Intando yeningi iphikisana ne-Autocracy: Ukuqhathaniswa okuphelele Kwezindlela Zobubusi

Izitayela zokubusa zichaza indlela amandla ahlelwa ngayo futhi asetshenziswa ngayo emphakathini. Phakathi kwezimo eziningi, idemokrasi ne-autocracy ime njengezibonelo ezimbili ezivelele neziphikisanayo. Ngazinye ziye zalololonga izizwe, zathonya umlando wembulunga yonke, futhi ziyaqhubeka zibangela impikiswano phakathi kososayensi bezombangazwe, abenzi bezimiso, nezakhamuzi. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuqhathanisa okucacile, okubanzi kwalezi zimiso zokubusa, ukuhlola izimiso zazo eziyisisekelo, amandla asebenzayo, ubuthakathaka, izibonelo zezwe langempela, kanye nemibono ekhona phakathi kwazo.

Ukuqonda lokhu kungafani akuyona nje indlela yokufunda, ithonya ngokuqondile indlela izakhamuzi eziphila ngayo, umsebenzi, nokuhlanganyela ekuphileni komphakathi.

Ukuchaza Intando Yeningi

Idemokrase, esuselwa kumagama esiGreki [abantu] kanye kratos, isimiso lapho igunya eliphelele likhona kubantu. Ngokwenqubo, leligunya lisetshenziswa ngokungaqondile ngabameleli abakhethiwe, nakuba izakhiwo eziqondile zikhona. Izakhiwo zale ndawo zakhiwa esisekelweni sokhetho olukhululekile nolulungile, isivikelo senkululeko yomphakathi, umthetho womthetho, nezimiso zokuhlanganyela kwezombangazwe kanye nokulandisa.

Izimpawu Zezimiso Zentando Yeningi

  • Izinketho ezicuthayo, Izibalo: ushintsho lwamandla lwenzeka ngezikhathi ezihleliwe, kunezikhawu eziningi noma izigijimi ezifuna ukusekelwa okuthandwayo.
  • Inkululeko yokukhuluma namalungelo abantu: Inkululeko yokukhuluma, ukunyathelisa, ukuhlangana, nenkolo kuvikelwe ngokomthetho-mthetho futhi kuphoqelelwe ngezinkantolo ezizimele.
  • I-Plithical Platuralism:[ imibono eminingi ivunyelwe ukuncintisana ukuze ithonye, kwakha isisekelo sembulunga egqamile yomphakathi.
  • ukuboshelwa nokubonakala ngaphaya: Izikhulu ezinganakiwe zingakwazi ukuphendulelwa kukhetho, futhi izenzo zikahulumeni zihlolwa umphakathi.
  • I-'umthetho': Bonke abantu nezinhlangano, kuhlanganise nohulumeni, bangaphansi ngokulinganayo kwemithetho eyaziwayo.

Izinhlobo Zombuso Wentando Yeningi

Ukuhlukana okusekelwe endleleni izakhamuzi ezihlanganyela ngayo nendlela abameleli abakhethwa ngayo akuyona intando yeningi.

  • Izakhamuzi zivota ngokuqondile ezimisweni nasemithethweni, njengoba kubonakala e-Athene yasendulo noma e-Switzerland yanamuhla ukubusa kwe-micu. Ayivamile ukusetshenziswa ngokwesilinganiso sezwe ngenxa yezinselele zomthetho.
  • Imelela umbuso wentando yeningi (Inani Lomphakathi):[ Izakhamuzi ezikhethelwe izikhulu ukuze zenze izinqumo ngenxa yazo. Imibuso eminingi yentando yeningi yanamuhla, njenge-United States, iJalimane, neNdiya, ilandela lesisibonelo.
  • Intando yeningi yesigaba: igcizelela ukuhileleka okukhulu kwesakhamuzi ezinqubweni zokwenza izinqumo ngaphandle kokuvota nje, ngamahholo edolobha, ama-parenteum, nokuxoxa nomphakathi.

Izinzuzo Zentando Yeningi

Izimiso zentando yeningi zinikeza izinzuzo eziningana ezibhalwe kahle ezinomthelela ekuzinzeni kwezombangazwe nasekuchumeni kwabantu.

Ukuvikelwa Kwamalungelo Nenkululeko Ngaminye

Ngokuhlanganisa inkululeko yomphakathi ezinkantolo ezizimele zomthetho, intando yeningi yakha isivikelo sokumelana nokuphamba kombuso.

Ukulandisa Nokubuyiswa Kwabantu

Because leaders must face reelection, they have incentives to respond to public needs. This feedback loop encourages policies that align with the broader population’s interests and can help check corruption.

Ukushintshwa Kwamandla Ngokuthula

Ukukhetha kunikeza indlela engenabudlova yokushintsha ukuhola. Izindawo ezilawulayo azivamile ukuya empini ngomunye nomunye, qha uma zibizwa ngokuthi inkolelo yokuthula kwentando yeningi.

Izinga Eliphakeme Lokuthuthuka Komuntu

Ngokwezibalo, izizwe ezibusa ngentando yeningi zithambekele ekubeni neziningi kakhulu kuyiHuman Development Index (HDI), kuhlanganise nemiphumela engcono yempilo, ukutholakala kwemfundo, nokulingana kweholo, nakuba ukuhlangana kungahlangene.

Izingozi Zombuso Wentando Yeningi

Naphezu kwamandla ayo, intando yeningi ibhekene nezinselele ezizuzwe njengefa ezinganciphisa ukuphumelela kwayo futhi zisongele ngisho nokusinda kwayo.

Ukwenza isinqumo esibambezelayo

Isidingo sempikiswano, ukuvumelana, nokuhlola okungokwesiko kunganciphisa ukusabela kukahulumeni, ikakhulukazi lapho kuphuthuma.

Ukwanda Kwezombangazwe Nobumbango

Lapho ukuhlukana kugxila, intando yeningi ingabhekana nokungathembani, ukuphelelwa ithemba ezinhlanganweni, nokuphakama kwabaholi ababusayo abangase balulaze izindinganiso zentando yeningi.

Ukunganaki Nokungahlanganyeli Kakhulu

Umvoti ophansi angakwehlisa ukufaneleka kohulumeni abakhethiwe futhi anikeze izithakazelo ezikhethekile. Ezinye izakhamuzi zinomuzwa wokuthi ukuvota kwazo akuwona umehluko, kuholele ekulahleni.

Impi Enkulu

Isimiso sokubusa kweningi, ngaphandle kwesivikelo esinamandla, singavumela iningi ukuba liphule amalungelo amaqembu amancane.

Ukuchaza Intando Yeningi

I-autocracy iyisimiso lapho umbusi oyedwa noma omncane ephethe amandla angenamkhawulo, ngokuvamile asetshenziswa ngaphandle kokunqandwa okungokomthetho noma ukuvunyelwa okusemthethweni okusemthethweni okusemthethweni. Igama livela kwelesiGreki [i] (isiqu sawo) kanye ] nama-kratos [[ [igunya])] (igunya) – ukuzilawula. i-autocracracs igxilisa igunya, icindezela ukuphikiswa, futhi ilinganisela ukuncintisana kwezombangazwe. Ziwuhlobo oludala kakhulu lokubusa futhi zisakhona ezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba namuhla.

Izici ezivamile zezimiso ezizimele

  • Ukuhlanganisa Amandla: Igunya libekwa kumuntu oyedwa (isimemezeli, inkosi) noma i-clique encane, ngaphandle kokuhlola emagatsheni azimele.
  • I-Platolist ehlangene nezombangazwe: amaqembu okuphikiswa avinjelwe, abekelwe imingcele enkulu, noma alawulwa kakhulu. Imibono, uma ikhona, ayikhululekile noma ayilungile.
  • [ Ukucindezelwa kwenkululeko yomphakathi: Inkululeko yokukhuluma, ukunyathelisa, umhlangano, nenkolo kuyancishiswa. Ukungavumi kuyajeziswa, ngokuvamile ngokhahlo.
  • I-Profession: Umbusi angakhipha imithetho neziyalezo ngaphandle kwemvume yomthetho. Ijaji lingaphansi.
  • Impumelelo: ukudluliswa kwamandla ngokuvamile kwenzeka ngenkani, ngefa lomkhaya, noma ngempi yangaphakathi, hhayi ngentando ethandwayo.

Izinhlobo Zentando Yeningi

Izimiso ezibusayo zingahluka kakhulu ekuzithetheleleni, ekuhlelekeni nasekucindezeleni kwazo.

  • Absuete Monarchy: Amandla azuzwe ngefa, futhi imonarch isebenzisa igunya eliphelele ngaphandle kwemingcele yomthetho-sisekelo. Izibonelo ezingokomlando zihlanganisa uLouis XIV waseFrance, futhi izibonelo zanamuhla zihlanganisa iSaudi Arabia ne-Eswatini.
  • Ukubusa: okulawulwa umuntu oyedwa ovame ukuthatha amandla ngokugumbuqela noma ngokuvukela umbuso. Abaholi abanjengoAdolf Hitler, Joseph Stalin, nezibalo zanamuhla ezinjengeKim Jongg-un ixexlustra lendlela.
  • Amandla abekwa ngeqembu elincane elikhethekile elisekelwe engcebweni, ezithandweni zomkhaya, ekulawuleni impi, noma amalungu eqembu. IRussia ngaphansi kweVladimir Putin ivame ukuchazwa njengenhlanganisela ye-oligarchy-averist.
  • I-Ocracy: Ababusi bathola igunya emfundisweni engokwenkolo. Iran, noMholi wayo oPhakeme, kuyisibonelo samanje.

Izinzuzo Zentando Yeningi

Ngokuvamile ukuqhosha kuyagxekwa, kodwa kunezinzuzo ezithile ezicatshangelwayo ezingazenza zikhange ezimweni ezithile.

Ukwakha Isinqumo Esiwujuqu Nesiphumelelayo

Ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuvunyelwa kwemithetho noma impikiswano yomphakathi, abaholi bezikhulu bangenza izinqumo ezisheshayo, ikakhulukazi phakathi nezinhlekelele ezinjengezimpi, izinhlekelele ezingokwemvelo, noma ukushaqeka kwezomnotho. Ukwakhiwa ngokushesha kwezibhedlela phakathi nobhadane lwasekuqaleni lwe-COVID iyisibonelo esicashunwa kaningi.

Ukungaguquguquki Kwenqubo Yebanga elide

Imibuso ebusayo ingahlela futhi ifeze imisebenzi eminingi ngaphandle kokwesaba ukubhikisha kwe-vrate. Lokhu kungaba ngcono kwizakhiwo ezinkulu zezemisebenzi (umz., i-Belt ne-Graad Itiatiatiative) noma inkambiso yezezemboni.

Okungabangela Ukwanda Okusheshayo Kwezomnotho (ezimweni ezithile)

Ezinye izifundazwe ezibusayo, njengaseSingapore ngaphansi kukaLee Kuan Yew noChina kusukela ngawo - 1980, ziye zafinyelela intuthuko esheshayo kwezomnotho ngokumisa ukuqina, ukukhanga ukutshala imali kwamanye amazwe, nokucindezela izinxushunxushu zezisebenzi.

Ukucindezelwa Kwengxabano Emphakathini

Ngokulinganisela ukuphikisana kwezombangazwe nokulawula imithombo yezindaba, abaphathi-mikhosi banganciphisa izingxabano ezibonakalayo zezenhlalo futhi bagcine ukuhleleka komphakathi. Lokhu ngokuvamile kusetshenziselwa ukuthethelela ukubusa kwempoqo kwempoqo emiphakathini yezinhlanga eziningi noma ehlukene kakhulu.

Izingozi Zombuso Ozimele

Izinkinga zokubusa kwemibuso elawulayo zinzima futhi ngokuvamile ziholela ekuntengantengeni nasekuhluphekeni kwabantu isikhathi eside.

Ukusetshenziswa Kabi Kwamalungelo Abantu Okusakazekile

Ukuntuleka kokulandisa nokubusa komthetho kuholela ekuxhashazweni kwezimiso: ukuhlushwa, ukuboshwa ngokungenazimiso, ukunyamalala ngokuphoqelelwa, nemingcele ezinhlwini eziyisisekelo. Izintatheli ezingena Borders zibala izikhawu eziphansi ezibhalweni zenkululeko.

Ukonakala Kwesimiso Sezinto Ezivamile Nesimiso Sokusebenzela Uhulumeni

Ngaphandle kokuqondisa okuzimele, amandla agxila ezandleni zabambalwa, akhuthaza ukufumbathisa, ukukhetha, nokufuna intela. Ukonakala kunciphisa ukuphumelela kwezomnotho nokwethenjwa umphakathi.

Ukuntuleka Kwecala

Abaholi abanakuphendulwa emphakathini. Izinqumo ezimbi − njengokukhipha izimpi ezibizayo noma ukusebenzisa izimiso zezomnotho ezibhubhisayo — zingaqhubeka zinganakwa kuze kube yilapho umbuso uwohloka.

Ukuphumelela Kwezinkinga Nokuhluleka

Lapho umbusi efa noma esuswa, izikhala zikagesi ngokuvamile ziholela empini yombango, ekugumbuqelweni kwezigodlo, noma ekuntengantengisweni okuqhubekayo.

Ukuhunyushwa kolwazi

Imithombo yezindaba elawulwa uhulumeni kanye nokucubungula kuvimbela izakhamuzi ekutholeni ukwaziswa okuqondile. Lokhu kuholela ekwenzeni izinqumo okunganembile kokubili ngohulumeni nomphakathi, futhi kungakhuthaza ukukhohlisa okukhulu (isinye isib., ukuphika kweSoviet Union inhlekelele yaseChernobyl).

Ukuqhathanisa ukuhlaziya: Ngakunye

Ukuze kucaciswe umehluko, ukuqhathanisa okulandelayo kuqokomisa izici eziyinhloko zokubusa.

Ukwaba Kwamandla

  • Amandla asakazwa phakathi kwamagatsha kahulumeni, amaqembu ezombangazwe, nomphakathi womphakathi. Amasheke nezilinganiso zivimbela noma imuphi umdlali ukuba alawule.
  • Amandla azenzekelayo: Amandla agxilwe kumholi oyedwa noma ku-clique. Awekho amasheke aphumelelayo, futhi iqembu elibusayo lilawula ibutho lezempi, ijaji, nemithombo yezindaba.

Inkululeko Yezombangazwe Nenkululeko Yombango

  • Isigaba esiphakeme senkululeko yezombangazwe:. Izakhamuzi zingakha amaqembu, ukubhikisha, ukusakaza imibono ephikisanayo, futhi zikhethe abaholi bazo.
  • Inkululeko ezenzekelayo: amazinga asezantsi enkululeko yezombangazwe. Ukukhuluma nokuhlangana kulawulwa ngokuqinile. Ukuphikiswa kuphazanyiswa.

Ukwenza ijubane lesinqumo

  • I-Democracy: ibambezela ngenxa yokucabanga, ukuhlola, nengxoxo yomphakathi. Kodwa izinqumo zivame ukugcinwa futhi zamukeleke kakhulu.
  • I-actracy: Fast, njengoba umholi enganquma ukuthi akakhethanga muntu. Nokho, ijubane lingafika ngezindleko zokungahleleki kahle nokungabuyiseli.

Ukuthuthuka Kwezomnotho

  • I-Democracy: Ama-tend ukuze akhiqize ukukhula okuzinzile, okuthatha isikhathi eside kanye nokusakaza inzuzo engcono (ngenxa yamalungelo empahla nezimakethe ezikhululekile). Nokho, kungathiywa imijikelezo emifushane yezombangazwe.
  • Umbuso ozenzekelayo: ungafinyelela ukukhula okusheshayo uma umbusi enekhono futhi esazikamende (umzk., Singapore, South Korea ngaphansi kwePark Cung-hee). Kodwa ngokuvamile kuholela ekusebenziseni isimiso sokuzisebenzela, ukungalingani, kanye nokungalingani (umzk., Venezuela, Zimbabwe).

Ukuxabana Nokungaguquguquki

  • I-Democracy: ayilwi njalo izimpi nezinye idemokrasi. Izinguquko ezinokuthula nesinqumo sempi ezihlangene zinciphisa ubudlova bangaphakathi.
  • Umthetho ozenzekelayo: uthambekele kakhulu kuzo zombili izimpi zangaphakathi (impi, ukugumbuqelwa) nezingxabano zangaphandle. Izinguquko zezelolongela zivame ukuba nobudlova.

Izibonelo Zezwe Langempela Nezindawo Ezinsundu

Umehluko obili phakathi kwentando yeningi nentando yeningi uwusizo, kodwa izizwe eziningi ziwela emibusweni exubile. Ukuqonda lemibono kubalulekile.

Ukuvinjelwa Ngentando Yeningi

Ngisho nentando yeningi emisiwe ingabhekana nokuguguleka kwezimiso nezinhlangano. IHungary ngaphansi kukaViktor Orbán noPoland ngaphansi koMthetho noMahluleli iqembu iye yabona imigoqo yenkululeko yokwahlulela neyokusakaza, eholela ekuhlukaniseni abanye abahlaziyi ngokuthi “imibuso yentando yeningi ekhona” noma “izindawo zogesi.”

I - authoritarianism encintisanayo

Eminye imibuso yezikhulu yaba nokhetho oluncintisanayo ngokwengxenye kodwa oluduke kakhulu ngenxa yokuncintisana. IRussia, iVenezuela, neTurkey ngokuvamile kuyacashunwa. ukuphikiswa kuyaphumelela ngezikhathi ezithile, kodwa inkundla yokudlala ayilingani.

Imibuso Ethuthukisiwe

Umbono oyimpikiswano: Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi emazweni avela ngenxa yobumpofu noma izingxabano, inkathi yokubusa kwe - autocracy ingadala ukuzinza nokwanda.

Ukuze ufunde okwengeziwe ngemibuso exubile, bheka i V-DEM Institute yemibiko yentando yeningi yaminyaka yonke [ kanye 's Freedom House in the World instruction[. Umsebenzi kaSteven Levitsky noLucan Way wobubuphoqeli obuncintisanayo unikeza ukuqonda okujulile ([[[[FLT:]4]] ukubona incwadi yabo [[FLT:]]]).

Isiphetho: Ngasekuqondeni Okulinganiselayo

Idemokrasi nentando yeningi kumele amafilosofi ahlukene kakhulu okubusa kwabantu. Idemokrasi, kuwo wonke amaphutha ayo − `i-gridlock, i-populism, ubushiqela obuningi(inikeza izindlela zokuzilungisa, ukulandisa, nokuvikela amalungelo abantu. Ayisona isimiso esiphelele, kodwa njengophawu olwaziwayo, iwuhlobo olubi kakhulu lukahulumeni ngaphandle kwabo bonke abaye bazama.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukubusa ngempatho ezenzekelayo kungaletha ukuphumelela nokuzinza esikhathini esifushane, kodwa ngezindleko ezimbi: ukucindezelwa kwenkululeko, ukonakala okudlangile, nokungakhululeki okuvame ukuholela ekubhujisweni okubhubhisayo. Umlando ubonisa ukuthi imibuso ebusa ngogesi ayiqinile futhi ayivamile ukusinda ekufeni komsunguli ngaphandle kwesiyaluyalu.

Impikiswano phakathi kwalezizindlela zokubusa ayikona nje ukufundiswa. Enkathini yokukhuphuka kwemithetho yempatho yentando yeningi nokuphambuka kwentando yeningi, izakhamuzi nabaholi kumelwe baqonde ukuthi yini ehilelekile. Izimiso ezilinganayo nenkululeko, ezivumela kokubili ukuhleleka nokungavumelani, zihlala ziqinile futhi zilungile. Ekugcineni, ukukhetha kwesitayela sokubusa akunqumeli nje ukuthi izwe lilawulwa kanjani, kodwa ukuthi abantu balo baphila kanjani, futhi lokho kuxhomeke kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili.

Ukuhlola okwengeziwe ezimisweni zokubusa ngokuqhathanisa, hlola imithombo evela ku- I-Economist Intelligence Unity Democracy Index kanye ne International International Institute for Democracy and Electoral helper[[FLL:3].