Ukusungulwa Komthetho Wesigebengu Nesimiso Sobulungisa

Umthetho wesigebengu uyisisekelo sesimiso somthetho, umisa imithetho echaza ukuziphatha okunqatshelwe kanye nezijeziso kulabo abawephulayo. Emzamweni wawo, umthetho wobugebengu uvikela ukulondeka komphakathi, usekela ukuhleleka komphakathi, futhi uqinisekisa ukulandisa ngokuziphatha okulimazayo. Ngokungafani nomthetho wesizwe, oxazulula izimpikiswano phakathi kwamaqembu azimele, umthetho wobugebengu uhlanganisa uhulumeni owephula umthetho othile noma umuntu owephula umthetho ngokumelene nomphakathi. Imithetho yomthetho wobugebengu ihlanganisa imithetho ebekwe yimithetho ebekwe yizinyunyana, nezimiso zomthetho ezilawula amandla kahulumeni. Imithetho ye-jwayelo-````uhulumeni, isifunda, noma isifundazwe sawodwa, kodwa zonke izigebetho zesimiso esisekelwe ezingeni lobugebengu: ukwenza isenzo sobunye (isenzo esinecala) kanye nabantu (izimiso ezingokomthetho). Ukuqonda le zimiso zomthetho zibalulekile kunoma yisiphi isimiso somthetho.

Izimiso Eziyinhloko Ezingaphansi Komthetho Wesigebengu

Ngaphambi kokuba ungene ezigabeni ezibonisa ukuthi ukhona, kubalulekile ukuqonda izimiso ezilawula wonke amacala obugebengu.

Umbono Wokungabi Nandaba

Wonke ummangalelwa ubhekwa njengongenacala kuze kube yilapho ethola icala. Lesi simiso sibeka umthwalo onzima wobufakazi ngokuphelele kumshushisi. Ummangalelwa akudingeki ukuba abonise ukuthi akanacala; kunalokho, umbuso kumelwe uveze ubufakazi obanele ukuze uqinisekise umahluleli noma ijaji lecala ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo.

Umthwalo Nendinganiso Yobufakazi

Umshushisi unomthwalo wokwenza (unikeza ubufakazi obanele bokusekela isici ngasinye sobugebengu) nomthwalo wokuthonya (uqinisekisa ukuthi uthola iqiniso). Ukungabaza okunengqondo akulona ukungabaza okuqanjiwe noma okucatshangelwayo kodwa ukungabaza okusekelwe ekucabangeni nasebufakazini ngemva kokuhlola ngokucophelela. Uma noma ikuphi ukungaqiniseki okunengqondo kulokhu kuhlala, isinqumo akumelwe sibe necala.

Izici Zobugebengu

Zonke izeqelelo zobugebengu zichazwa ngezakhi ezithile okufanele zifakazelwe yizwe. Izingxenye ezimbili ezibalulekile i-actus (isenzo sokuzithandela noma ukuphucwa okuthile) kanye nabantu abathatha indawo yenye indawo ngenhloso, ukunganaki, noma ukunganaki). Amacala amaningi adinga ukulahlwa nokulimala okungabangelwa yikho. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuboshwa ngecala ngenxa yokweba, ummangalelwa kumelwe abonise ukuthi ummangalelwa azi ukuthi uthatha impahla yomunye umuntu ngenjongo yokuncisha umnikazi wayo.

Iziteshi Zesigebengu Ezinemininingwane

Inqubo yokwahlulela yobugebengu ilandelana kwezinyathelo ezihlelwe ngokucophelela, ngayinye ehlelelwe ukulinganisela inzuzo yokuphepha komphakathi, amalungelo ezisulu, kanye nesivikelo somthetho-sisekelo sommangalelwa. Nakuba kukhona ukwehlukahluka phakathi kwezindawo ezilawulayo, izigaba ezilandelayo zimelela uhlelo oluvamile lwezimiso ze-advertarial.

1. Uphenyo nokuphazamiseka kwangaphambi

Imithetho yokugcinwa komthetho iqala ukuhlola ngokuthola isikhalo, ukuqaphela imisebenzi yokusola, noma ukuqoqa ukuhlakanipha. Abaphathi baqoqa ubufakazi obungokoqobo, ofakazi abaxoxayo, babukeze ukulandelelwa kwemithetho yokuhlola, futhi bangasebenzisa izicelo zokufuna imvume yokufuna. ISichibiyelo sesine sidinga izivumelwano ezisekelwe entweni okungenzeka ukuthi ikhona futhi ichaze ngokukhethekile indawo okumelwe iphenywe futhi ithathwe. Ezimweni eziphuthumayo, izikhulu zingase zihlole ngaphandle kokuqinisekiswa uma ubufakazi bungase bubhujiswe noma umuntu esengozini. Ngokuqhubekayo, ubufakazi be-tediography `acell readers, email, ne-minums zomphakathi bubonisa indima ebalulekile ekuhloleni kwanamuhla.

Ukuboshwa Nokubhalisa

Ukuboshwa kwenzeka lapho amaphoyisa ethatha ukusolwa ejele ngenxa yesizathu okungenzeka ukuthi ubugebengu buyenziwa. Ukuboshwa okuningi kwenziwa ngemvume ekhishwa umahluleli, kodwa izikhulu zingaboshwa ngaphandle kwemvume uma zibona ubugebengu noma zinezizathu ezifanele zokukholelwa ukuthi ubugebengu buyenzeka. Uma nje esiteshini, ukusolwa kubhaliwe: ukwaziswa komuntu siqu kubhaliwe, iminwe nezithombe kuthathwe, futhi impahla yomuntu siqu iqanjwe. Ngaleliqophelo, ukusolwa kumelwe kutshelwe amalungelo abo eMiranda / ilungelo lokuhlala buthule kanye nelungelo lokuhlala kugcotshwe ummeli ngaphambi kokuphenywa. Indaba ephawulekayo [FLT:] i-Mirrand] v. [FLD][FLD1:][12] [196]

Ukulahla Izinqumo Nokubukeka Kwasekuqaleni

Phakathi nesikhathi esifushane ngemva kokuboshwa (ngokuvamile amahora angama-24-48), umsoli kumelwe alethwe phambi komahluleli ukuze avele. Umahluleli utshela ummangalelwa ngamacala, ubakhumbuza ngamalungelo abo, uhlela ibheyili noma izimo zokukhululwa, futhi abeke iseluleko uma ummangalelwa engakwazi ukukhokhela elinye. Okwamanje, abashushisi bahlola ubufakazi futhi banqume ukuthi kufanele babhale izikhalazo ezingokomthetho. Leli qhinga likhulu: abamangaleli: bangamangalela amacala amakhulu kakhulu, bahlanganise ubugebengu, noma bayeke ukuqunga ngokuphelele. Izizathu ezithonya lesi sinqumo zihlanganisa amandla obufakazi, ubungathwali bobugebengu, ubugebengu bommangalelwa, nenkokhelo. Kwezinye izikhulu zokukhombisa icala, kuyilapho abanye besebenzisa icala eliphambili ukuze banqume ngokufanelekile.

4. Ukubekwa Icala Nesihluku

Icala ukubonakala kwenkantolo engokomthetho lapho ummangalelwa ezwa khona amacala futhi angene esikhankasweni.

  • [[FLT: 0] I-Guilty:[ Ummangalelwa uvuma amacala futhi ululaza ilungelo lokuqulwa. Icala liqhubeka ngokuqondile ekugwebeni.
  • Akanacala: Ummangalelwa uyawaphika amacala futhi ufuna icala. Inkantolo imisa uhlelo lwezinsuku zangaphambi kokwahlulela nokuqulwa kwecala.
  • Akukho mncintiswano (nolo imantinere): Ummangalelwa akavumi ukuthi unecala kodwa ukwamukela isijeziso njengokungathi unecala. Lokhu kunxusa kuvame ukuvimbela ukugunyazwa ekusetshenzisweni njengobufakazi enkantolo ehlobene ne-partial.
  • ungabi necala ngenxa yokusangana: Ukunxusa okuphakamisa isimo sengqondo njengesivikelo, okubangela ukuhlolwa okuhlukile nokuzwa.

Uma ummangalelwa enqaba ukungena esicelweni, inkantolo iyongena ekunxuseni okungenacala ngenxa yabo.

5. Ukuqhubeka Nokutholakala Kwama - dollar

Isigaba sangaphambi kwecala siyisici eside kakhulu nesibaluleke kakhulu secala lobugebengu. Zombili izinhlangothi zihlanganyela ekutholeni imbuyiselo, zishintshana ngobufakazi nokwaziswa. Abashushisi kumelwe baveze ubufakazi obubonisa ukuchanabeka (okwakhe okuvumelana nesivikelo) ngaphansi Brady v. Maryland [1963])]. Izehlolo zamahele ukuvimbela ukuthola ubufakazi ngokungemthetho, ukubekela inselele ukwenziwa kwecala, noma ukushintshwa kwemisebenzi engokomthetho. Izenzo ezivamile zihlanganisa:

  • [[NT.0] Ukungacindezelwa: Ama-Ague ukuthi ubufakazi butholakele ngokwephula iziMithendezelo zesine, ezesihlanu, noma zesithupha.
  • [[[UMTL:0] Ukuhlanganisa phakathi kwe-limine:[[UMTL:1] ufuna ukukhipha ubufakazi obuthile noma ubufakazi obunganikezwanga lapho kuqulwa icala.
  • Ukuthola:[ Icela izincwadi eziqondile, uhlu lofakazi, noma imibiko yochwepheshe.
  • Ukuxosha: kusho ukuthi amacala awanele ngokomthetho noma ukuthi umshushisi wephula imithetho engokomthetho.

Ukuthengiselana kuyisici esivelele senqubo yangaphambi kwenkantolo. Amacala obugebengu angaphezu kwamaphesenti e-United States aphelela ekuvumeleni icala kunokuba aqulwe icala. Uma encishiswa icala, umshushisi angase anciphise amacala, atuse umusho olude, noma anciphise eminye imibango. Abameli-mmeli kumelwe baqondise amakhasimende ngezingozi nezinzuzo; umahluleli kumelwe aqinisekise ukuthi isicelo singesokuzithandela futhi sihlakaniphile ngaphambi kokuba asivume.

6. Ukuqulwa kwecala

Uma kungekho sivumelwano esifinyelelwe, icala liyaqhubeka liqulwa. Ummangalelwa unelungelo elingokomthetho lokuqulwa kwecala ngokushesha nangomphakathi yijaji elingakhethi (noma icala lebhentshi uma bexosha abahluleli). Icala lilandela uhlelo oluhlelwe kahle:

  • Ukukhetha i-jury (i-voir jamp): nama-Attorney namajaji babuza abameleli abangase babonise ubandlululo futhi bashaye abantu abathile ngezinselele noma izinselele zembangela.
  • Izinkulumo ezivulayo:[ Izinhlangothi zonke zikhomba ukuthi zihlose ukufakazelani. Ukushushisa kuhamba kuqala.
  • Ukunikezwa kobufakazi: Umshushisi ubiza ofakazi futhi ufakazele. Ubufakazi obuyingxube ufakazi ngamunye. Ngemva kokuthula komshushisi, ulwelo lunganikeza ubufakazi balo siqu, kuhlanganise nofakazi nochwepheshe. Ummangalelwa angakhetha ukufakaza noma ahlale ethule; abahluleli akumelwe bakhiphe umbiko ophambene.
  • Izimpikiswano ezicacile: Izingxenye zonke zifingqa ubufakazi futhi ziphikise isinqumo esithile. Umshushisi uvame ukuthatha kuqala bese uphikisa ukuzivikela.
  • Imiyalo eqinile:[ Umahluleli ufundisa amajaji ngomthetho osebenzayo, umthwalo wobufakazi, kanye nezici okumelwe zifakazelwe.
  • Isinqumo: Abasizi bamajaji bathatha umhlalaphansi ngamabomu. Ezindabeni eziningi zobugebengu, isinqumo kumelwe sihlangane. Uma abahluleli bengenakuvumelana, kukhishwe icala elingalungile, futhi abamangaleli bangaliphikisa icala.

Kulo lonke icala, umahluleli ubeka imithetho ngokuphikisa, uphatha inkantolo, futhi uqinisekisa amalungelo ommangalelwa ukuthi ayavikelwa. ummangalelwa ubhekwa njengongenacala, futhi ummangalelwa kumelwe abonise ukuthi unecala ngokungenakungabaza okunengqondo.

7. Ukugwetshwa

Uma isinqumo sinecala, inkantolo iyaqhubeka igweba. Ukugweba kungenzeka ngokushesha ngemva kwesinqumo noma ngemva kokuthethwa kwecala okuhlukile lapho umahluleli ecabangela khona ukukhipha izici ezizinhle. UMalume nombuso wokugweba ngokuvamile unikeza iziqondiso eziyiziqondiso ezituswayo ezisekelwe ekwahluleleni komthetho nasemlandweni wecala lommangalelwa. Isijeziso esikhona sihlanganisa:

  • Isivumelwano:[ Ummangalelwa uhlala emphakathini oqondiswa, unezimo ezinjengokuhlola izidakamizwa, ukufika kwesikhathi, noma inkonzo yomphakathi.
  • Ukufakwa kwecala: Igama lokugqunywa ejele (kwemisho emifushane) noma ejele (kwemisho emide). Eminye imikhakha inemigwebo ebophekile eboshiwe emacala athile, njengokushushumbisa izidakamizwa noma ubugebengu obunobudlova.
  • [ Isijeziso sokubuyisa izindleko: Izijeziso ze-moneta ezikhokhwa kuhulumeni noma isinxephezelo esisulwini ngokulahlekelwa.
  • Amanani:[ Ezinye izinkantolo zinikeza izinhlelo zokuziphazamisa, ukwelashwa kwezidakamizwa, noma ukugadwa kwezomthetho ngemishini kwezaphula-mthetho ezingenabudlova.

Isinqumo somahluleli sinqunywa imithetho engokomthetho nemingcele engokomthetho; ngokwesibonelo, iSichibiyelo Sesinxephezelo Sesishiyagalombili senqabela isijeziso esinonya nesingavamile.

8. Ukudlulisa Amacala Nokusiza Ngeposi

Ummangalelwa obekwe icala angase adlulisele isinqumo noma isigwebo enkantolo ephakeme. Izikhalo azinawo amacala angokomthetho aphinde aqulwe; zigxila emacaleni angase athinte umphumela. Izizathu ezivamile zihlanganisa iziyalezo zejaji eziyiphutha, ukuvuma okungafanele, ukungaphathi kahle komshushisi, noma usizo olungaphumeleli lwezeluleko. Inkantolo ye-ampellate ingaqinisekisa ukuqulwa kwecala, ukubuyisela icala, noma ukuliphindisela ekuqulweni kabusha. Uma amakhambi kahulumeni ephele, ummangalelwa angafaka isikhalazo sikahulumeni sokucela isiqinisekiso esingokomthetho sokuvikelwa kwabo.

Abadlali Abayinhloko Esimisweni Sokwahlulela Ngesigebengu

Ngamunye ohlanganyela esimisweni unemithwalo yemfanelo ehlukile okumelwe yenziwe ngobuqotho nangokungakhethi.

Abaphoqeleli Bemithetho

Amaphoyisa nabaphenyi bayisici sokuqala sokuxhumana nesimiso. Baqoqa ubufakazi, baxoxe nofakazi, futhi baboshwe. Ukunamathela kwabo ezimisweni zomthetho-sisekelo − ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene nokusesha, ukuquleka, nokuphenya − kuyagxeka. Ukuphula umthetho kungaphumela ekucindezelweni kobufakazi noma ukuxoshwa kwamacala.

Abamangaleli

Abamangaleli bamelela uhulumeni futhi banengqondo enkulu. Banquma ukuthi yiziphi izikhalo okufanele bafake phansi, ukuthi kufanele bafake iziphakamiso, nokuthi imuphi umgwebo okufanele utuswe. Banesibopho futhi sokuveza ubufakazi bokukhankanya nokufuna ubulungisa, hhayi nje ukuqiniseka. Imithetho yemithetho ifuna abashushisi ukuba bagweme izimpikiswano ezingafanele futhi bangamangaleli amacala ngaphandle kwesizathu.

Izinhlayiya Zokuzivikela

Iseluleko sokuzivikela sivikela amalungelo ommangalelwa. Babekela ubufakazi bamangalelwa inselele, baluleka ngokufaka isicelo, futhi basekele icala. ISikhawu seSixth Simpripment siqinisekisa ilungelo lokunikeza usizo oluphumelelayo; uma isenzo sommeli singaphansi kwendinganiso enengqondo nobandlululo lommangalelwa, isigwebo singase sibhuntshwe. Abavikeli bomphakathi bakhonza abamangalelwa abamangalelwa, ngokuvamile basingatha izikhalo ezinkulu.

Abahluleli

Abahluleli baphatha amatyala, banqumela imibuzo engokomthetho, futhi baqinisekise ukuqulwa kwecala elilungile. Ekuqulweni kwecala ebhentshini, futhi basebenza njenge-ofish. Ekugwebeni, abahluleli bacabangela izici eziningi futhi babeke isijeziso esingokomthetho. Izinqumo zabo zingabekelwa inselele ekudluliseni isikhalo, kodwa banengqondo ebanzi phakathi kwemingcele yemithetho.

IJuries

I Jury ithathwa emphakathini ukuze ithole amaqiniso. Ilalela ubufakazi, ilandela iziyalezo zomahluleli emthethweni, futhi ikhiphe isinqumo. Inkonzo kaJury iwumsebenzi womphakathi, futhi abahluleli kumelwe bakhethe ngamabomu. Ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala lisebenza emacalani amakhulu (lawo ajeziswa ngokuboshwa izinyanga ezingaphezu kweziyisithupha).

Izisulu NoFakazi

Izisulu zinelungelo lokutshelwa ngezindaba, ukuba khona nokukhuluma lapho zigwetshwa. oFakazi banikeza ubufakazi futhi kumelwe bavikelwe ekwesabeni.

Amalungelo Abavikeli Esigebengwini Ekwenzeni

UMthetho-sisekelo uqinisekisa ukuthi noma ubani omangalelwe ubugebengu bungavikelwa. La malungelo aqinisekisa ukuthi le nqubo ilungile nokuthi amandla kahulumeni ahlolwa.

  • Akufanele ukuthula: Isichibiyeli sesihlanu sivikela ekuphoqeleleni ukumelana nokuziphikisa. Ummangalelwa akanakuphoqelelwa ukuba afakazele, futhi akukho sibonakaliso esinzima esingathathwa ekuthuleni kwabo lapho bequlwa.
  • ekuqulweni kwecala lomphakathi elisheshayo:[ Isichibiyeli sesithupha sifuna ukuba ukulingwa kwenzeke ngaphandle kokulibala okungadingekile futhi kuvulekelwe ukuba kuhlolwe umphakathi. Izilibazi ezibangelwa uhulumeni kumelwe zifaneleke.
  • Esohlwini lwabasizi-jaji abangakhethi: Amajaji kumelwe angahlukaniswa futhi akhethwe kumphathi wesiphambano somphakathi. Zombili izinhlangothi zingabekela inselele abameleli abangase bahlulele ngembangela noma ngegalelo elikhuphulwayo (ukucwasana ngokohlanga kuyavinjelwa).
  • kwesokudla sokubhekana nofakazi:[ Isichibiyeli seSithandathu sinikeza ummangalelwa ithuba lokunqamula ofakazi be-examine. Lokhu kusiza ekudaluleni ukungavumelani noma ubandlululo.
  • Engasohlangothini lwenqubo ephoqelelwe: Ummangalelwa angafakaza ngofakazi abangaphansi kwempoqo ukuze bafakazele, ngisho noma bengazimisele ukuza ngokuzithandela.
  • Amalunga eseluleko somthetho: Abamangalelwa abakhohliswayo kumelwe banikezwe ummeli ngezindleko zikahulumeni. Lelilungelo linamata ezingeni elibucayi, kuhlanganise nokuphenywa kwelungelo, ukuqulwa kwecala, nokuqulwa kwecala.
  • ISichibiyelo sesihlanu sinqabela ukuthathwa kabili ngenxa yecala elifanayo ngemva kokulahlwa noma ukuvunywa. Nokho, amakhosi ahlukene (umz., uhulumeni nohulumeni) angaboshwa ngamunye ngenxa yokuziphatha okufanayo ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile.
  • Abalweli bangacela inselele yezinkolelo noma izigwebo ezisemthethweni. Ukudlulisa akuzenzakaleli kuyo yonke impikiswano; abanye badinga ukugcinwa ngokuphikisa ngesikhathi.

Isiphetho: Ukulinganisela Kobulungisa Nenqubo Efanele

Isimiso sokwahlulela sobugebengu siwukusetshenziswa okuyinkimbinkimbi kwemithetho, izinqubo, kanye nabadlali, konke kulwela ukulinganisela isidingo sokuphepha komphakathi kanye nesivikelo samalungelo omphakathi. Ekuhlolweni ngokudluliswa kwesicelo, isigaba ngasinye siklanyelwe ukuvimbela izinkolelo ezingalungile, ukuvikela inkululeko, nokuqinisekisa ukulandisa. Ukuqonda lezi zinqubo akuzuzisi nje kuphela ochwepheshe abangokomthetho kodwa futhi kunika izakhamuzi amandla okuhlanganyela ngokunenjongo nesimiso sawo (‘abagcini becala, abavoti, noma amalungu omphakathi. Ubuqotho bomthetho wobugebengu buxhomeke ekusetshenzisweni ngokwethembeka kwezimiso zawo; uma lokho kuhluleka, sonke isimiso silahlekelwa ukwethenjwa. Ngokuqhubeka nokutadisha nokucwenga ubulungisa, umphakathi ungasondela kakhulu ezicingweni zawo zokulunga, ukulingana, nokubusa komthetho.

Uqhubekela ukufunda ngenqubo yobugebengu obuqhathaniswayo, cabangela i- Office yezinhlelo zeJaji imibiko yokucwaninga kanye [[FLT]U.S.CMT Justice Act iziqondiso].