zisukela emuva kongqondongqondo bezombangazwe basendulo ababephikisana nemibuzo yamandla, ubulungisa, kanye nokubusa. Isazimlando esingumGreki uPolybius saqaphela umthetho-sisekelo oxubile weRiphabliki yeRoma ekhulwini lesibili BCE, siqaphela indlela eyahlanganisa ngayo izici zombuso wobukhosi, ubucukubhede, nentando yeningi ukuze ibangele ukuqina. Lokhu kuqaphela kwakuqala ukuthi ukuhlanganisa izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zikahulumeni kungavimbela ukugxambukela nganoma iyiphi indlela ehlangene nenqubo eyodwa eyayizotshala imbewu eyayizochuma emakhulwini eminyaka kamuva.

Phakathi ne-Cultleight, izazi zefilosofi zezombangazwe zayilungisa le miqondo yaba yizinkolelo ezihlelwe kahle. Umsebenzi kaBaron de Montesquieu onethonya elinamandla owanyatheliswa ngo-1748 wachaza isimiso sokuhlukanisa amagunya ngokucaca okuphawulekayo. UMontesquieu waphikisa ukuthi inkululeko ingagcinwa kuphela uma umthetho, isikhulu, nemisebenzi yokwahlulela ihlala isemandleni ahlukene, njengoba kungaholela ekubuseni okungagwemeki.

Abasunguli baseMelika basebenzisa kakhulu lamasiko efilosofi lapho beqamba uMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States. Bebone lokho ababekubheka njengokubusa kobushiqela ngaphansi kombuso waseBrithani, nokho bebona nobuthakathaka bezihloko ze-Confederation, bafuna ukwakha uhulumeni onamandla ngokwaneleyo ukuba uphumelele kodwa uphoqelelwe ngokwanele ukuba ulondoloze inkululeko. UJames Madison, ngokuvamile obizwa ngokuthi "uBaba woMthetho-sisekelo," waveza ukuhluzeka okusekelwe ekuhloleni nasekulinganiseni kwe-Federalist Paper No. 51, ebhala ukuthi "imvume kumelwe yenziwe ukuba ilwe ukulwa nokuvelela" nokuthi isimo sikahulumeni ngokwaso kumelwe sinikeze izigwebo ezidingekile ekubekeni amandla.

Lokhu kuzama ukuklanywa komthetho - sisekelo kwaba yisibonelo esathonya izinhlangano zentando yeningi emhlabeni wonke. Izizwe ezazizenzela imithetho-sisekelo yazo zazibheka izimiso zemibuso ehlukene futhi ziphathana njengezakhi ezibalulekile zikahulumeni okhululekile. Nakuba ukumiswa kwezimiso zezombangazwe namasiko ahlukene, ukuqonda okuyisisekelo kuhlala kuqinile: ukuhlukanisa igunya likahulumeni kanye nokusungula inqubo yokuhlola ezinye ukunikeza isivikelo esibalulekile ekubuseni ngempoqo.

Amagatsha Amathathu Kahulumeni: Ukwakhiwa Nenjongo

Ukwakhiwa kwemibuso ehlukene kuhlukanisa uhulumeni ube amagatsha amathathu ahlukene, ngalinye linegunya lalo siqu elingokomthetho, imibuso, nemithwalo yemfanelo. lesisakhiwo sohambo lwezinyawo sikha isimiso lapho igunya ligeleza khona ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, sivimbela noma iliphi isikhungo ekumisweni imisebenzi kahulumeni eyodwa.

Igatsha Elingokomthetho: Ukwakha Imithetho

Igatsha lemithetho lisebenza njengelungu eliyinhloko lokwenza umthetho ezimisweni zentando yeningi. E-United States, leligatsha lineSishaya-mthetho, esihlukaniswa ngokwaso saba amagumbi amabili: iNdlu yabameleli neSigele. Lesi sakhiwo se-bimadral senezela ungwengwengwe olungaphezulu lwe-checks nezilinganiso phakathi kwegatsha lemithetho ngokwalo, njengoba zombili izingosi kumelwe zivumelane ngomthetho ngaphambi kokuba ziqhubeke.

Igatsha lemithetho linamagunya amaningana abucayi ngaphandle kokubhala nje imithetho. Lilawula izibopho zemali zikahulumeni ngegunya lakhe lokukhokha izintela ze-levy, izimali ezifanele, nokugunyaza ukusetshenziswa kwemali. Leli "gunya lesikhwama" limelela enye yeziphetho ezibaluleke kakhulu egunyeni eliphethe, njengoba ngisho nezinyathelo zobumongameli ezifuna ukuxhaswa kwenhlangano ukuze kube ngokoqobo. Indlu yomthetho iphethe igunya lokumemezela impi, ukulawula izifundazwe nezentengiselwano zomhlaba wonke, nokumisa izinkantolo zezwe ngaphansi kwesilinganiso seNkantolo Ephakeme.

Abameleli egatsheni lemithetho baklanyelwe ukuba basondelene nabantu, namalungu endlu asebenza amagama athatha iminyaka emibili agcina elandisa kubantu abawasebenzisayo ngokhetho oluvamile. Abameleli basebenzisa amagama athatha iminyaka eyisithupha, banikeza izizinzo futhi babavumele ukuba bathathe imibono emide ngezindaba zezimiso. Lenhlanganisela yokusabela nokucubungula kubonisa ukulinganisela okucophelela abasunguli abafuna ukukufeza.

Inqubo yomthetho ngokwayo ihlanganisa ukuhlola okuningi, kuhlanganise nokuhlola kwamakomiti, izimpikiswano zaphansi, izinqubo zokulungisa, nezimfuneko zokuvota. U-Bhishobhi kumelwe bahambe ngamasigaba ahlukahlukene kuzo zombili iziteshi, banikeze amathuba amaningi okuhlola, ukubukeza, nokulahla. Lenqubo yesikhashana ngokuvamile ikhubaza labo abafuna ushintsho olusheshayo kodwa ifeza umsebenzi obalulekile wokuvimbela ukuthatha umthetho ngokuxhamazela noma okungacatshangelwe kahle ukuba ube umthetho.

Igatsha Eliphethe: Ukusebenzisa Nokubeka Imithetho

Igatsha eliphethe, eliholwa umongameli noma undunankulu, linomthwalo wemfanelo wokusebenzisa nokumisa imithetho edluliswa yisishaya-mthetho. Leli gatsha lihlanganisa ithuluzi elikhulu lokuqondisa, kuhlanganise neminyango yamakhathene, izinhlangano zikahulumeni, nempi. Indima yesikhulu idlulela kude kakhulu kunaleyo egunyazwayo, nakuba, njengoba amongameli banamuhla benethonya elikhulu ekuqondiseni imithetho, ukulondeka kwesizwe, ukuhlangana kwamazwe angaphandle, kanye nezwe elilawulayo.

Umongameli usebenza njengesikhulu samabutho ahlomile, umphathi wezikhulu ze-commist, nomphathi wezwe. Lezi zindima zinikeza igunya elikhulu, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zesivikelo sezwe nesimiso sangaphandle lapho umphathi wezwe ejabulela inkululeko enkulu kunasezindabeni zasekhaya. Umongameli futhi unamandla okuthethelela, ukwenza izivumelwano (eziwukuvunyelwa kweSigele), futhi anikeze iziyalezo zokuqondisa eziqondisa indlela igatsha eliphethe elisebenza futhi lichaze imithetho ekhona.

Enye yeziphetho ezibaluleke kakhulu zesikhulu emandla omthetho yi-veto. Lapho uMkhandlu udlulisa umthetho, umongameli angakwenqaba ukuwusayina, awuthumele eKhongoloneni ngokuphikisa. Lokhu kuphoqa isishayamthetho ukuba silungise isikweleti sokukhuluma ngezinkathazo zikamongameli noma siqoqe isikweleti esikhulu (ngokuvamile esiziyimitha ezimbili kwezintathu zala makamu) ukukhipha iveto. Lenqubo iqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho omkhulu ngokuvamile udinga izinga elithile lokuvumelana phakathi kwamagatsha.

Igatsha eliphethe lithonya futhi ikomiti yamajaji ngegunya lokumisa. Abameli bahulumeni abamisa amajaji, kuhlanganise namajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme, balolonga indlela igatsha elaqanjwa ngayo futhi ngokunokwenzeka ifilosofi yalo. Nokho, lo mbuso ngokwawo uhlolwa ngemfuneko yokuba iSigele siqinisekise ukumiswa kwalezi zigelekeqe, sakha umthwalo wemfanelo ohlangeneyo ngesimo sejaji.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela: Ukuchaza Imithetho Nokuvikela Amalungelo

Igatsha lokwahlulela, elithweswe umqhele yiNkantolo Ephakeme futhi elidluliselwa ngamazinga ahlukahlukene ezinkantolo zikahulumeni, lisebenza njengomhumushi wemithetho futhi lingumgcini wezimiso zomthetho ophakeme. Abahluleli kuleligatsha ngokuvamile bamiselwe ukuphila noma amagama amade, bewavikela ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe futhi bewavumela ukuba enze izinqumo ezisekelwe ezimisweni ezingokomthetho kunokuba zisekelwe embonweni othandwayo noma ekucabangeleni okuthandwayo.

Isehlo sejaji esinamandla kakhulu kwamanye amagatsha ukubukeza kokwahlulela, okungugunya lokuhlola imithetho nezenzo zezikhulu zokunquma ukuthi ivumelana yini nomthetho-sisekelo. Lapho izinkantolo zimemezela umthetho ongekho emthethweni noma zishaya iziqondiso zezikhulu njengegunya likamongameli elingaphezu kwelobumongameli, zihlola kakhulu amagatsha ezombangazwe. Lo mbuso, nakuba ungashiwonga ngokucacile emithethweni eminingi, uye waba isisekelo sombuso wentando yeningi.

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zisebenza futhi njengezindawo lapho abantu bengabekela khona inselele izenzo zikahulumeni okuthiwa ziphula amalungelo abo. Lokhu kunikeza indlela ebaluleke kakhulu yokuvikela amaqenjana nabantu ngabanye ekuphathweni okungase kube ubushiqela abaningi noma uhulumeni.

Inkululeko yegatsha lokwahlulela ivikeleka ngezinqubo eziningana, kuhlanganise nokuphila kwabahluleli bakahulumeni, isivikelo ekuncipheni kweholo lapho isehhovisi, nemfuneko yokuthi abahluleli bangasuswa ngokungagunyazi ngenxa yokuziphatha okubi kakhulu. Lezi zivikelo ziqinisekisa ukuthi amajaji angabusa ngokuvumelana nomthetho nonembeza ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuphindisela kwezombangazwe, nakuba zisho futhi ukuthi ijaji lincishiswa ngandlela-thile ekulandiseni ngentando yeningi.

Indlela Okuvikelwa Ngayo Nokulinganisela Emkhubeni

Nakuba uhlelo olucatshangelwayo lweziphethu lunikeza isakhiwo esihle, ukuqonda indlela lezizinqubo ezisebenza ngayo embusweni wezwe langempela kwembula kokubili amandla nokuyinkimbinkimbi kwazo. Isimiso sisebenza ngolwembu oluyinkimbinkimbi lwemibuso, izinqubo, kanye nobudlelwane obuhleliwe obenza kube namakhomba amaningi okulandisa nokuzibamba.

Ukuhlolwa Kwemithetho Egunyani Eliphethe

UKhomishane unamathuluzi amaningi okuvimbela igunya eliphethe futhi uqinisekise ukuthi umongameli unomthwalo wemfanelo. Amandla esikhwama semali afana nesehlo eliyisisekelo, ngoba igatsha eliphetheyo alikwazi ukusebenzisa imali engenziwanga i-Congress. Lokhu kwenza isishaya-mthetho sibe neqhaza elikhulu kunezimiso ezisezingeni eliphambili, livumele ukuba lilahle noma lifake izimo ekusebenziseni leso sikhwama esilawulayo.

Isiqinisekiso seSigele sokumiswa komongameli sidlulela ngalé kwabhahluleli ukuba sihlanganise onobhala bamakhathekhathi, amanxusa, nezinye izikhulu ezibekwa phezulu. Lokhu kuvumela isishayamthetho ukuba sihlole ukukhetha kukamongameli futhi senqabe omongameli ababhekwa njengabangakufaneleki noma abamibono yabo yezimiso engamukeleki.

Umqondisi we-Congregary umele ukuhlola okuqhubekayo ngezenzo zokuphatha. Ngokuzwa, ukuhlola, nezicelo zokwaziswa, amakomiti emithetho ahlola indlela ihhovisi legatsha eliphethe elisebenzisa imithetho nemali efanelekile. Lokhu kuqondisa kungadalula ukuziphatha okubi, ukungafezeki, noma ukungavumelani kwezimiso, ukuletha ukunakekela komphakathi ezinyathelweni zezikhulu nokubangela ukucindezela kwezombangazwe. Amandla eSishaya-Mnyango avumela ukuphoqelela ukunikeza ubufakazi nezinhlelo, nakuba ilungelo lesikhulu lingalilinganisela leligunya ezimweni ezithile.

Isehlo sokugcina sesimiso sokulawula isikhulu siwukuphoqelela, kanti iSigele siphethe ukuqulwa kwecala futhi sivote abantu abaningi ababoshwe ngecala elibi kakhulu. Lelikhambi elingavamile ligcinelwe ukuxhashazwa okungathi sína futhi liye lasetshenziswa ngokungenangozi kuwo wonke umlando, kodwa lisebenza njengesithiyo esinamandla ekumelaneni nokuziphatha okubi kwezikhulu.

Isivumelwano sokugunyaza sinikeza enye i-expandment enkambisweni yangaphandle. Nakuba umongameli exoxa nezivumelwano namazwe angaphandle, agcina ebophekile kuphela uma amavoti amabili-ntathu eSigeqe ukuba awafake. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi izibopho ezinkulu zomhlaba wonke zibonisa ukuvumelana okukhulu kunezimiso zesikhulu sodwa. Ngokufanayo, nakuba umongameli engamisa amabutho ezempi, iKhomishane kuphela engayimemezela ngokusemthethweni impi, nakuba le shekethiwe ingasebenzi njengoba amongameli banamuhla beye bafaka izivumelwano zempi ngaphandle kokuzivuma.

Isikhulu Esiphethe Sihlola Amandla Okulawula

Igunya likamongameli lisebenza njengenhlolo eyinhloko yomthetho. Uma umongameli ekhipha umthetho, uKhongoloshelwane kumelwe awucabangele, futhi athathe i-veto idinga ama-hemoject amabili-mithathu kuwo womabili amagumbi .Indlela enzima ukuyifinyelela. Lokhu kwenza umongameli abe nethonya elikhulu ezimisweni zomthetho, njengoba iSishaya-Mkhandlu kumelwe sicabangele izintando zikamongameli lapho kukhishwa umthetho wezezandla noma izingozi zokubona umsebenzi wabo uncishiswa.

Usongo lweveto lungaba namandla njengawokusetshenziswa kwalo ngokoqobo. Abameli ngokuvamile batshela izinhloso zabo ngokuphathelene nomthetho osele ukhona, futhi uMkhandlu ungalungisa izikweletu ukuze ugweme i-veto noma uqinisekise ukuthi usekelwa ngokwanele ukuba ususe enye. Lokhu kwenza ukuba isikhulu sithathe iqhaza elikhulu enqubeni yezemithetho ngisho noma singenagunya elingokomthetho, sikhuthaza ukuhlehliswa nokuxoxisana phakathi kwamagatsha.

Iziqondiso zezikhulu kanye nezenzo zokuphatha zivumela abaphathi ukuba bamise isimiso phakathi kwemingcele yomthetho wamanje. Nakuba lokhu kungeke kwakhe izibopho ezintsha ezingokomthetho ezingagunyazwanga uMkhandlu, zingayithinta ngokuphawulekayo indlela imithetho echazwa futhi iphoqelelwe ngayo. Omongameli basebenzisa iziyalezo eziphethe ukuqondisa izinhlangano zikahulumeni, ukumisa izinto eziza kuqala, futhi bagcwalise amagebe ehlelweni okulawula. Lokhu kulawula kunikeza ithonya eliqinile lokuhlela izimiso, nakuba kuhlala kusemqoka ekwahluleleni nasekubusweni kwenhlangano ngomthetho omusha.

Indima kamongameli ekumiseni izinhlelo zesizwe isebenza futhi njengenhlolo - vo yeSishaya-mthetho. Ngekheli likaHulumeni le-Union, izinkulumo zomphakathi, kanye nezivumelwano zemithombo yezindaba, abaphathi bangagxilisa ukunakekela komphakathi ezindabeni ezithile futhi bakhe ukusekela okuthandwayo kwezinto zabo eziza kuqala. Le "pulpulty" ingacindezela uMkhandlu ukuba uthathe isinyathelo sokuhlobana nezikhulu noma ubhekane nokugxekwa komphakathi ngenxa yokungenzi lutho, nakuba ukuphumelela kwawo kuxhomeke ekudunyisweni nobuciko bokuxhumana nomongameli.

Ukwahlulela Kuhlola Zombili Izikhungo Zezombangazwe

Ukubukezwa kokwahlulela kunika izinkantolo amandla okuchitha imithetho nezenzo zobuphathi eziphula amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo. Leligunya, elamiswa ecaleni eliyingqophamlando uMarbury v. Madison ngo-1803, livumela ijaji ukuba lisebenze njengencazelo yokugcina yencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo. Uma izinkantolo zishaya umthetho njengengavumelani nemithetho, lihlola ngokujulile umthetho omningi, livikela izimiso zomthetho-mthetho kanye namalungelo abantu ngisho nalapho ukwenza kanjalo kuphikisana nokukhetha okuthandwayo noma izahlulelo zomthetho.

Izinkantolo zibuye zibukeze izenzo zezikhulu ukuze ziqinisekise ukuthi zivumelana negunya elingokomthetho nemingcele yomthetho-sisekelo. Umthetho ophethe unikeza uhlelo lwezimiso zezinhlangano eziyinselele neziyalezo zezikhulu, ufuna ukuba zilandele izinqubo ezifanele, zigxile ezisekelweni ezifanele, futhi ziphumele ezingeni elifanele lombuso obekwe yiBhunga. Lokhu kuqondisa kusiza ekuvimbeleni ukuphamba nokuqinisekisa ukuthi izenzo zokuphatha zihlala zisendaweni esemthethweni.

Amandla okuchaza imithetho anikeza izinkantolo ithonya elikhulu ngendlela imithetho esebenza ngayo. Uma ulimi lwemithetho lungacacile noma lungasho lutho ezindabeni ezithile, izinkantolo kumelwe zinqume ukuthi usho ukuthini umthetho nokuthi usebenza kanjani ezimweni ezithile. Lezi zinqumo zokuchaza zingaba nemiphumela ephawulekayo yenqubo elawulayo, ngezinye izikhathi ngezindlela ezingalindelwe. Uma iziKhongolo zingavumelani nezincazelo zomthetho, zingakhipha umthetho omusha ukuze zicacise inhloso yawo, zidala ingxoxo phakathi kwamagatsha ngencazelo engokomthetho.

Ukuhlangana namanye amakhambi alinganayo kuvumela izinkantolo ukuba zimise izenzo zikahulumeni kuyilapho izinselele zomthetho ziqhubeka. Lokhu kunikeza amandla asheshayo ejaji okuvimbela kokubili ukulawulwa kwemithetho nezikhulu, kunqande ukulimala okungalungiseki kuyilapho imibuzo yomthetho-sisekelo ixazululiwe. Ikhono lokukhipha imiyalo ezweni lonke liye laba elibaluleke kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva, livumela amajaji angashadile ukuba avimbele izimiso zokulawula izwe lonke, nakuba lo mkhuba usalokhu unempikiswano.

Amaphekula Amandla Okwahlulela

Nakuba ijaji lihlola amanye amagatsha, libhekene kakhulu nezithiyo ezibalulekile. Ukumiswa nokuqinisekiswa kwenza amagatsha ezombangazwe alawule ukuthi ubani oba umahluleli, awavumele ukuba alolonge uhlelo lwamajaji ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Omongameli bangazama ukuthonya isiqondiso sezinkantolo ngokumiswa kwezinhlelo, nakuba ukuphila kwamajaji kungase kusho ukuthi ngaso sonke isikhathi banganquma izimo njengoba abanikazi babo belindele.

ISishaya - mthetho sinamathuluzi amaningana okuhlola amandla okwahlulela. Ingashintsha ubukhulu beNkantolo Ephakeme, ishintshe ukubusa kwezinkantolo zikahulumeni (ngemingcele yomthetho-sisekelo), futhi yakhe noma iqede izikhundla zenkantolo eziphansi. Nakuba lemibuso ingavamile ukusetshenziswa ngezindlela ezibekela inselele ukukhululeka kokwahlulela ngokuqondile, ukuba khona kwayo kunikeza ukuhlola okungase kuhlole inkantolo ephambuka kakhulu emithethweni engokomthetho noma ekwamukelweni yomphakathi.

Izinguquko zomthetho zingazidlula izinqumo zokwahlulela ngokushintsha umbhalo womthetho-sisekelo ochazwa izinkantolo. Uma iNkantolo Ephakeme ichaza uMthetho-sisekelo ngezindlela ezibangela ukuphikiswa okwanele, inqubo yokulungisa ivumela abantu, basebenzise isifundazwe nohulumeni wabo, ukuba balungise lokho abakubheka njengamaphutha okwahlulela. Lokhu kuye kwenzeka izikhathi eziningana emlandweni waseMelika, njengalapho iSichibiyelo seSiphendu seshumi Nesithupha sigunyaze intela ngemva kokuba iNkantolo ithathe umthetho wentela wangaphambili.

Ukuthembela kwejaji kwamanye amagatsha ekuqinisweni kwesinqumo salo kumelela ukulinganiselwa okusebenzayo emandleni okwahlulela. Izinkantolo azinabuphopholi ukuze zisebenzise izinqumo zazo; zithembela ekuxhumeni kwabaphethe nasekuhlonipheni komphakathi umthetho. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izinqumo zokwahlulela, ikakhulukazi eziphikisanayo, zidinga izinga elithile lokwamukelwa emagatsheni ezombangazwe nasemphakathini ukuze ziphumelele.

Ukunxusa kuyasebenza kubahluleli nakubaphathi abaphethe, kunikeza indlela yokususa amajaji ahileleka ekuziphatheni okubi okungathi sína. Nakuba ukujezisa kokwahlulela kuyivelakancane futhi indinganiso yokususa iphakeme, lamandla aqinisekisa ukuthi abahluleli abangcono kakhulu ukuba bakhululeke. Usongo lokungakhokhi, luhlangene nemithetho engokomthetho nokuhlola umphakathi, lusiza ukuba kugcinwe ubuqotho bokwahlulela ngisho nalapho kungekho ukulandisa kokhetho.

Izibonelo Eziningiliziwe Zokuhlola Nokulinganisela Okusebenzayo

Ukuhlola izimo ezithile lapho kuye kwasetshenziswa khona ukuhlola nokulinganisela kwembula indlela isimiso esisebenza ngayo futhi kubonisa ukuphumelela kwaso nokulinganiselwa kwaso.

Umongameli We - Vetoes Ne - Congress

I-veto amandla aye asetshenziswa kazinkulungwane kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika, njengoba abaholi bewasebenzisa ukuvimbela umthetho abawubheka njengongahlakaniphile, ongekho emthethweni, noma ngokuphambene nezimiso zabo eziphambili. Amanye ama-veto aqinile, okusho ukuthi ama-Congress awanakuhlanganisa ama-3 adingwayo amabili, kanti amanye anezingakhulu eziphezulu kakhulu lapho ama-bipartarian enqaba ukuphikisa kukamongameli.

Izimpi ezidumile ziye zaguqula izimpikiswano ezinkulu zemithetho. Umongameli u-Andrew Johnson usekes wokuvuselelwa komthetho ngemva kweMpi Yombango waholela ekuthatheni imithetho eminingi yesivumelwano njengoba isishayamthetho sasifuna ukuvikela amalungelo ezigqila ezikhululwe ngenxa yokuphikiswa komongameli. Umongameli uHarry Truman u-veto weTaft-Hartley Act, owavimbela imisebenzi yokuhlangana kwezisebenzi, wabekwa i-typhane yiRepublican Congress Congress ngo-1947, ebonisa ukuthi ngisho namongameli odumile ngeke afune ukuphoqelela isihlalo sendlu yezisebenzi ezimisiwe.

Muva nje, izinsongo ziye zaba ingxenye evamile yezingxoxo zemithetho. Abameli izimpawu abazithola zingamukeleki, futhi iziKhomishana zivame ukuvala izikweletu ukuze zigweme ama-veto noma ziqinisekise ukuthi zinezinto ezinkulu ezingavikeleki. Lokhu okunamandla kukhuthaza ukuyekelela futhi kuphoqelele ukuba womabili amagatsha acabangelane, ngisho nalapho elawulwa amaqembu ahlukene ezombangazwe.

Ukubukezwa Kokwahlulela Nemingcele Yomthetho - sisekelo

Igunya leNkantolo Ephakeme lokuhlola inkantolo liye lasetshenziswa ezicaleni eziphawuliwe kakhulu ezathi ngokuyisisekelo zabumba ukubusa kweMelika nomphakathi. KuMadison v. (1803), uMahluleli omkhulu uJohn Marshall wamisa isimiso sokuthi izinkantolo zingaqeda imithetho ephikisana noMthetho-sisekelo, zikha i-exakelo elibalulekile mayelana namandla omthetho-mthetho. Lesi sinqumo, nakuba ngalesosikhathi sasingadidwa, saba isisekelo somthetho-mthetho-mthetho-siseko waseMelika.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954) wabonisa amandla okwahlulela okuhlola uhulumeni nezindawo, ememezela ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi ngaphandle kwemvume yezobuzwe naphezu kokusekela kwezombangazwe okusakazekile kokuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga emazweni amaningi.

United States v. Nixon (1974) ebonakalisa amasheke enkantolo egunya elikhulu phakathi nehlazo leWatergate. INkantolo Ephakeme yavumelana ekulahleni ukusho kukaMongameli uNixon ilungelo eliphelele lokubusa, imyala ukuba aphendule amatepi aqoshiwe afunwa ekuhlolweni kwecala. uNixon wavuma, futhi amakhasethi aholela ekulahleni kwakhe, ebonisa ukuthi ngisho nomongameli kumelwe azithobe egunyeni lokwahlulela nasebusweni komthetho.

Izenzakalo zamuva kakhulu njenge-National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (202), ezasekela ingxenye enkulu yoMthetho we-Affordal Care lapho kubekwa amandla eKhomishane ngaphansi kwe-Choode Clause, zibonisa iNkantolo iyaqhubeka ichaza imingcele yegunya lomthetho-mthetho. Lezi zinqumo zihlela ukuthi iMikhandlu ingamisa iziphi izimiso futhi ihlele umthetho ukuze ikwazi ukumelana nokucubungula umthetho.

Ukuqhubeka Kwezimfuneko

I-application imelela ukuhlola okukhulu kakhulu kwamandla okulawula, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwayo kuwo wonke umlando kwembula kokubili amandla ayo nokulinganiselwa kwayo. Indlu iye yalahla omongameli abathathu − Andrew Johnson ngo-1868, uBill Clinton ngo-1998, futhi uDonald Trump ngo-2019 no-2021 cishe akekho owalahlwa futhi wasuswa yiSigele. URichard Nixon wahon wahoxa ngo-19641 ngaphambi kokuba iNdlu ingavoti izihloko zokungagunyazi ezazibonakala zidlula.

Le nqubo yokugunyaza ibonisa isithiyo esiphakeme sokususa umongameli kanye nesimo sezombangazwe kakhulu sale nqubo. Nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo uchaza "ubugebengu obuphakeme kanye namaphutha" njengendinganiso, ukunquma ukuthi ukuziphatha kuhlangabezana nani kulomnyango kuhlanganisa izahlulelo ezingokomthetho nezezombangazwe. Imfuneko yenani elikhulu lesithathu leSigele ukuze livume ukuthi ukususwa kusho ukuthi inqubo idinga ukuvumelana kwe-bipartis, okunzima ukufinyelela ezimweni zezombangazwe ezihlukene.

Ukujezisa kokwahlulela kuye kwaba kuningi futhi kwaphumelela, amajaji kahulumeni amaningana akhishwe esikhundleni ngenxa yenkohlakalo noma ukuziphatha okubi. Lamacala abonisa ukuthi ukujezisa kungasebenza njengenqubo ephumelelayo yokulandisa lapho ububi obuthiwa busobala futhi bubangela ukukhathazeka, ngisho noma ukuhlukana kwabashokobezi kwenza ukuhlukaniswa komongameli kube nzima kakhulu.

Izimpi Zesigele Eziqinisekisayo

Amandla eNkantolo okuqinisekisa noma ukunqaba ukumiswa komongameli aholela ezimpini ezinkulu ngenxa yokumiswa kwezikhulu eNkantolo Ephakeme nezinye izikhundla. Ukwenqatshwa kukaRobert Bork's Court ePhakade ngo-1992 kwabonisa ukuzimisela kweSigele ukuvala izintambo ezisekelwe kuyifilosofi yokwahlulela namazwi adlule. Muva nje, ukwenqaba ukubheka ubufazi bukaMerrick Garland ngo-2016 kanye nokuqinisekisa okunombango kaBrett Kavanugh ngo-201818 kunye no-Amy Conney Barret ngo-2020 kuqokomise indlela le kuhlolwa okusebenza ngayo ezindaweni ezizungezile ezinde kakhulu.

Izikhulu zeKhathene ngezinye izikhathi zibhekene nokulahlwa noma ukuhoxa. Ukuhlola kweSigele kungaveza izimpikiswano zezimiso, ukungavumelani kwezimiso, noma izimfanelo ezikhathaza amongameli abaholayo ukuba bakhiphe iziqu noma iSishayamthetho ukuba bazivote. Lenqubo iqinisekisa ukuthi izikhulu ezithatha isikhundla esiphakeme zibhekene nesilinganiso esithile semvume yemithetho, ivimbela amongameli ukuba bafake abasekeli abathandayo ngaphandle kokuziphendulela.

Ukuqondisa Nokuphenya Okusemhlanganweni

Amakomiti e-Congregational aqondisa njalo ukuqulwa kwamacala nokuphenyiswa okuhlola amandla aphethe futhi adalule ukuziphatha okubi kukahulumeni. ISigele iWatergate saveza izinga lokuxhashazwa kweziphathimandla zaseNixon ngo-1974, okwanezela ekuhoxeni kukamongameli ekugcineni. I-Iran-Contatra ngo-199 yahlola ukuthengiswa kwezikhali ngokuyimfihlo nokuxhaswa kwezimali kwabavukeli baseNicaragua, idalula imisebenzi yegatsha eliphethe eyaphula imingcele yenhlangano.

Ukuqondisa okwengeziwe okuvamile kwenzeka njalo njengoba amakomiti ehlola ukusebenza kwezinhlangano, ukubuza izikhulu ngokusetshenziswa kwezimiso, nokuhlola izinsolo zokulahlwa kwemfucumfucu, ukukhwabanisa, noma ukuxhaphaza. Lokhu kuhlola okuqhubekayo kuqinisekisa ukuthi igatsha eliphetheyo lihlala linomthwalo wemfanelo kuKhongolose, futhi, ngokungaphezulu, kubantu. Nakuba ukuqondisa kungaba yisihlukumezi futhi ngezinye izikhathi kugxile kakhulu ekuhlolweni kwezombangazwe kunokulandisa okuqotho, kuhlala kuyinhlolo olubalulekile emandleni ombuso.

Indima YobuFalista Njengendlela Engeziwe Yokuhlola

Ngaphandle kokwahlukaniswa kwemibuso phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu kahulumeni ophethe, uhulumeni , i-conomist , isigaba segunya phakathi kohulumeni besizwe nohulumeni bezwe, zenza kube nolwelwelwe oluthe ukuhlola nokulinganisela. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa okungathwi kwemibuso kwakha izikhungo zegunya eziningi, ngalinye elinezici zalo zethonya kanye nokulandisa kwalo ezakhamuzini.

Ohulumeni bamazwe banezikhundla eziphawulekayo ezihlanganisa imfundo, umthetho wobugebengu, umthetho wemikhaya, nokubusa kwendawo. Lokhu kuvumela amazwe ukuba asebenze njenge "imisebenzi yentando yeningi," ukuzama izimiso ezihlukene kanye nokuthatha izindlela zokusingatha izinkinga ezivamile. Uma uhulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni uphamba noma uhluleka ukuxazulula izimpikiswano ezibalulekile, amazwe angagcwalisa igebe, anikeze amakhambi ahlukile futhi abonise ukuthi yiziphi izinto ezisebenzayo nezingekho.

ISichibiyelo Seshumi soMthetho - sisekelo waseU.S. sigcinelwe imibuso yonke engekho egunyazweni, idala ihlola lomthetho - sisekelo egunyeni likahulumeni. Nakuba uhulumeni uye wakhula ngokuphawulekayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ikakhulukazi ngezincazelo ezibanzi zeChwebo likaClaus ne - Clauslaus yokuchitha imali, izifundazwe zilondoloza izindawo ezibalulekile zegunya futhi zingabekela inselele izenzo zikahulumeni ezidlula imingcele yomthetho - sisekelo.

Umbuso ungamelana nezimiso zikahulumeni ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, kusukela ekumangalelweni kwemithetho kahulumeni ebekela imithetho ewukwenqabela ukubambisana nemizamo yokugcinwa kwemithetho kahulumeni. Amadolobha angcwele angafuni ukusiza ukugcinwa kwezindawo ezisemthethweni futhi asho ukuthi aye agunyaza ukugcinwa kwezindawo zempi imfucumfucu naphezu kokunqatshelwa uhulumeni kubonisa indlela izinqumo zikahulumeni ezingawahlola ngayo amandla kahulumeni ngokwenza izinqubo zesizwe zibe nzima kakhulu ukuzisebenzisa.

IElectoral College nesakhiwo seSigele, esinikeza umbuso ngamunye ukuma okulinganayo kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izakhamuzi zinani, iqinisekisa ukuthi imibuso ilondoloza ithonya eliphawulekayo esimisweni sikahulumeni. Nakuba lezizinhlangano ziphikisana futhi zigxekwa njengezingenayo idemokrati, zibonisa isimo sombuso sesimiso saseMelika futhi ziqinisekisa ukuthi amazwe angenalutho alondoloza ukuhlola okuthile ngokuphathelene namandla emibuso emikhulu.

Izinselele Zanamuhla Zokuhlola Nokulinganisela

Nakuba isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela sesahlala isikhathi eside ngokuphawulekayo, sibhekene nezinselele ezinkulu kule nkathi yanamuhla.Ukuqonda lezi zinselele kubalulekile ezakhamuzini ezifisa ukulondoloza ukubusa komthetho - sisekelo futhi zivimbele ukunqwabelana kwamandla isimiso esasiklanyelwe ukuwavimbela.

Ukukhula Kwamandla Alawulayo

Igatsha eliphethe liye lakhula ngokuphawulekayo kulelikhulu leminyaka elidlule, ikakhulukazi ezingxenyeni zokulondeka kwesizwe, isimiso sangaphandle, nesimiso sokuphatha. Omongameli manje bayala izinhlangano ezinkulu, izinhlangano eziyinkimbinkimbi zokuhlakanipha, futhi banamakhono ezempi abasunguli abangasoze bawacabanga. Lokhu kukhula kuye kwashintsha ukulinganisela kwamandla kubaphathi, kubangela ukukhathazeka ngokuthi amasheke angokwesiko ahlala ekulungele yini.

Ukudlondlobala kombuso wokuphatha kuye kwanika izinhlangano eziphethe igunya elibalulekile lokumisa imithetho ngokumisa nokuqondisa. Nakuba izinhlangano zisebenza ngaphansi kwemithetho egunyazwe yiSishaya-mthetho, ukuyinkimbinkimbi kokubusa kwanamuhla kusho ukuthi umthetho ngokuvamile unikeza izigaba zegunya izinhlangano ezizigcwalisa ngezimiso. Lokhu kuvumela igatsha eliphethe ukuba lenze izinqumo ezingase zidinge umthetho, zingayinqanda yonke inqubo yomthetho kanye nezinhloli zayo.

Izindaba zokulondeka kwesizwe ziye zaholela ekwandiseni kwegunya lezikhulu ezindaweni ezinjengokuqapha, ukuthatha isinyathelo, nemibuso ephuthumayo. Omongameli baye bamisa amabutho amabutho ngaphandle kokumemezela kwempi, baqhuba izinhlelo zokuqapha ngokulinganiselwe, futhi babiza igunya elikhulu lokuthatha isinyathelo ngaphandle kokuhlolwa ukuze bavikele ukulondeka kwesizwe. Nakuba ezinye zalezizenzo zingase zidingeke ezweni eliyingozi, futhi bagxilise amandla ezindleleni ezibekela inselele yesiko imingcele nezilinganiso.

Iziqondiso zezikhulu kanye nezenzo zokuphatha kuye kwaba amathuluzi abalulekile aqhubekayo, avumela omongameli ukuba bathathe isinyathelo ngaphandle kokulinda ukuvunyelwa kwenhlangano. Nakuba lezizenzo zilokhu zingaphansi kokubukezwa kokwahlulela nokudunyiswa kwenhlangano, zingaba nemiphumela esheshayo neyanele, okungashintsha isimiso ngezindlela ezingase kube nzima ukuguqula ngisho noma kamuva zibekwe inselele ngokuphumelelayo.

Ukuhlanyiswa Kwelanga Ne - gridlock

Ukwanda kokuncishiswa kwezindawo kuye kwathinta indlela ukuhlolwa nokulinganisela okusebenza ngayo. Uma iqembu elifanayo lilawula kokubili umongameli noMkhandlu, isishaya-mthetho singanqikaza ukuhlola amandla omphathi, sibheke umongameli njengomsizi onciphisayo kunokuba abe usongo ekulinganiseni komthetho-sisekelo. Ngokuphambene, uma amaqembu ahlukene elawula amagatsha ahlukene, imishini ingasetshenziswa ngokunamandla kakhulu, ngezinye izikhathi ukuze kuzuze abalawuli kunokuba kusetshenziswe imibandela yangempela.

Lokhu kuhlukana kungaholela ekuhlukanisweni kwezindawo, lapho amagatsha ehlukene kakhulu kangangokuthi kuncane kakhulu okufezwayo. Nakuba izinga elithile lokungezwani phakathi kwamagatsha lizuzwe ngokwemvelo esimisweni futhi lingavimbela ukuthatha isinyathelo ngokuxhamazela, ukushelela ngokweqile kungalulaza ukubusa nokukholelwa komphakathi ezinhlanganweni zentando yeningi. Uma uhulumeni ubonakala ungakwazi ukuxazulula izinkinga ezicindezelayo, izakhamuzi zingalahlekelwa ukuthembela esimisweni ngokwaso.

Ukwethembeka kweqembu ngezinye izikhathi kumisa ukuthembeka kwezinhlangano, amalungu eSishaya-mthetho ebeka izithakazelo zeqembu lawo ngaphambi kokuba lizifunele amalungelo alo. Lokhu kunganciphisa ukuhlola kobukhomanisi benhlangano kumongameli beqembu elifanayo, njengoba abashaya imithetho bengase babheke ukuqondisa kobudlova njengokusiza ukuphikiswa kunokufeza imisebenzi yabo engokomthetho-sisekelo. Ngokuhlukile, kungaholela ekuvimbeleni okukhulu komongameli kumzabalazo ophikisayo, besebenzisa amasheke ukungavimbeli ukuvimbela ukuphambana kwangempela kodwa babheke ukuqondisa kobukhakhakha obuno obunobuqili kodwa ekufezeni amaphuzu ezombangazwe.

Ukuwohloka Kwezinhlangano

Izivivinyo eziningi nokulinganisela kuxhomeke hhayi nje emithethweni engokomthetho kodwa ezimisweni namasiko avamile akhuthaza ukuzibamba nokubambisana. Uma lemiyalo iphela, lesimiso singaba nokuphikisana okuthena. Izibonelo zihlanganisa ukusetshenziswa okwandayo kweziqondiso zokugwema i-Congress, ukuhlelwa komthetho, nokuwohloka kokuhleleka kwasikhathi sonke enqubweni yomthetho.

I-finbuster eSigele, nakuba ingeyona imfuneko yomthetho-sisekelo, ngokwesiko iye yadinga ukusekelwa okukhulu kakhulu komthetho wemithetho eminingi, ikhuthaza ukuyekethisa kwe-bipartis. Ukushintshwa kwemithetho ye-banbuster nokuzimisela okwandayo ukuyiqeda ngenxa yezindaba ezithile kuye kwayishintsha lenqubo yemithetho enamandla, okungase kwenze ukuba inqubo yemithetho ibe namandla kakhulu kodwa futhi ibe nenguquko enkulu kakhulu njengoba izimiso zingashintsha ngokuphawulekayo ngoshintsho ekulawuleni kweqembu.

Ama-Norm ngokuphathelene nokuziphatha kobumongameli, ukuqondisa kweqembu, nokuzimela kokwahlulela bonke baye babhekana nokucindezela eminyakeni yamuva. Lapho omongameli benqaba ukuvumelana nama-communional poena, lapho abameli benqaba ukucabangela okwahlulela, noma lapho izinkantolo zibekwa icala lokwenza izinqumo zobuphekula, izinqola zokuqapha ngokwethukela ukuthi amashekethisi angelula, okungaphazamisa isimiso.

Inselele Yokuba Yinkimbinkimbi Kwemibuso Yanamuhla

Ukuyinkimbinkimbi kukahulumeni wanamuhla kwenza ukuba ukuqondisa kube nzima kakhulu. Amakomiti esifunda angeke akwazi ukuqondisa yonke imisebenzi yegatsha elikhulu eliphethe, futhi isimo sobuchwepheshe sezindaba eziningi senza kube nzima ngezikhulu zikahulumeni ukuba zisebenzise ukwahlulela okunolwazi. Lokhu kwaziswa kungalizuzisa igatsha eliphethe, elinobuchwepheshe obuthé xaxa nemali.

Isivinini sezenzakalo zanamuhla, kusukela ezinkingeni zezimali kuya ekuhlaseleni nge - Internet kuya ezimweni eziphuthumayo zempilo yomphakathi, singadinga ukusabela okusheshayo kukahulumeni okungasivumeli isikhathi sezinqubo eziwukulinganisela nokulinganisela okudingekayo.

Ukuxhumana kwembulunga yonke kusho ukuthi izinqumo eziningi ezibalulekile zihilela izivumelwano zomhlaba wonke, ukusebenzelana kwezentengiselwano, nezinselele ezivela emazweni ahlukene ezingangeni kahle emndenini wemibuso ehlukene. Omongameli ngokuvamile bayakwazi ukuvumelana kakhulu nezindaba zakwamanye amazwe, futhi izibopho zomhlaba wonke zingacindezela ukukhetha kwezimiso zasekhaya ngezindlela ezenza ukuba ukuhlola nokulinganisela kwamasiko kube nzima.

Ukuqinisa Amasheke Nokulinganisela Kwekusasa

Izindawo zokuhlola nokulinganisela okuqinisayo kudinga ukunakekelwa okuqhubekayo kwezakhamuzi, izikhulu, nezinhlangano.

Izinguquko Nentuthuko Ezinhlanganweni

Kuye kwahlongozwa izinguquko ezihlukahlukene ukuze kuqiniswe izinhlolo kanye nokulinganisela ngenxa yezinselele zanamuhla. Lezi zihlanganisa izinyathelo zokuthuthukisa ikhono lobuphathi, njengezisebenzi ezandayo zekomiti nemithombo, ukuthuthukisa ukutholakala kokwaziswa kwegatsha eliphethe, kanye nokuhlola okuqinisayo okunikeza ukuqondisa okuzimele kwemisebenzi yezinhlangano.

Izinguquko zeSigqizo seWar Powers Resolution zingacacisa igunya lenhlangano ephethe amabutho futhi ziqinisekise ukuthi amongameli abanakukwazi ukungenela imisebenzi yezempi eqhubekayo ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa yimithetho. Ngokufanayo, izinguquko ezilawula imibuso ephuthumayo zingamisa imingcele ecacile namalungiselelo okuvimbela iziphathimandla zesikhashana ukuba zingabi nasiphelo.

Ukuqinisa imithetho yezimiso zokusebenza nokuqinisekisa ukuthi izikhulu zibeka isithakazelo somphakathi kuqala kunenzuzo yomuntu siqu noma yabalwayo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa izinyathelo zokuvimbela izingxabano zesithakazelo, ukwanda kokubonakala ngaphandle kokwenza izinqumo zikahulumeni, futhi kunikeza imiphumela enengqondo ekuphuleni izindinganiso zokuziphatha.

Izinguquko zokwahlulela, nakuba ziphikiswana, ziye zaphikiswana njengezindlela zokusingatha izikhalo mayelana nokubekwa kwecala. Izilinganiso zisukela emingceleni yegama yamajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme kuya ezinguqulweni zenqubo yokumiswa ukuze kuhloselwe ukunciphisa iziphakamiso zokumiswa komuntu ngamunye. Noma iziphi izinguquko ezinjalo kumelwe zilinganisele umgomo wokunciphisa ukuncishiswa kwemithetho nesidingo sokulondoloza inkululeko yokwahlulela.

Indima Yomphakathi Wasembusweni Neziphepheni

Imishini yokuhlola nokulinganisela idlulela ngalé kwezakhiwo zikahulumeni ezingokomthetho ukuze ihlanganise izinhlangano zomphakathi eziqondisa uhulumeni nezikhulu ezinecala. Umbiko wesihle usebenza njengesehlo esibucayi ngokuhlola imisebenzi kahulumeni, ukudalula ukuziphatha okubi, nokutshela umphakathi ngalokho okwenziwa uhulumeni wabo. Ukuvikela inkululeko nokusekela ukuthunyelwa kwezincwadi ezisemgangathweni kuqinisekisa ukuthi lokhu kuhlola ngokwethukela kuyaqhubeka kuphumelela.

Izinhlangano zomphakathi zomphakathi, kusukela emaqenjini abusayo ukucabanga ngezinhlangano eziqaphe inja, zifeza indima ebalulekile ekuhloleni uhulumeni, zimise ukuphoqelelwa kwemingcele yomthetho-sisekelo, futhi zihlongoza umbono womphakathi ezindabeni zokuphamba noma ukulandisa kukahulumeni. Ukusekela lezi zinhlangano nokuvikela ikhono lazo lokuzisebenzela kunezela ekuhlelekeni okubanzi kwezimiso nokulinganisela.

Isivikelo sobuhlanya senza abantu abangaphakathi kukahulumeni bakwazi ukudalula ububi ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuziphindiselela.

Imfundo Nesivumelwano Semfundo Yesibalo

I-cobic arcessings imelela ukuhlola kokugcina okuphathelene nombuso kahulumeni. Uma izakhamuzi ziqonda indlela uhulumeni osebenza ngayo, kuhlanganise nesimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela, zihlonyiselwa kangcono ukuqaphela ukuphamba nokufuna ukulandisa. Imfundo ye-COVIC efundisa hhayi nje abaqondisi bakahulumeni kodwa izimiso ezisekelwe ekuklanyweni komthetho ngokomthetho isiza ukuba umphakathi ukwazi ukuvikela izinhlangano zentando yeningi.

Ukuhlanganyela kwezakhamuzi ezinqubweni zentando yeningi, kusukela ekuvoteni ukuxhumana nabameleli kuya enkulumweni yasobala, kushukumisa izinqubo zokulandisa ezenza ukuhlola nokulinganisela kuphumelele.

Ukuthuthuka kokufunda izinto zezindaba namakhono okucabanga agxekayo kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zilawule isimo sokwaziswa sanamuhla futhi kuhlukanise phakathi kokukhathazeka okungokomthetho ngohulumeni ophakele nongacunuli noma amanga ahlukahlukene. Umphakathi onolwazi ongahlaziya lokho okushiwoyo ngezenzo zikahulumeni ezisekelwe ebufakazini nasemithethweni engokomthetho kuqinisa sonke isimiso sokuziphendulela ngokwentando yeningi.

Imibono Eqhathaniswayo: Amagophe Nokulinganisela Emhlabeni Wonke

Nakuba isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela saseMelika saziwa kahle, ezinye imibuso yentando yeningi iye yasungula izindlela zayo siqu zokuvimbela ukugxiliswa kwamandla nokuqinisekisa ukulandisa kukahulumeni. Ukuhlola lezizimiso ezihlukahlukene kunikeza umbono obalulekile ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene izinhlangano zentando yeningi ezingahlela ngazo ohulumeni bazo.

Izimiso zePhalamende, ezivamile eYurophu naseCommonwealth, zivame ukuhlanganisa amagatsha emithetho nezikhulu, nondunankulu nomphathi-hulumeni othathwe kumphathi-ndlu yezikhulu futhi oncike ekulondolozeni ukuthembela komthetho. Lokhu kwakha amandla ahlukene kunokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso yaseMelika, kanye namasheke asebenza kakhulu ngezombangazwe ezihlangene, ukuhlola ukuphikiswa, kanye nethuba lokuvota okungenakwethemba okungawisa ohulumeni.

Amazwe amaningi asebenzisa izinkantolo zomthetho-mthetho ezinegunya elicacile lokuhlola umthetho wokulalela umthetho, ngezinye izikhathi onamandla kakhulu kunamankantolo aseMelika. INkantolo yeSishaya-mthetho yaseJalimane ingavimbela amaqembu ezombangazwe abhekwa njengamelene nedemokrati futhi athathe indima enkulu ekulolongeni isimiso saseJalimane ezimpikiswaneni zezezimali zeYurophu ezisukela ekuxhumaneni nezindaba zomuntu siqu.

Ezinye izimiso zihlanganisa izinhlolo-hlolo ezingaphezulu kwamagatsha amathathu angokwesiko. Imishini yokuhlela amanani abantu, imishini yamalungelo abantu, i-ombudsmen, nezinhlangano ezilwa nokonakala zinganikeza ukuqondisa okukhethekile kwemisebenzi ethile kahulumeni. Lezi zinhlangano, ngezinye izikhathi ezibizwa ngokuthi izinhlangano ze-"eyesine", zenezela izingqimba zokulandisa okunezela ekuhlolweni nasemazingeni angokwesiko.

Izimiso ze-Federal emazweni anjengeCanada, i-Australia, iJalimane, neSwitzerland zakha amasheke amile afana ne-unistism yaseMelika, anamandla ahlukene phakathi kohulumeni bezwe nezizwe. Ukubekwa okukhethekile kwemibuso kuyahlukahluka, kodwa isimiso samazinga amaningi kahulumeni asebenza njengemishini yokuhlola omunye nomunye sibonakala ngalé kwemibuso eminingi ephumelelayo.

Izinhlangano zezizwe zonke nezingosi zamazwe zingasebenza njengemishini kuhulumeni bezwe. Ngokwesibonelo, i-European Union, ibeka imingcele ezimisweni zezwe ezingamalungu ezindawo lapho i-EU inegunya khona, futhi iNkantolo yaseYurophu yamalungelo abantu ingabukeza izenzo zesizwe zokuvumelana nezibopho zabantu. Nakuba lezi ziphetho zangaphandle ziphakamisa imibuzo ngobukhosi, zinganikeza isivikelo esengeziwe kumalungelo abantu ngabanye nezimiso zentando yeningi.

Uhlu Oluyindinganiso Lwamasheke Nokulinganisela

Ukuze siwaqonde ngokugcwele amakhono ayinkimbinkimbi okuziphendulela esimisweni saseMelika, sisiza ekuhleleni izinhlelo eziqondile igatsha ngalinye elizivivinyayo phezu kwamanye. Lokhu kubukeza okuningi kubonisa amaphuzu amaningi okuvimbela nokuqondisa akhiwe ehlelweni lomthetho - sisekelo.

Ukuhlola Umthetho Egatsheni Eliphethe

  • amandla esikhwama semali:[ ulawula zonke izimpahla zikahulumeni ezisetshenziswayo ngenqubo ye-appriation, ivumela ukuba ixhase noma ifake i-athonsi eliphambili eliphambili futhi ihlanganise izimo ekusebenziseni imali.
  • Ukuqinisekisa: ISigele kumelwe sivumele ukumiswa komongameli ekhabetheni, e-jadicary kahulumeni, emikhumbi yezithunywa, kanye nezinye izikhundla eziphakeme.
  • [ Ukuhlanganisa okusalokhu: ISigele kumelwe sivumele izivumelwano ezixoxwe umongameli ngevoti eyisithathu ezimbili ngaphambi kokuba zibe yisibopho.
  • [ Igunya eliphakeme: Isikhongozeli singadlula ama-vetoe aphethe ama-presidenti ngokuvota okuphindwe kabili-ntathu emagumbini womabili, simisa imithetho ngaphandle kokuphikisa kwezikhulu.
  • Ukuhlanganisa nokususa: Indlu ingaphazamisa umongameli, isekela likamongameli, nezinye izikhulu zomphakathi, futhi iSigele singabopha futhi sibakhiphe ehhovisi.
  • [ Ukuqondisa kobukhoma: Amakomiti aphatha ukuqulwa, uphengululo, nokubukezwa kwemisebenzi yegatsha eliphethe, enamandla angaphansi kokuphoqelela ubufakazi nezincwadi.
  • Amandla empi:[ ISishaya-mthetho kuphela esingamemezela impi, nakuba le nkinga iye yancishiswa izenzo zempi zomongameli wanamuhla.
  • [ Imvume yokulinganisela isenzo sokuqondisa: IziKhomishane zingamisa imithetho evimbela igunya eliphethe, ichaza izinga lemibuso yezinhlangano, noma inqabe izenzo ezithile zezikhulu.
  • Ukuqulwa kwecala lokungavumelani: ISigele sisebenza njengenkantolo ekuqulweni kwamacala, noMahluleli oMkhulu ophethe eziphakamisi zikamongameli.
  • Icebo nemvume: Ngaphandle kokuqinisekiswa okungokomthetho, iseluleko seSigele nendima yemvume kusivumela ukuba sithonye izinqumo zokuqondisa ngokuxoxa nokuxoxisana.
  • amandla okumisa iminyango ephethe:[ UKhongolose ludala futhi lungasusa iminyango nezinhlangano eziphethe, ukulolonga isimo segatsha eliphethe.
  • Igunya lokuguqula:[ UKhongolose ungahlola ukuziphatha okubi kwezikhulu, ukwehluleka kwezimiso, noma ukufezeka kwezinkinga, ukuletha ukunakekela komphakathi ezindabeni.

Isinqumo Secala Segatsha Lokwahlulela

  • Ukuqinisekisa amajaji: ISigele kumelwe sivume zonke izilungiselelo zokwahlulela zikahulumeni, sivumele ukuthonya izibalo zomahluleli.
  • [ Imithetho yamajaji:[ ISishaya - mthetho singasiphula futhi sisuse amajaji kahulumeni ngenxa yokuziphatha okubi, kunikeze icala lokwenza okubi kokwahlulela.
  • amandla okumisa izinkantolo eziphansi: [ UKhongolose luyasungulwa futhi lungasusa izinkantolo zikahulumeni ngaphansi kweNkantolo Ephakeme, zilawule isakhiwo sejaji le-metavi.
  • Ukukhumula: Isikhongozelo singalinganisela ukubusa kwezinkantolo zikahulumeni ezindaweni ezithile, nakuba imingcele engokomthetho-mthetho isebenza.
  • Izinguquko ze-pitugational zikhona: Izikhombi zingaveza izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo ezidlula ukuchazwa komthetho-mthetho.
  • [ Impinda ephindaphindwayo: Izikhondla-Mkhandlu zingadlulisa umthetho omusha ukuze zicacise noma zishintshe imithetho ekuphenduleni izincazelo zokwahlulela ayivumelani nayo.
  • Ukulawula uhlelo lokwahlulela:[ Izimali zegatsha lokwahlulela, nakuba lingase likwazi ukunciphisa amaholo okwahlulela.
  • amandla okumisa ubukhulu benkantolo: uhlela inani lamajaji eNkantolo ePhakeme futhi angalishintsha leli nani, nakuba ukwenza kanjalo kunzima ngokwezombangazwe.

Isikhulu Esiphethe Sihlola Igatsha Elingokomthetho

  • Veto power: The president can veto legislation, requiring a two-thirds congressional majority to override.
  • Pocket vento: Uma iziKhomishane zithatha izinsuku eziyishumi ukuthumela incwadi yemali kumongameli, umongameli angayithumela ngokuphumelelayo ngokungenzi lutho.
  • Ukumisa iziqephu ezikhethekile: Umongameli angabiza uMkhandlu ukuba ungene esiqephini esikhethekile ukuze uxazulule izindaba eziphuthumayo.
  • [[Umthetho ohlanganisayo:0] Umongameli angamisa umthetho futhi ahlele uhlelo lwesimiso ngezwe le-Union kanye nezinye izixhumaniso.
  • Iziqondiso ezisebenzayo:[ Umongameli angakhipha iziyalo eziqondisa indlela imithetho esetshenziswa ngayo, athonye umthetho phakathi kwemikhawulo.
  • Izinkulumo ezibonisayo:[ Abameli bangakhipha izitatimende lapho kusayina izikweleti, okubonisa indlela abachaza ngayo amalungiselelo noma baphakamise izinkathazo zomthetho-sisekelo.
  • Amandla e-Agenda-enziwayo: Ikhono likamongameli lokugxilisa ukunakekela komphakathi ezindabeni kungacindezela uMkhandlu ukuba wenze okuthile eziza kuqala.

Isikhulu Esiphethe Sihlola Igatsha Lokwahlulela

  • Ukumiswa kobujudici: Umongameli umisa wonke amajaji kahulumeni, ulolonga ukwakheka kwejadiyari futhi ngokunokwenzeka nesiqondiso sayo sefilosofi.
  • Amandla e-pardon: Umongameli angathethelela abantu ababoshelwe emacala kahulumeni, anikeze isheke ezigwebeni zokwahlulela.
  • [ Ukuhlakanipha kokuphoqelela: Igatsha eliphethe linquma ukuthi kufanele liphoqelele kanjani ukuphoqelela izinqumo zokwahlulela futhi lingathonya ithonya lazo elingokoqobo.
  • Ukuveza izinguquko zokwahlulela: Umongameli angasekela izinguquko esimisweni sokwahlulela, nakuba ukumiswa kudinga ukuhlangana.

Ukwahlulela Kuhlola Igatsha Elingokomthetho

  • [ Ukubukeza umthetho okungokwesiko: Izinkantolo zingamemezela imithetho engekho ngokomthetho, ingasebenzi futhi ivimbele ukugcinwa kwayo.
  • incazelo echazayo: Izinkantolo zichaza imithetho engaqondakaliyo, ithola incazelo yayo nohlelo lwayo ezimweni ezithile.
  • Ukunqabela ukugcinwa kwamandla emithetho: Izinkantolo zingakhipha iziyalo zokuvimbela ukugcinwa kwemithetho kuyilapho izinselele zomthetho-sisekelo zixazululwa.
  • [ Ukubheka izinqubo zobuhlanga: Izinkantolo zingahlola ukuthi iziKhomishane zilandele izinqubo ezifanele yini ekumiseni umthetho.
  • Ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo abantu ngabanye:[ Izinkantolo zingashaya imithetho ephula amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo, ngisho noma leyomithetho isekelwa kakhulu.

Ukwahlulela Kuhlola Igatsha Eliphethe

  • Ukubukeza kobujukupheku bezenzo zobuphathi: Izinkantolo zingaqeda iziyalezo zezikhulu, imithetho, nezinye izenzo zezikhulu ezidlula igunya lomthetho-sisekelo noma lomthetho-mthetho.
  • Izibalo zezenzo zezenqubo zezinhlangano:[ Izinkantolo zihlola ukuthi izinhlangano zokuphatha zazilandela izinqubo ezifanele futhi zisebenzisa igunya lazo eziliphathisiwe.
  • [[INQANAWA:0] Icala elibizwa ngokuthi i-Habeas corpus: ingakwazi ukubukeza ukuvalelwa kwamacala, inikeza isheke emandleni okuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwamandla ezisebenzi.
  • Izenzo ezimelene nezinqubo eziphethe:[ Izinkantolo zingamisa ukumiswa kwezimiso zokulawula kuyilapho izinselele zomthetho ziqhubeka.
  • Ukuphatha komthetho-mthetho:[ izinkantolo eziqondisa ukuquliswa kwezigebengu, ziqinisekisa ukuthi zivumelana nezimfuneko zomthetho-sisekelo futhi zivikela amalungelo abamangalelwa.
  • [ Ukuphoqelelwa kwamakhothamenti angaphansi: kungaphoqelela ukuhambisana kobuphathi nama-conoration noma ama-jastical point, nakuba ilungelo lokuphatha lisho ukuthi likwenza kube nzima lokhu.

Ukubaluleka Kokuqapha Nomthwalo Wemfanelo Wesici

Understanding checks and balances is not merely anUkuzivivinya kwezemfundo − lulwazi olubalulekile ngezakhamuzi ezifisa ukulondoloza ukubusa kwentando yeningi nokuvikela amalungelo azo. Isimiso asizisebenzisi ngokuzenzakalelayo; sidinga ukunakwa njalo, ukuzivikela, futhi ngezinye izikhathi nokushintsha ukuze zihlale ziphumelela ezimweni ezishintshayo.

Umlando ubonisa ukuthi izakhiwo zomthetho-sisekelo zizodwa azinakuqinisekisa inkululeko uma izakhamuzi nezikhulu zingazimisele ukuzivikela. Isimiso esiklanywe kahle kakhulu semishini namagebesi singahluleka uma labo abaphethe bebeka phambili inzuzo engcono kakhulu phezu komthetho-sisekelo, noma uma umphakathi ungasakunaki ukuphamba kukahulumeni.

Izakhamuzi zinomthwalo wemfanelo wokuqonda indlela uhulumeni wazo osebenza ngayo futhi zibone izikhulu zilandisa ngayo lapho zeqisa igunya lazo noma zihluleka ukuhlola ukuxhashazwa kwamanye amagatsha. Lokhu kudinga ukuba zihlale zinolwazi ngezenzo zikahulumeni, zihlanganyele ezinqubweni zentando yeningi, futhi zisekele izinhlangano ezikhuthaza ukulandisa nokubona. Kusho futhi ukuqaphela ukuthi ukuhlolwa nokulinganisela ngezinye izikhathi kubangela ukukhungatheka nokuqina, kodwa ukuthi lezizindleko ngokuvamile zifanelekela ekuvimbeleni ukugxiliswa kwamandla.

Izikhulu kuwo wonke amagatsha kumelwe zibeke kuqala indima yazo ezimele ukumiswa kunesigaba sokwethembeka esihlukanisayo, zihlola ngisho nalapho ukwenza kanjalo kungase kuphazamise iqembu lazo lezombangazwe. Lokhu kushisekela izwe (ukushisekela izwe) okungokomthetho kunezithakazelo eziwumthetho-mthetho (kudingeka ukuze kuhlolwe futhi kubekwe izilinganiso ezisebenzayo. Uma amalungu eSishaya-mthetho ezizibheka njengamalungu enhlangano yawo kunokuzibheka njengabavikeli, basengozini kakhulu yokuvikela amalungelo eqenjini elimelene nomthetho wenhlangano kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yiliphi iqembu elilawula umongameli.

Ijaji kumelwe lilondoloze ukuzimela kwalo nokuthembeka, linqume amacala asekelwe ezimisweni zomthetho kunezinto ezithandwa ezombangazwe. Lokhu akudingi kuphela ubuqotho bokwahlulela ngabunye kodwa futhi kudinga isivikelo sokwakha esinjengesici sokuphila nesivikelo seholo esivikela amajaji ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe. Kudinga futhi inhlonipho yomphakathi ngezinqumo zokwahlulela, ngisho nalezo ezingathandwa, futhi kudinga ukuqaphela ukuthi izinkantolo zifeza indima ebalulekile ekuvikeleni izimiso zomthetho ngokomthetho ekucindezeleni kwemithetho.

Bheka phambili: Ukulinganisela komthetho - sisekelo

Njengoba imibuso ebusa ngentando yeningi ibhekene nezinselele ezintsha ekhulwini lama - 21, kusukela ekushintsheni kwezobuchwepheshe kuya ekuxhumaneni kwembulunga yonke kuya ekuxazululeni izinsongo zokulondeka, isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela kumelwe sivumelane lapho silondoloza imisebenzi yaso eyinhloko. Lokhu kudinga ukucabangela okuhluzekile ukuthi inqubo engokwesiko isebenza kanjani ezimweni ezintsha nokuzimisela ukulungisa izakhiwo ezingasazifezi izinjongo zazo.

Ubuchwepheshe bunikeza amathuba nezinselele zokuhlola nokulinganisela. Amathuluzi emishini angathuthukisa ukubonakala, enze ukwaziswa kukahulumeni kutholakale futhi kukwazi ukwenza izakhamuzi zikwazi ukuqaphela izenzo ezingokomthetho kalula. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amandla okuhlola, imishini ye-inthanethi, nejubane lokuxhumana ngemishini kungenza ukuba izenzo zikahulumeni okunzima ukuzihlola ngezindlela ezingokwesiko. Ukulungisa nokulinganisela enkathini yobuchwepheshe kudinga ukuvuselelwa kwemithetho nemikhuba yokulungisa lezi zimo ezintsha.

Izinselele zembulunga yonke ezifana nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, imiqedazwe, nobuphekula emhlabeni wonke zidinga ukusabela okuhlangene okungase kucindezele ukuhlola nokulinganisela okungokwesiko. Amandla enhlekelele nokubambisana kwezizwe zonke ngezinye izikhathi kuyadingeka, kodwa kumelwe kuhlelwe ukuze kuhlanganiswe izimiso zokulandisa namalungiselelo okushona kwelanga avimbela izinyathelo zesikhashana ukuba zibe ukwanda okuhlala njalo kwamandla. Ukuthola ukulinganisela okulungile phakathi kokusabela okuphumelelayo nokucindezelwa komthetho - sisekelo kuhlala kuyinselele eqhubekayo.

Izinguquko zezesayensi yezenhlalo nezezenhlalo ziyaqhubeka ziguqula umphakathi waseMelika, ziphakamisa imibuzo yokuthi izakhiwo zikahulumeni eziklanywe ngekhulu le-18 ziyafaneleka yini ngekhulu lama-21. Impikiswano mayelana nezinhlangano zokuguqula izakhiwo njenge-Electoral College, ukumelelwa kweSigele okufanayo kwezifundazwe, noma ubukhulu bendlu yabameleli bubonisa ukungezwani okuqhubekayo phakathi komklamo wokuqala wesimiso sombuso nezindinganiso zedemokrati. Noma iziphi izinguquko kumele zicabangele ngokucophelela ukuthi izinguquko zingasithinta kanjani isimiso sonke sezokuhlola nokulinganisa.

Ukuphakama kwezinhlangano eziqondisayo kanye nomthetho wezobuchwepheshe kuye kwadala lokho abanye abakubiza ngokuthi igatsha "lesine" likahulumeni elingangeni kahle esimisweni sesiko sobuthanga. Ukuhlola ngokwaneleyo emandleni okulawula kuyilapho kulondoloza ikhono lezinhlangano lokusingatha izindaba zobuchwepheshe eziyinkimbinkimbi kudinga ukunakekela okuqhubekayo emthethweni wokuqondisa, izimiso zobungameli, nezindinganiso zokubukeza kokwahlulela.

Ekugcineni, ukulondoloza imishini kudinga isibopho esizukulwaneni ngasinye sokuqonda, ukuvikela, futhi lapho kudingeka ukulungisa izakhiwo zomthetho-sisekelo ezivikela inkululeko. Lokhu akulona ifa elingenzi lutho kodwa kuwumthwalo wemfanelo osebenzayo odinga ukuthembisana, ukuqapha, futhi ngezinye izikhathi nesibindi. Isimiso esadalwa asizange sihloselwe ukuba siphelele noma siqine, kodwa kunalokho isisekelo esikwaziyo ukuzivumelanisa nokuzimisela kwalo okuyisisekelo ukuvimbela ukugxila kwamandla.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Njalo Kwamandla Ahlukene

Amasethi nama-ocence asasebenza namuhla njengalapho ethathwa okokuqala, enikeza isivikelo esibalulekile kuhulumeni ophakele nokuphathwa kabi kwamandla. Ngokuhlukanisa igunya phakathi kwamagatsha amaningi nokwenza izimiso zokuvimbela amanye, isimiso sikhuthaza ukulandisa, sivikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye, futhi siqinisekisa ukuthi izinqumo ezinkulu zesimiso zibonisa ukuvumelana okukhulu kunokukhetha kwanoma isiphi isiphathi noma isikhulu esisodwa.

Isimiso asibinezindleko. Singaveza ukuhluthuka, ukwenza izinqumo ngejubane, nokukhungatheka uma izinkinga eziphuthumayo zingenazici ngenxa yezingxabano eziphakathi. Ngezinye izikhathi izikhulu zivumela ukuba zigweme umthwalo wemfanelo ngokusola amanye amagatsha ngokungenzi lutho. Ingasetshenziswa ukuze kuzuze abashokobezi kunokuba kusetshenziswe izinto eziqotho zomthetho-sisekelo. Nokho lokhu kungapheleli kumelwe kuhlolwe ngokumelene nolunye uhlobo: amandla akhethekile, lawo kuwo wonke umlando, aye aholela ngokuphindaphindiwe ekucindezeleni nasekucindezeleni.

Ukuqonda ukuthi umsebenzi wokuhlola nokulinganisela unika izakhamuzi amandla okuhlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo ekubuseni kwentando yeningi. Uma abantu beqaphela amathuluzi akhona okuvimbela uhulumeni ukuba uphaphamele, kusukela ekuhloleni kokwahlulela kuya ekuqondiseni ukuvotelwa kweqembu ukuya ekuphenduleni ngokhetho, bangawasekela kangcono amalungelo abo futhi babeke izikhulu ezinecala lokusebenzisa kabi. Lolu lwazi luguqula izimiso ezingekho ngokomthetho zibe amathuluzi asebenzayo okuvikela inkululeko.

Le nqubo idinga ukunakekelwa njalo nokushintshwa ngezikhathi ezithile ukuze ihlale iphumelela. Njengoba izimo zishintsha, izinselele ezintsha zivela, futhi izinselele ezindala zibonakala zingenanzuzo, izakhamuzi nezikhulu kumelwe zizimisele ukuvumelana nezindlela zokuziphendulela kuyilapho zilondoloza izimiso eziyisisekelo. Lokhu akusho ukuthatha uMthetho-sisekelo njengencwadi eqinile ngekhulu le-18 noma ukulahla ukuqonda okuyisisekelo ngokuphathelene namandla nemvelo yomuntu okwabangela ukuba uklanywe.

Kulabo abafuna ukufunda okwengeziwe ngokubusa komthetho-sisekelo kanye nezimpikiswano eziqhubekayo eziphathelene nokuhlola nokulinganisela, kunemithombo eminingi. Izindawo zesizwe zinikeza ukutholakala kokusungula imibhalo nomlando. iSikhungo soMthetho-sisekelo sesizwe [ sinikeza imithombo yemfundo nezimiso ngezindaba zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo. Izinhlangano, zicabangela ukunqamula amaqoqo ezombangazwe, nezinhlangano zezezembuyiselo mayelana nendlela imishini nezilinganiso ezisebenza ngayo embusweni yamanje.

Ukuhlala wazi ngezenzo zikahulumeni, ukuqonda isimiso somthetho-sisekelo esenzeka kuso, nokuhlanganyela ezizinqubo zentando yeningi kuyimithwalo yemfanelo ebalulekile yokuba isakhamuzi emphakathini okhululekile. Amasheke nezilinganiso zinikeza isakhiwo, kodwa izakhamuzi zinikeza ukuqapha nokuthembisa okwenza lesi sakhiwo siphumelele. Enkathini yoshintsho olusheshayo nezinselele eziyinkimbinkimbi, lomthwalo wemfanelo womphakathi awukaze ube obaluleke kakhulu.

Ukuhlakanipha kokuhlola nokulinganisela akukhona ekuvimbeleni wonke amaphutha kahulumeni noma ukuxhashazwa kwesimiso, kodwa ekudaleni amathuba amaningi okuwabona nokuwalungisa ngaphambi kokuba agxile. Ngokusakaza amandla, ukwenza ukulandisa, nokusiza izinhlangano ezihlukene ukuba zihlolena, isimiso sikha ukuqina ekubuseni kwentando yeningi. Lokhu kuvumela ukubusa kwesimiso sobukhompunga esisemthethweni ukuba kuvumelane nezikhathi zezulu eziguquguqukayo, kuvumelane nezimo ezishintshayo, futhi kulondoloze inkululeko ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane.

Njengoba izakhamuzi zilawula isimo sezombangazwe esiyinkimbinkimbi, izimiso ezingaphansi kokuhlola nokulinganisela okuhlala njalo zinikeza isiqondiso: amandla kufanele asabiwe kunokuba agxilwe, izikhulu kufanele zilandise kunokuba zizimele, futhi iziphathimandla zikahulumeni kufanele zilinganiselwe. Lezizimiso, ezisetshenziswa ngezinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi zemibuso ehlukene, ukuqondisana, nokucindezelwa komthetho-mthetho, ziyaqhubeka zisebenza njengezivikelo ezimelene nobushiqela nabavikeli benkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Ukuqonda nokuzivikela kusemqoka kunoma ubani ozinikele ekulondolozeni ukubusa kwentando yeningi nokuvimbela uhulumeni odumele.