Ukubheka Igatsha Eliphethe: Injini Yokuphoqelela

Igatsha eliphethe likahulumeni wase-United States liyinsika yokusebenza kwezemvelo, libekwe icala lokushaya umthetho nokusebenzisa imithetho kahulumeni. Nakuba uKhomishane ebhala imithetho kanye nencazelo yamajaji, liwela egatsheni eliphetheyo ukuze liguqule umthetho ube isenzo, (hhayi ubheke konke kusukela ekulondekeni kwezwe nasebuhlotsheni bangaphandle kuya ekuqondiseni indawo ezungezile nasempilweni yomphakathi. Kubafundi nabafundisi abafuna ukuqonda okucacile, okunegunya ngendlela uhulumeni osebenza ngayo ngempela, uthathe isakhiwo, imibuso, kanye nokuhlangana kwegatsha eliphethe izikhulu kubalulekile.

Lomqondisi owandisiwe uphula izici eziyinhloko zegatsha eliphethe, izikhulu eziyinhloko, izinhlangano ezinkulu, nesimiso sokuhlola esigcina igunya laso elikhulu lisesilinganisweni.

Liyini Igatsha Eliphethe Isimiso Somthetho - sisekelo?

Imiswe eSiphakamiso II soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., igatsha eliphethe liklanyelwe "Ukuqaphela ukuba iMithetho ifezwe ngokwethembeka." Ngokungafani nendima yegatsha le-avistion, ukwenza umthetho noma umsebenzi wegatsha lokwahlulela, igatsha eliphethe liqondiswa ngemvelo. Lilawula imisebenzi yansuku zonke kahulumeni kazwelonke, liqondisa ukuvikela, ukuqhuba izigijimi, futhi liphoqelela imithetho edluliswa yiKhongolo.

Umthetho-sisekelo ufaka amandla okubusa kuMongameli oyedwa, wenza ihhovisi libe yikho kokubili inhloko kazwelonke kanye nombuso kahulumeni . Lenhlangano iqinisekisa ukulandisa okucacile kanye nobuholi obuwubuqotho] wamaFramers, aye abhekana nobuthakathaka besikhulu esihlukene ngaphansi kweZihloko ze-Confederation. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, igatsha liye lakhula kuleyo ndawo embalwa yeminyango yabasebenzi abayizigidi eziphezulu, kodwa igunya lalomthetho-mthetho lihlala likhona: ukuthatha umthetho.

Kumbhalo ongokomthetho we-sogn system nesizinda, kubhekisa ku- i-transcription yeSizwe yomthetho-sisekelo.

Izingxenye eziyisihluthulelo zegatsha eliphethe

Igatsha eliphethe aliwona nje uMongameli; liyinhlangano ehlotshiswe ngezingqimba ehlanganisa izinto eziningana ezifeza umsebenzi kahulumeni ndawonye.

  • UMongameli
  • Umongameli Ongumongameli Oyisekela
  • Izinhlangano Eziphethe Ikhabethe Nezisebenzi Eziphethe
  • Izimo Eziqondisayo Nezimo Ezizimele
  • Ihhovisi Elisebenza Ngendlu Elimhlophe Nelabaphathi LikaMongameli

UMongameli: Isikhulu Esiyinhloko Nokunye Okungaphezu Kwalokho

UMongameli wase-United States uphethe isikhundla esinamandla kakhulu sokukhethwa emhlabeni. Ubizwa ngegama leminyaka emine, elinamagama amabili ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo sama-22, uMongameli ugqoka izigqoko eziningi:

  • [ Isilawuli sokuqondisa: Ubheka isikhulu senhlangano kahulumeni, umisa amakhanda eminyango (ngokuqinisekiswa kweSishaya-mthetho), futhi uqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho iyagcinwa.
  • [ I-Comper-in-Chieef: Iyaleza amabutho ahlomile ase-U.S. futhi inegunya emikhakheni yezempi, nakuba iSishaya-mthetho kuphela esingaletha impi.
  • [ I-diplomat e-'i-Ayikeyif': inesimo senkambiso yangaphandle, i-ingxoxo yezivumelwano (ezidinga ukumiswa kweSigele), kanye namanxusa amisayo.
  • [ Umholi osemthethweni: unikeza umthetho kuKhongolo-mthetho, udlulisa ikheli lezwe le-Union, futhi ungasayina noma izindleko.
  • Ukuvuthwa kwezwe: kumelela isizwe ngemisebenzi yemikhosi futhi kusebenza njengophawu lobunye.

Izimfanelo ezingokomthetho zikaMongameli zincane kakhulu .izelwe ngokwemvelo, okungenani eneminyaka engu-35 ubudala, isakhamuzi sase-U.S. iminyaka engu-14 (kodwa amathemba angahleliwe aye akhula kakhulu. Omongameli banamuhla bayala izisebenzi ezinkulu zendlu yabamhlophe, kuhlanganise neHhovisi Lesikhululo soMongameli (EOP), elihlala izindikimba eziyinhloko zezezokhuseleko njenge-National Security Council, iHofisi Yokuphathwa Kwezigele ne-Hlolo, kanye ne-Council of Economic Adviers.

Abameli futhi basebenzisa iziyalezo ezinkulu `iziqondiso eziphethe ithonya lomthetho ngaphandle kokufuna ukuvunyelwa kwenhlangano, nakuba behlala bengaphansi kokubukezwa kokwahlulela futhi bangasuswa ngomlandeli. Lelithuluzi livumela igatsha eliphethe ukuba lithathe isinyathelo ngokushesha ezindaweni ezinjengesimiso sokufuduka, umthetho wendawo ezungezile, kanye nokulondeka kwesizwe.

Ukuze uthole uhlu oluningiliziwe lwamandla omongameli nemithwalo yemfanelo, bheka ikhasi elingokomthetho leWhite House egatsheni eliphethe.

Umongameli Ongumsizi Kamongameli: Akuyona Indawo Yokuzivikela

UMongameli ongumcimbi ungumphathi wesibili ophakeme kakhulu egatsheni eliphethe. Nakuba ngokomlando indima yayivame ukubhekwa njengencane, uMongameli wanamuhla usebenza njengomsizi oseduze kuMongameli, umhlanganyeli oyinhloko emihlanganweni yeSizwe yoMkhandlu Wezokuphepha, futhi ngokuvamile umbambiswano womthetho. UMongameli uphinde abe nendima ekhethekile efana neyaseSigele , umsunguli weSigele , efaka amavoti avala isibopho somthetho lapho igumbi lifa.

UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza ukuthi uMongameli oyisekela uthatha isikhundla sobumongameli uma uMongameli efa, edebuswa, noma esuswa ehhovisi − ukulandelana okuye kwenzeka izikhathi eziyisishiyagalolunye emlandweni wase-U.S. ISichibiyelo se 25 seSichibiyelo, esagunyazwa ngo-1967, sacacisa inqubo yokulandelana kukamongameli nokudluliswa kwamandla (umz., phakathi nenqubo yezokwelapha). Yamisa futhi indlela yokugcwalisa uMongameli we-Mongameli, eye yasetshenziswa kabili enkathini yanamuhla (ngemva kokuba u-Spiro Agnewdio ka-Gerald Ford abe uMongameli).

Namuhla, uMongameli ophethe uvame ukwenza izabelo eziphakeme, njengemisebenzi yezokuxhumana ephambili, ukuqondisa izinyathelo eziqondile zomthetho, nokukhankasela uhlelo lobuqondisi. Lendima iye yashintsha yaba umsizi onamandla ekubuseni, nakuba ukuphumelela kwayo kuxhomeke kakhulu ebuhlotsheni noMongameli ohlezi.

IKhabhinethi: Ibhodi kaMongameli yabaqondisi

IKhabhinethi ayishiwo ngokuqondile eMthethweni, kodwa iye yakhula njengendikimba egxekayo ye-advision. Amalungu ayo angababhali (izikhulu) zeminyango engu-15 ephethe, kanye noMphathi-mikhosi we-Atterney nezinye izikhulu ezikhulu (njenge-White House of Staff, uMqondisi we-National Intelligence, ne-U.S. Trade Idender Administratec.

Iminyango engu - 15 ephethe ithi:

  1. Isimo
  2. Imali
  3. Ukuzivikela
  4. Ubulungisa
  5. Ingaphakathi
  6. Ezolimo
  7. Ezentengiselwano
  8. Izisebenzi
  9. Izinkonzo Zempilo Nezabantu
  10. Izindlu Nentuthuko Yasemadolobheni
  11. Ukuthutha
  12. Amandla
  13. Imfundo
  14. Izindaba Zokuhlola
  15. Ukulondeka Kwezwe Lasekhaya

Unobhala wesifunda ngasinye umiswa nguMongameli futhi uqinisekiswa yiSigele, futhi wengamela isikhulu esikhulu esinomthwalo wokusetshenziswa kwezimiso embusweni waso. Ngokwesibonelo, unobhala woMbuso usingatha izindaba zakwamanye amazwe nobudlelwane, kuyilapho unobhala wezokuvikela ephatha ibutho lezempi. U-Attorney General (umphathi woMnyango Wezobulungisa) ukhonza njengesikhulu somthetho esiphethe umthetho nomphathi-mthetho kuhulumeni.

IKhabhinethi ihlangana ngezikhathi ezithile ukuze ixoxe ngezindaba ezinkulu, kodwa ithonya layo liyahlukahluka kakhulu ngokuqondisa. Abanye amongameli bathembele kakhulu ekuqondiseni kweKhabhinethi, kuyilapho abanye bebheka ukwenza izinqumo ezisemqoka ezikhundleni zezisebenzi zeWhite House.

Izimo Eziqondisayo Nezimo Ezizimele

Ngaphandle kweminyango, igatsha eliphethe lihlanganisa amakhulu ezinhlangano ezenza imisebenzi ekhethekile. Lezi zingahlukaniswa zibe izigaba ezimbili ezibanzi:

  • Izinhlangano eziphethe: Ukuwa ngokuqondile ngaphansi komnyango noma uMongameli. Izibonelo zihlanganisa iFederal Bureau of Investigation (ne- Justice), iNational Park Service (nein In Mozary), ne-Fod and Drug Administration (in Health and Human Services).
  • Izinhlangano ezizimele: I-Operate ngaphandle kwesakhiwo seKhabhinethi, nabaholi abamiswe nguMongameli kodwa ngokuvamile basebenzisa amagama amisiweyo okuthi ukuqondisa kwenkathi, okuklanyelwe ukulinganisela ithonya lezombangazwe. Izibonelo zihlanganisa i-Evironmental Protection Agency (EPA), i-National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), i-Interciegent (CIA), kanye ne-Federal Reserve.

Izinhlangano ezizimele ezilawulayo, njenge-Secureties and Exchange Commission (SEC) ne-Federal Commission (FCC), zinemibuso elawulayo ne-quasi-legism ne-justia-mejastian , zingadala imithetho nezingxabano ezicatshangelwe ezindaweni zazo zobuphathi. Lesi sakhiwo esiyingqayizivele sizenza zikwazi ukuxoxa ngezindaba eziyinkimbinkimbi, zobuchwepheshe kanye nesilinganiso esithile sokuzimela emjikelezweni wezombangazwe.

Ukuze uhlole uhlu olugcwele lwezinhlangano zikahulumeni kanye nomsebenzi wazo, vakashela USA.gov’s A-Z codex yezinhlangano zikahulumeni wase-U.S..

Ukuphoqelelwa Ngezenzo: Umthetho Ophoqelelwayo Noqondiswa

Isibopho esiyinhloko segatsha eliphethe − ukushaya imithetho — − wenziwa ngesimiso sokuphoqelela umthetho nezinhlangano ezilawulayo. lezizinhlangano zihlola ukwephulwa kwemithetho, ziletha amacala, zibeke izijeziso, futhi ziqinisekisa ukuthobela ukugcinwa kwemisebenzi eminingi.

Izinhlangano Zomthetho Ohlangene

Nakuba uhulumeni namaphoyisa endawo besingatha ubugebengu bezwe nsuku zonke, uhulumeni kahulumeni uthatha izinyathelo zobugebengu obudlula imikhawulo kahulumeni, obuhilela ukulondeka kwesizwe, noma ukuwa ngaphansi kwegunya likahulumeni. Izikhali ezinkulu zokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho zegatsha eliphethe zihlanganisa:

  • I-Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI): Ingalo eyinhloko yophenya yoMnyango woMahluleli, ukusingatha ubuphekula, ubugebengu obuyi-ibhungane, ubugebengu obuhleliwe, nokonakala komphakathi.
  • I-Drug Ercement Administration (DEA): Imithetho nezimiso zezinto, ihlasela ukushushumbiswa kwezidakamizwa nokukhiqizwa.
  • I-Bureau of Alcohol, ugwayi, iziphetho zomlilo ne-Explosives (ATF): ibuyisa izibhamu, iziqhumane, nophenyo lwe-arson.
  • Inkonzo ye-United States Eyimfihlo: ivikela abaholi bezwe (umholi, uMongameli ongumsizi, umongameli ohambela izikhulu) futhi ihlola ubugebengu obungokwezimali obufana nokukhohlisa.
  • U.S.R. SERSER: Inikeza ukulondeka ezinkantolo zikahulumeni, iziboshwa, futhi isebenzisa uhlelo lofakazi lokuvikela.

Ngayinye yalezi zikhungo isebenza ngaphansi kwegunya elingokomthetho futhi ingaphansi kokungamelelwa yiSishaya - mthetho, uMnyango Wobulungisa nezinkantolo.

Izimo Eziqondisayo: Ukumisa Imithetho Engokomnotho Nenhlangano

Izinhlangano eziqondisayo zigxila ezingxenyeni ezithile, zimisele imithetho yokumisa imithetho emikhulu nokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwemithetho ngokuhlola, ngefa, nangezikhalo zokuphatha. Izibonelo eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

  • [ Environal Protection Agency (EPA): imithetho ephoqelelwe njenge Cease Air Act ne Clean Water Act, ukulawula ukungcola nodoti oyingozi.
  • Food and Drug Administration (FDA): iqinisekisa ukuphepha kokudla, imilaliso, izisetshenziswa zezokwelapha, kanye nezimonyo.
  • [ Izindawo ne-Exchange Commission (SEC): ivikela abanikazi bezimali futhi igcine izimakethe ezilungile, ezihlelekile ngokumisa imithetho yezezimali.
  • Ikhomishane yokuxhumana e-FCC]: ihlanganisa ukuxhumana kwezwe lonke nezindawo ngemisakazo, ithelevishini, ucingo, isiphuphutheki, nentambo.
  • Ukuvikela noHlalo lwempilo (OSA): Amalungiselelo futhi aphoqelela izinga lokuphepha emsebenzini.

Nokho, izenzo zazo ngokuvamile zibhekana nezinselele ezingokomthetho nokuqondisa kwenhlangano, ziqinisekisa ukuthi azidluli ezivumelwaneni zazo ezingokomthetho.

Amasheke Nokulinganisela: Kubangela Ukulandisa

Igatsha eliphethe lisebenza phakathi kwesimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela okuklanywe ngokucophelela yi-Framers yoMthetho-sisekelo. Alikho igatsha elingaqaphile; ngalinye linamathuluzi okucindezela abanye.

Ukuqondisa Okuyingqungquthela

I - Congress isebenzisa amandla aphawulekayo phezu kwegatsha eliphethe:

  • Ukusebenzisa amandla:[ Zonke izindleko zikahulumeni kumele zigunyazwe futhi zilungiswe yiSishaya-mthetho. Ayikho imali engasetshenziswa ngaphandle kokugunyazwa kwemithetho, inikeza uKhongolo-kahulumeni ithuluzi elinamandla lokuthonya izinto eziyinhloko eziyinhloko.
  • Ukuqinisekisa ukumiswa kweZivumelwano: ISigele siqinisekisa onobhala beKhabhinethi, abahluleli bombuso, amanxusa, nezinye izikhulu eziningi eziphethe. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi abamisiwe bangaphansi kokuvinjelwa nokuphikiswa komphakathi.
  • [ Imithetho engalawuleki: Isikhongozeli singadlula i-veto kamongameli kanye neningi eliphindwe kathathu kuzo zombili izindlu, siguqule isimemezelo sibe umthetho naphezu kokuphikisa kukaMongameli.
  • [ Indlu ingamguqula uMongameli, uMongameli, noma ezinye izikhulu zomphakathi ze "Isizathu, Ukufumbathisa, noma ezinye izigebengu eziphakeme nalezo ezingekho." ISigele siphinde siqule icala futhi singasisusa isikhulu ngevoti eliphindwe ka-3.
  • I-Investiging and Living: amakomiti e-Congress angafaka amabhukwana eposi futhi aphoqelele ubufakazi obuvela kubaphathi begatsha abaphethe, aqondise amacala ukuze ahlole ukumiswa kwezimiso futhi adalule ukuziphatha okubi.

Lemibuso inikeza uMkhandlu ikhono lokubeka igatsha eliphethe icala esikhathini sangempela, linikeza izenzo zalo ukucusumbulwa komphakathi nemiphumela yezombangazwe.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni, ikakhulukazi iNkantolo Ephakeme, zinamandla okubukeza izenzo zobuphathi futhi zinqume ukuthi ziwumthetho-sisekelo. Uma uMongameli noma inhlangano iphula umthetho wobuKhosi noma umthetho kahulumeni, ijaji lingasiqeda lesosenzo. Icala le-Landmark enjenge intsha ehamba phambili sh & Lamp; Tube. v. Sawyer [1952] imisa imikhawulo emandla kamongameli, inquma ukuthi ukuthathelwa izikhali zensimbi umongameli uTruman i-ssupyrion phakathi neMpi yeKorea yayingenagunyazwelo.

Ijaji lihlola futhi ukufaneleka kwemithetho yezinhlangano ngomthetho wokuphatha , liqinisekisa ukuthi amanxusa awalidluli igunya lawo anikeziwe noma asebenze ngokuthanda. Lokhu kuhlola kubalulekile esimweni sanamuhla lapho izinhlangano eziphethe zisebenzisa khona ukwahlulela okukhulu.

Izinhloli Zangaphakathi Nendima Yemithombo Yezindaba

Ngaphandle kokuhlola okungaphandle, igatsha eliphethe linezindlela zokulandisa ngaphakathi. Ihhovisi loMhloli jikelele emnyangweni ngamunye lihlola ukukhwabanisa, ukulahlwa, nokuxhashazwa. I-Office ye-accompasual Accounting (GAO), i-buthorial communication accounting, ihlola izinhlelo zegatsha eziphethe. I-Profession yamahrence . . futhi i-creding / orgivicer sho i-ekethiwe yi-existent, iveza ukuziphatha okubi futhi yazisa umphakathi.

Kukonke, lokhu kuhlola kwakha isimiso lapho kungekho noyedwa umdlali egatsheni eliphethe ongasebenza ngaphandle kokuqondisa. Ukungena juqu esimisweni kuhlola futhi kulinganise, USA.gov ikhasi emagatsheni amathathu kahulumeni [ linikeza ukucatshangelwa okuhle kakhulu.

Igatsha Eliphethe Isimiso Sezokusebenza: Izinselele Zanamuhla Nokuziphendukela Kwemvelo

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, igatsha eliphethe liye lakhula kakhulu kunalokho okwabonwa ngabasunguli. Ukukhula kwesifundazwe saseMelika, ukuphakama kwezimiso zokulawula, nokukhula kwezinkinga zezindawo nembulunga yonke konke kuye kwathonya isimo segatsha sanamuhla. Namuhla, igatsha eliphethe ihhovisi lisebenzisa abantu abayizigidi ezine, kuhlanganise nezisebenzi zezempi nezisebenzi ezingabuswa abantu abavamile. Lithinta cishe zonke izici zokuphila kwaseMelika − emoyeni esiwuphefumulayo (esilawulwa yi-EPA) ekudleni esikudlayo (okuhlolwa yi-FDA) emigwaqweni esihamba kuyo (endwa yi-FDA futhi silawulwa yi-PDA).

Enye impikiswano eqhubekayo igxile ekwakheni amandla kamongameli, ikakhulukazi ezimweni eziphuthumayo. UMongameli angawasebenzisa ibutho lamasosha ngezikhathi ezilinganiselwe ngaphansi kweSigqi soMbuso weMpi, amemezele izimo eziphuthumayo zesizwe ukuze avule iziphathimandla ezithile zomthetho-mthetho, futhi akhiphe iziyalo eziphethe ezingase zivivinye imingcele yomthetho-sisekelo. Lamandla abalulekile ukuze athathe isinyathelo ngokushesha kodwa futhi aphakamise imibuzo mayelana nokuziphendulela nokulinganisela kwamandla.

Ukuqonda igatsha eliphethe akuyona nje indlela yokufunda kuphela, kodwa kubalulekile ekwakheni izakhamuzi ezinolwazi. Wonke umthetho kahulumeni odlula iKhomishane ekugcineni uhlela emadeskini ezikhulu zegatsha okumelwe ziwusebenzise. Isimiso ngasinye esikhulu sokuqondisa impilo (kusukela ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu ukuya ekuphoqeleleni ukufuduka) esibunjwe yikhono legatsha eliphethe, ukuhola, nokulandisa.

Isiphetho

Igatsha eliphethe lingaphezu kakhulu kokuba uMongameli. Yisimiso esikhulu, esineminyango eminingi, izinhlangano, nezikhulu ezisebenza zonke ukuze zibophe imithetho, zinikeze izinkonzo zomphakathi, futhi zivikele isizwe. Kusuka kuMphathi-isikhulu kuya kumphathi wenhlangano omusha, zonke izingxenye zaleligatsha zifeza indima ekuguquleni inhloso yokulawula umhlaba wangempela. Ngokuqonda izakhiwo zayo, amandla, nokuhlola okuwucindezela, abafundi nabafundisi bangayiqonda kangcono indlela uhulumeni we-U.S. uhulumeni osebenza ngayo ngokulunga ekuqedweni komthetho usuka enhliziyweni yedemokhrasi yethu.

Ukuze ufunde okwengeziwe ngomlando wegatsha eliphethe nemisebenzi yanamuhla, hlola imithombo yezobuchwepheshe evela kuwebhusayithi yendlu emhlophe kanye ne yesizwe izinqolobane zezincwadi [[.