Isingeniso: Ukuzalwa Kwenkululeko YaseMelika

I-Bill of Rights, ehlanganisa ukumiswa kwemithetho-sisekelo yokuqala eyishumi eUnited States, ime njengensika yesisekelo yentando yeningi yaseMelika. I-Ratitus ngo-December 15, 1791, lezi zinguquko zazingatshazwanga kodwa zaziyisivikelo samabomu esiqondiswe ukusabela empikiswaneni enkulu yezombangazwe. Ukulungisa i-Constitution ye-Constitution ngo 1787-88, i-Antifederalist yaveza izikhalo ezinamandla zokuthi uhulumeni wezwelonke osanda kuhlongozwa uyoba namandla amakhulu kakhulu, uqhubekele ukuthatha inkululeko elwiwayo yiyo. Ukuvikela, ukuhlanganisa izivumelwano ze-Federationsss ukuthembisa ukunezela isithembiso sokuthiwa kwelungelo lika-Mandelaine, sokungabaza ekugcineni. Umphumela wawuwumphumela ocacile wokuvikela umthetho wezentengo yomthetho waseMelika, ukuhlanganisa nokuzichaza kwento ewuhlakanisiwe, inkinobho yomlando, intethensi, inte yohlelo, intembeza yomthetho, inte yomthetho, inte yomthetho, inte, futhi inte yomthetho,

Umlando: Kungani Kubhalwa Izincwadi Zamalungelo Abantu?

Ukungabikho kwencwadi yamalungelo eMthethweni wokuqala kwakuyiphuzu elikhulu lokuphikisana eMhlanganweni wePhiladelphia. Izihambeli eziningi zakholelwa ukuthi ukuhlelwa kwamalungelo athile kwakungadingekile ngoba uhulumeni kahulumeni wawungowombuso olinganiselwe, ophathiswe imisebenzi. Nokho, abagxeki abanjengoGeorge Mason noPatrick Henry baphikisa ngokuthi ngaphandle kwesivikelo esicacile, uhulumeni onamandla angangenelela kalula inkululeko enjengenkulumo, iphephandaba, nenkolo. Ukugqugquzela amalungelo kwaba ukunxusa komthetho wamalungelo kwaba ukunxusa phakathi nezingxoxo zokwanelisa, ikakhulukazi ezifundazweni ezinjengoVirginia, New York, kanye neMassachusetts.

UJames Madison, ekuqaleni wamelana nalomqondo, ekugcineni wasekela ukulungisa eMkhandlwini Wokuqala. Wathola kakhulu kuyi-Ngishi Bill of Rights (1689) ne-Virginia Declaration of Rights (1776), kanye nomthetho-mthetho kazwelonke. Indlu yabameleli yadlula iziphendulo ezingamashumi ayisikhombisa; iSigebengu saba yiziphendulo zabayishumi nambili. Eziyishumi zagunyazwa yizifundazwe, ngokususa kokuqala mayelana neNguquko yama-constionalmenter kamuva yaba yiSinyuselo samashumi amabili nanhlanu sombuso ngo-192. Ngakho i-Bill of Rights yaba yi-Authorition yokuqala egunya likahulumeni.

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala: Ikhorali Yenkululeko YaseMelika

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala mhlawumbe siwuphawu oludunyiswa kakhulu kuwo wonke amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo. Inkululeko yaso emihlanu − i - speech, inkolo, iphephandaba, ingqungquthela, kanye nokunxusa — yakha isici esiyisisekelo senkululeko yomphakathi yaseMelika.

Inkululeko Yokukhuluma

Inkululeko yokukhuluma ivikela ilungelo lokuveza imibono, imibono, nezinkolelo ngaphandle kokucubungula noma isijeziso sikahulumeni. Lelilungelo aliphelele; sekuyisikhathi eside lingaphansi kwemingcele enjengokuhlanjalazwa, ukubhebhethekiswa kobudlova, ukuhlanjalazwa, nokusongelwa kweqiniso. Icala leNkantolo Ephakeme njenge Scheck v. United States [19] [19] [19] isungula "ingozi ekhona" uvivinyo, kuyilapho Branburg v.OO[FLT][3] [1] [1] ikhazimulisa izinga lokufuna isenzo esiseduze sokungalungisi. [empela], [FLT:] .[5] .[5] FET]

Inkululeko Yenkolo

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala siqukethe izigaba ezimbili zenkolo: u-Ukwakhiwa kuka-Claus ("Chorrerneat ngeke wenze mthetho ngokuphathelene nokumiswa kwenkolo") kanye ne-Free Exespect Claus ("noma ukwenqabela ukuyisebenzisa kwayo ngokukhululekile"). Ukwakhiwa kuka-Claus kuvimbela uhulumeni ekunikezeni noma ekusekeleni inkolo ethile, kuyilapho i-Free Exective Claus evikela amalungelo abantu okuqhuba ukholo lwabo ngaphandle kokungenela kohulumeni. Izehlela ihlanganisa [[FLT: 0] Engel v. Vital[[FL:] [1962]], eyahlasela isikole-ponsnert, kanye [[FLT] no-B] proferberbbby [FFT] [FLG] [5], leyo evumela izinhlangano zezenkolo ezithile ukuba ikhululwe.

Inkululeko Yezindaba

I-computer ekhululekile ibalulekile ekusebenzeni kwentando yeningi, isebenza njengesehlulelo sokuqapha izenzo zikahulumeni. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yavikela ngokungaguquguquki inkululeko yokunyathelisa, ibusa kuNew York Times Co. v. United States (1971] (icala lePentagon Papers) elithi cishe ngaphambi kokuzilawula akuyona imithetho ehlangene. I-mephu yamuva ayigonyelwa kuyo yonke imithetho //libel, ukuhlaselwa kwezindaba zomuntu siqu, nokukhathalela ukuvikeleka kwesizwe kungasebenza futhi kungasebenza (18) kodwa ukuvikelwa okukhulu kwemithetho yokuhlola inqubo.

Ilungelo Lomhlangano Nesicelo

"Ilungelo labantu lokuhlangana ngokuthula" no"ukunxusa uHulumeni ukuba alungise izikhalo" livame ukusetshenziswa ndawonye. Lamalungelo avikela ukubhikisha, imibuthano, nanoma yiluphi uhlobo lokudlulisa izikhalo ezihlangene kuhulumeni. INkantolo iphethe ukuthi amalungelo emihlangano asebenza emphakathini njengemigwaqo, imigwaqwe, amapaki, nakuba isikhathi esilinganiselwe, indawo, nemithetho evumelekile. Umzabalazo wanamuhla wamalungelo omphakathi, ukulwa kwemisebenzi, kanye neBlack Live Matter ziveza konke ukuvumelana kwawo okungokomthetho.

ISichibiyelo Sesibili: Ilungelo Lokugcina Nokuthwala Izikhali

ISichibiyelo sesibili sifundeka kanje: "IMilitia ebekwe kahle, njengoba idingekile ekulondekeni koMbuso okhululekile, ilungelo labantu lokuphatha futhi ukuphatha Izikhali, ngeke iphazanyiswe." incazelo yayo iye yavela ngokuphawulekayo emakhulwini amabili eminyaka.

Imvelaphi Engokomlando

Ukuhlenga-hlengisa kwavela emthethweni weNgilandi ovamile namasiko avamile amabutho amabutho ahlangene akhiwe yizakhamuzi ezivamile. Abasunguli babesaba ukuthi ibutho elimile lingasetshenziselwa ukubusa ngonya, ngakho bathembela emishinini kahulumeni ukuze bavikele. Emlandweni weSibili, iSichibiyelo sabonwa ngokuyinhloko njengokuvikela ilungelo elihlangene lezifundazwe lokugcina amabutho. Nokho, iSigele seColumbia [Font] v. [FLT] [FLT] [FLT] [2001] [isinqumo] esiphawule ukushintshwa kweminyakaze. [[FLT:]] [[FLT]] [2] [i FLT]], iNkakhulu leNkanto ephethe umthetho wakhona ukuthi ivikela umuntu ukuba abe nezikhali zakhe ekhaya, ingasebenzi emakhaya. [Foctived]

Impikiswano Yanamuhla

Ububanzi bamalungelo ezibhamu buhlala buphikisana kakhulu. Izinkantolo zibambana nemibuzo yezimiso ezivunyelwe − izinhlu zeze-padding, izikhathi zokulinda, ukuvinjelwa kwezikhali ezithile, ne "ifulegi elibomvu" imithetho. INew York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruen[FLT:] [2022] isinqumo saqinisa umuntu ngamunye ngokufuna ukuba imithetho yezibhamu ivumelane nesiko elingokomlando lemithetho yezibhamu, sifaka ukungabaza emithethweni eminingi yanamuhla.

Isichibiyelo Sesithathu: Isivikelo Ebuthweni Lamasosha

ISichibiyelo sesithathu senqabela ukumiswa kwesigaba sesine samasosha ahlala ngokuthula kunoma yimuphi umuzi ngaphandle kwemvume yomniniyo. Lokhu kulungisa okungaqondakali kwakhuluma ngesikhalo esithile enkathini yeMpi Yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, lapho amabutho aseBrithani efakwa emakhaya abantu ngaphandle kwemvume. Nakuba kungavamile ukuba kubekwe iSichibiyelo sesithathu, sigcizelela isimiso samalungelo empahla yomuntu siqu futhi siye savezwa njengomthombo wesivikelo somthetho-mshoshaphansi. Ngokwesibonelo, [[FLT: 0] Engblam v. Carey [19982], isekelo lesibili lalikholelwa ukuthi i-andmentation ivikela izithakazelo zabantu emakhaya abo.

Isichibiyelo Sesine: Ukuvikela Ekucwaningeni Nokukhohlisa Okungenangqondo

ISichibiyelo sesine sifuna ukuba ukuphenya nokuquleka kube okunengqondo futhi ngokuvamile kusekelwe ebufakazini obusekelwa yisizathu okungenzeka. Kufuna futhi ukuba kuchazwe indawo okumelwe iphenywe futhi kuthathwe izinto ezithile.

Indinganiso Enengqondo

Izinqumo eziphezulu ziye zasusa lokho "ukungacabangeli" okushoyo. KAtz v. United States (1967) zaqinisekisa ukuthi iSichibiyelo sesine sivikela "abantu, hhayi izindawo," ukungenisa ukulindela okunengqondo kovivinyo lwemfihlo. [[FLT:]] .[[FLT]][FLT][FLT][3]] [1968]] [1968]) ivumela "misa no frosk" ukuphenya okusekelwe ekusondweni okunengqondo. Ukwanda kobuchwepheshe bezimiso zobuchwepheshe kuphakamisa imibuzo emisha: [[FLT:] [FLT]] v (2014]) ifuna ukuvalelana imvume yokuhlola ingqalelo-mfono yocingo, kuyilapho i-FT][5][5] izinqubo zanamuhla zezimiso zanamuhla zifaka izimpawu eziqhubekayo.

Imfuneko Yempi Neyayihlukile

Umthetho onephutha uwukuthi ukufuna ngaphandle kwemvume akunangqondo, kungaphansi kwezindawo ezimbalwa ezichazwe kahle. Abangaphandle bahlanganisa imvume, umbono ocacile, izimo ezicacile, ihlola izenzakalo zokubopha, nemoto ehlukile. Imfuneko iphoqelela ukugcinwa komthetho ukuba ubonise ukuthi kungenzeka yini ubangele amajaji ongatha-hlangothi, unqande ukungezwa okungena ngokungena ngokomthetho emakhaya, emaphepheni, nasemathonyeni.

Isichibiyelo Sesihlanu: Isivikelo Sabamangalelwayo Nangaphezulu

ISichibiyelo Sesihlanu sinikeza iqoqo lesivikelo esibalulekile kubantu ababhekene namandla kahulumeni.

Icala Elikhulu

Amacala kahulumeni amakhulu kumelwe abukezwe abahluleli abakhulu (iqembu lezakhamuzi elinqumayo ukuthi kungenzeka yini). Isimemezelo esikhulu sabahluleli asizange sisetshenziswe kulezizifunda ngeSichibiyelo se - 144.

I - “goodi ” Ekabili

Inkulumo esho izingozi ezimbili yenqabela umuntu ukuba aqulwe kabili icala elifanayo ngemva kokulahlwa noma ukuvunyelwa. Nokho, ababusi abahlukene (ohulumeni bombuso nohulumeni) bangaqulisa icala elifanayo ngaphandle kokwephula izingozi eziphindwe kabili.

Ukuzilimaza

Akukho muntu ozakuphoqelelwa kunoma iliphi icala lobugebengu ukuba abe ufakazi omelene naye. Lesivikelo, esivame ukubizwa ngokuthi "ukuncenga owesihlanu," sidlulela ekuhlolweni amaphoyisa okunakekela umntwana. Miranda v. Arizona [196] [66] [imfuneko eqinile yokubuza ukuthi abasolwayo banelungelo lokuthula kanye nommeli] manje imfuneko eqinile kangangokuba amaMelika amaningi angaphinda ngenkumbulo "ilungelo le-Moranda".

Inhlanganiso

I-Gast Process Claus yenqabela uhulumeni ukuba anciphe noma ubani "ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho. Lesi siqinisekiso sisebenza ngokwenzuzo (izinqubo ze-fair) kanye nokuvikela (ukuvikela amalungelo ayisisekelo njengasese, umshado, nokuzibusa komzimba). Imfundiso yenqubo edingayo engaphansi kwe-statting project iye yasetshenziselwa ukubulala imithetho ephazamisa inkululeko engaphakathi, kusukela ku Griswold v. Connecticut (65) (ukuvala) [umbuso]) .[3] .Imfundiso yenqubo efanelekile inqubo elindelekile isetshenziswayo isetshenziswa ukubulala imithetho eyimfihlo, isuka ku-[FLT][FLD:3] (5][5] [0] (0]) (0]) (0]).0)

Ukuthatha UClaus

Ekugcineni, "impahla yomuntu siqu akumelwe ithathwe ukuze isetshenziswe emphakathini, ngaphandle kwenkokhelo." Leli gunya elivelele lifuna uhulumeni ukuba akhokhe inani elifanele lezentengiselwano uma ithatha indawo yemigwaqo, izikole, noma eminye imisebenzi yomphakathi. Ama-Controverse avele ngokuthi yikuphi "umsebenzi womphakathi"" Kelo v. City of New London (2005] ivumela ukuthuthuka kwezomnotho ukuba kufaneleke, kubangele ukuphambana kwemithetho esemthethweni.

ISichibiyelo Sesithupha: Ukuqulwa Kwecala Okungagwegwesi

ISichibiyelo Sesithupha siqinisekisa ukuthi abamangalelwa becala bathatha icala elifanele nelisheshayo.

Ukuqulwa Kwecala Okusheshayo Nokuyicala Lomphakathi

Ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala okusheshayo livimbela ukuboshwa okunganqunyiwe futhi liqinisekisa ukuthi ubufakazi abupheli. Inkantolo ihlola izici ezine ku- Barker v. Wingo [77]]: ubude besikhathi, isizathu sokulibala, ukugobeka kwesokudla, nobandlululo. Icala lomphakathi linikeza ukubonakala nokulandisa.

UJury Ongakhethi

Abalweli banelungelo lokuba babe yijaji elikhethwe eqenjini elilungile eliseqenjini lomphakathi. Abameli bangabekela abajahisi inselele ngembangela noma ngokuhlasela ngokukhulula, nakuba leyamva ingase ingasetshenziswa ngendlela yokukhipha umlomo (] Batson v. Kentucky, 1986).

Ukubhekana Nenqubo Ephoqelelwe

I-Breastation Claus iqinisekisa ilungelo lokubhekana nofakazi abaphethe i-axistamine. I-Cphoct Proce Claus evumela abamangalelwa ukuba babize ofakazi ukuze babamukele. Kokubili amalungiselelo aveza indawo yokudlala phakathi kwezwe elinamandla ne-ogconance.

Usizo Lweseluleko

Ilungelo lokululeka libalulekile. Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) ligunyazwe ukuba linikeze abamangalelwa abangemthetho emacaleni ahlanekezelwe. Lelilungelo linwebela emagabeni abucayi okuqulwa kwecala, kuhlanganise nokuphenywa nokuncenga. [Ku- Padilla v. Kentucky[ (2010), iNkantolo yeNkantolo yathi kumelwe ilule abathengi abangebonakali abanecala ngemiphumela yokudingiswa.

ISichibiyelo Sesikhombisa: Ukuvivinywa Kombango

ISichibiyelo seSember silondoloza ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala lejaji enkantolo yomphakathi emacaleni avamile lapho isamba sempikiswano singaphezu kwamaRandi angu - 170. Ngokungafani neSichibiyelo sesithupha, iSembete ayikaze isetshenziswe ezizweni ngeSichibiyelo seshumi nane, okusho ukuthi izinkantolo zikahulumeni zingawalinganisela amacala amacala enkantolo. Nokho, inguquko iyaqhubeka inethonya elikhulu enkantolo kahulumeni. Isiqinisekiso futhi siqinisekisa ukuthi uma ijaji elikhipha isinqumo, ayikho inkantolo engahlola kabusha amaqiniso ngaphandle kokuba kuvunyelwe imithetho engokomthetho.

Isichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili: Ukuthola Isijeziso

ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili senqabela ibheyili eyeqile, ukuhlawuliswa ngokweqile, nesijeziso sonya nesingavamile.

Indlala Eyingozi Ngokweqile

UBail akumelwe abekwe phezulu kakhulu ngokufanele ukuqinisekisa ukubonakala kommangalelwa lapho kuqulwa icala. Inguquko ayiqinisekisi ilungelo eliphelele lokugwetshwa kodwa inqabela izilinganiso eziphakeme ngokungenangqondo. Izimpikiswano zanamuhla zigxile ekushintsheni imali yebheyili nokuvalelwa kwamacala abamangalelwa abangemthetho.

Isijeziso Esinonya Nesingavamile

Le nkulumo yenqabela izijeziso zobuqaba futhi idinga ukulingana. INkantolo iye yachaza ukuthi ivimbela isigwebo sokufa samaqembu athile, njengabantu abakhubazekile ngokwengqondo (] Attins v. Virginia, 2002) nentsha ([Roper v. [isimons [, 2005]). I-Antences ezingathi zilingana kakhulu nobugebengu zingaphula iSimende se-Hend Reformation, nakuba indialment ingundayo. I-andmentment ilinganisela futhi ezimweni zasejele, njengokunakekelwa okungafanele kwezokwelapha.

Isichibiyelo Se - Ninth: Abantu Bathola Amalungelo Angenamcikilisho

ISichibiyelo se-Ninth sithi: "Umthetho-mthetho, wamalungelo athile, awuzukuthathwa njengowaphika noma ohlukanisa abanye abantu abagciniwe." Lokhu kulungisa kwakuwukuyekethisa ekukhulumeni nokwesaba ukuthi ukudweba amalungelo akhethekile kungasho ukuthi noma yimaphi amalungelo angalinganiswanga anikezelwe. ISimemezelo seSichibiyelo seNguqulo seNkanto asivamile ukuba yisisekelo esiyinhloko sezinqumo eziPhakeme, kodwa siye sakhonjwa ngokuvumelana kwemibono ekhona kanye nemfundo engokomthetho yokusekela amalungelo afana nemfihlo nenkululeko yomzimba. Ngokwesibonelo, uMahluleli weGoldberg uyavuma ukuthi noma iliphi ilungelo elingalinganiyo liyekwa. [FLT:] [1][FLDYK:] [1965] [195] incikekile ekuncipheni kwezeleleni e-Genetic ukuze i-Xivekistletualgntion ukuba imelane ngisho nengeke i-omthene.

ISichibiyelo Seshumi: I - Federalism Namalungelo Ka - United States

ISichibiyelo seshumi esigciniwe esiya ezifundazweni noma kubantu wonke amagunya angaphathiswanga uhulumeni kahulumeni noma enqatshelwe ezindaweni. Siyisikhumbuzo sokuthi uhulumeni kahulumeni ungowombuso olinganiselwe, olinganisiwe. Emlandweni weMelika, iSichibiyelo seshumi seSigqi seSigqi seSinqulo siye sasetshenziswa ekubekeni inseleleni igunya likahulumeni phezu kwakho konke okubangelwa ukulawulwa kwebhamu ([ Prentz v. United States, 1997) ekuqondiseni indawo ezungezile kanye nokuphatha impilo. INkantolo ye-Rehnquest ivuselisa izimiso zeSiphendulo se-Hentith ku-19909, ukushaya izingxenye ze-Brady Act and i-Gun - Freeserve Schools Act njenge-Act njenge-ult yombuso we-universalcemental. I-andment i-mond iyaqhubeka ukuphikisana kwe-moumbuso kazwezwe, umbuso, umbuso, nokulingana.

Isiphetho: Ifa Eliphilayo Lesiqinisekiso Samalungelo Abantu

IBhili of Rights ayiyona incwadi engokomlando ehleliwe kodwa iwumthetho osebenzayo ochazwa ngokuqhubekayo izinkantolo, izishaya-mthetho, nezakhamuzi. Isivikelo sawo siye sanwetshwa phakathi kweSichibiyelo seshumi nane sokusebenzisa ngokumelene nohulumeni nendawo, futhi izimiso zayo ziboshelwe endwangwini yokuphila kwezesizwe sase-Melika. Ukuqonda izinguquko zokuqala eziyishumi kubalulekile kubafundisi nakubafundi ngoba bachaza imingcele yamandla kahulumeni kanye nobukhulu benkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. [FLD], kusukela ekilasini kuya enkantolo, kusukela ekuvukeleni ukuya ezimpikiswaneni zezindaba eziyimfihlo, iBill of Rights ihlala isiqinisekiso sokugcina senkululeko yaseMelika. [[2] Ucwaningo oluqhubekayo, inikeza umbhalo ogcwele nomlando ([FLT]]).[FF] [F]