IGatya Le-Adminitive Branch kahulumeni wase-United States, eholwa nguMongameli, ibekwe umthetho futhi ibekwe isolwa ngokusabela ezinkingeni zesizwe. Kusukela ezinhlekeleleni ezingokwemvelo nasemibhacukweni ewubhadane kuya ekuhlaseleni kwamaphekula nakwezomnotho, uMongameli kumelwe athathe isinyathelo ngokushesha ukuze avikele ukuphila, alondoloze ukuhleleka kukahulumeni, futhi aqinisekise ukuqhubekeka kukahulumeni. Lesi sihloko sihlola amathuluzi okumisiwe, izenzakalo ezingokomthetho, nezinselele eziphikelelayo ezichaza ukusabela kwenhlekelele yesikhulu. Ngokuhlaziya izibalo eziyinhloko kanye nezinqubo ezithinta iziphathimandla zegunya likamongameli, singaqonda kangcono indlela inkathi eyinhloko yezwe yokuhamba kokucindezela kokucindezeleka okukhulu nezifundo ezifundisa ikusasa.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Nesemithetho Samandla Aphakeme

UMongameli Oyinhloko Njengomphathi Oyinhloko NoMkhuzi Wempi

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. ufaka uMongameli amandla aphethe (Artle II, Ingxenye 1) futhi umchaza njengoMphathi weNkulumbuso yamabutho ahlomile (Artle II, Ingxenye 2). Lezi ziphakamiso ezibanzi, zihlangene nesibopho sokuba “kuqashelwe ukuba iMithetho iqedwe ngokwethembeka,” zinikeza isisekelo somthetho-sisekelo sokuthatha isinyathelo esingekho esiphuthumayo ngesikhathi esiphuthumayo. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqaphela ukuthi uMongameli unegunya elingokwemvelo eliphuthumayo, nakuba incintiswe futhi iye yalolongwa yimithetho nemithetho yezokwahlulela isikhathi eside.

Imisebenzi Yokuthatha Izitebhisi Yezinqubo Zokusabela Okuphuthumayo

Imithetho eminingi elawula futhi inqande amagunya ayinhloko abucayi abamongameli. Stafford Act (i-Robert T. Stafford Disaster Disaster Relation and Emergency Act ka 1988) ilawula ukusabela kwenhlekelele kahulumeni, igunyaza uMongameli ukuba amemezele inhlekelele enkulu noma inhlekelele futhi aqondise amanxusa ahulumeni ukuba anikeze usizo. [FLT:] [FLT]] I-EMATIAN [7] ilawula ukumiswa kwezinhlekelele zezwe futhi idinga ukubukezwa kwezikhathi ezithile. Eminye imithetho ebalulekile ihlanganisa [[FLT:] Imisebenzi yezesimo esiphuthuma nezimiso zempi [FLT:] Izenzo zezeMpilo-nkonzo yezempilo [Foct:5], futhi imisa izimfuneko ezinjalo zezelulekss. kodwa ivumela nezimiso zempi ukuba zisetshenziswe.

Imingcele Yokwahlulela Nemisebenzi Enamandla

Amagunya angokomongameli anezimo eziphuthumayo awanamkhawulo. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqeda izenzo zobuphathi eziweqa imingcele engokomthetho noma yomthetho-sisekelo, njengaku intsha ephansi ye-CHOUD HEET & Tube. I-Tube. Sayeyer[ [1952], engazange ifeze ukuthatheka kukaMongameli Truman izinsimbi phakathi neMpi yeKholethi. Muva nje, izinkantolo zibukeze iziyalezo zesikhulu nezokuphuthuma, ziqinisekisa isimiso sokuthi ngisho nangesikhathi sobunzima bukaMongameli kumelwe busebenzise imingcele engokomthetho. Ingqungqungquthela igunyaza ukukhipha izinqumo eziphuthumayo, nakuba izinyathelo ezinjalo zivame ukuphumelela ngenxa yempi yezombangazwe.

Umlando: Ukuguquka Kokuphathwa Kwenhlekelele Yomongameli

Izinhlekelele Ezingokwemvelo

Ukusabela komongameli ezinhlekeleleni zemvelo kuye kwakhula ngokwesilinganiso futhi kwayinkimbinkimbi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Izibonelo zokuqala zihlanganisa uMongameli Franklin D. Roosevelt ukuhlomela kwe-Progress Progress Administration ukusabela e-1930s Thunder Bowl nase-Mississippi Rivers. Inkathi yanamuhla yaqala ngokudalwa kwe-Federal Emergency Management Management Agency (FEMA) ngo-1979. Amongameli abalandelayo baye babhekana neziphepho ezibhubhisa kakhulu, iziphepho, nokuzamazama komhlaba. Iphepho uAndrencercey (1920) yadadadada izikhala ezinkulu zempimba yempimbano yempi, ukuveza inguquko embubhiyo. ISiphepho (202) Say (202) sabonisa ukubaluleka kwezimephulo ezilandelayo zenhlekelele zangaphambi kwenkathi yonyaka ka-kazwe nonyaka ka-1920). Imikhosi yesizwe yaseCalifornia kwadingeka ngokuphindaphindiwe eCalifornia yaseCalifornia. [FFF] [F]

Ukugula Komphakathi

[[FLT: 0] Ubhadane lomkhuhlane [[FLT: 1] ngo-1918] lwenzeka ngaphambi kokuba kube khona umshini wempilo wanamuhla; uhulumeni neziphathimandla zendawo bahola ukusabela. Ukwakhiwa komqedazwe wesifo sezifo [CDC] ngo-1964] kwanikeza indawo ephakathi yokuhlola izifo. Kamuva abaholi babhekana nobhadane lwezingulube zamakhulu amathathu namashumi amathathu nane, umqedazwe we-Ebola ngo-2009, umqedazwe we-Ebola (lapho uMongameli emisa khona i-Ebola), kanye nobhadayo eqhubekayo. Nokho, umqedazwe wesimo esiphuthuma esikhulu sempilo yomphakathi ekhulwini leminyaka, ukubangela ukuqubuka kweminyango, ukukhipha isimemezelo se-Ase-Act, isimemezelo se-Aumente yase-Exford ngoMthetho we-Ecual Act, nomthetho we-Actss wist Act, nomthetho omkhulu olandela umthetho olandelwayodwa.

Ukulondeka Kobuzwe Nosongo Lwamaphekula

Ukuhlasela kwamaphekula ngo-September 11, 2001, okwashintsha kakhulu isimo senhlekelele yezikhulu. UMongameli uGeorge W. Bush wamemezela isimo esiphuthumayo somhlaba wonke, wamisa iHhovisi Lokhuseleko Lase Homeland (kamuva i-Department of Homeland Security), futhi wagunyaza ukuhlasela kwezempi e-Afghanistan. USUSA PARITTTTT [ UMthetho owengeziwe wokuhlola nokubekelela umthetho. Abaphathi be-acconsistude bathinta ukuhlasela kwe-2001 kwe-Anthrax, ukuhlasela kwe-IS, ukuhlasela kwezentengiselwano ezindaweni ezibucayi, nobuphekula izakhiwo zasekhaya njengokwethulwa i-2021 Capitol. Isenzakalo ngasinye savivinya amandla kaMongameli wobu kuhlakanipha, amabutho ezempi, nezinhlangano zomthetho ngaphansi kokucindezela okukhulu kwesikhathi.

Ubunzima Bezomnotho

UMongameli ufeza indima enkulu ezimweni eziphuthumayo zezomnotho. Phakathi nokwehla Kwezomnotho okukhulu, uFranklin Roosevelt wasebenzisa iziyalezo eziphetheyo ukuze asebenzise izinhlelo ze-New Development futhi wamemezela iholide lebhange. Inhlekelele yezezimali ka-2008 yabona uMongameli uGeorge W. Bush isayina i-Teald Asting Reasured Program yeSizakhono soMlutha (TEP), futhi ihambisane neFederal Reservema ukuze ilungise izima eziphuthumayo eziqhubekayo zezomnotho phakathi kwe-American Rereace and Reinvement Act. Inkinga ye-CHOVAD yabangela ukuba abantu ngabanye bakhokhe ngokungena ezimalinisweni, kuhlanganise nezinzuzo eziqondile zemisebenzi, nezikweletuswayo ezinikezwa yi-Scond Small Busiest Administ Administration. Imithetho yasetshenziswa ukuphosa izibalo zokukhokhwasa abafundi ababoshelwa ukuxoshwa kwezelelwe intela.

Imishini Yokusabela Kwenhlekelele Yomongameli

Ukuhleleka Kwezisebenzi Nokukhankaswa

Isiyalo esiphethe sivumela uMongameli ukuba aqondise izinhlangano zikahulumeni ukuba zithathe izinyathelo ezithile ngaphandle kokulinda umthetho. Phakathi nezikhathi ezinzima, zivame ukusetshenziswa ukuqoqa imithombo yezimali, ukuhlela kabusha izinhlangano, noma ukumisa izimfuneko ezintsha. Ngokwesibonelo, uMongameli Trump wakhipha umyalo wokufaka umthetho wezikhulu ngo-202020 ekunxuseni iDefense Production Active Act ukuba i-Provice iqhube izinkampani ezizimele ukuba zikhiphe izikhundla nezikhuseli zomuntu siqu. Umongameli uBiden wasebenzisa iziyalezo zokulawula ukugunyaza ukufihla impahla yezwe futhi amise iqembu lempendulo ye-COVOFID. I-Plamysme, njengezimemezelo zesizwe ezithiwe nge-National Emertiomiement Act, i-Squary Officery nemishini yokuvikela. [FLD:] [FLD]

Izimemezelo Eziphuthumayo Nezimemezelo Zenhlekelele

Izimemezelo zenhlekelele ngaphansi koMthetho ka-Stafford zigunyaza u-FEMA ukuba axhumane nosizo lukahulumeni. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili: isimemezelo sokuzinqumela (esilinganiselwayo, nganoma isiphi isenzakalo esidinga usizo lukahulumeni) kanye inhlekelele [inhlekelele] eyenzekayo (ngezezezezenzakalo ezingokwemvelo ezinjengeziphepho, ukuzamazama komhlaba, noma imililo evala imvula evala imithombo yemvelo). Izimo zempilo zomphakathi, ezimenyezelwa ngaphansi kwe-Public Health Service Act, zivumela iCDC nezinye izinhlangano zeHS ukuba zithumele izisebenzi, izimali, nezimfuneko ezithile ezinikezwayokuhlela. Umongameli angamemezela futhi isimo sezwe ngaphansi kwe-National Emer Act, i-Act, izinhlelo zempi yamabutho asebenza ngaphandle kwezempi.

Izimo Eziphuthumayo Nokubambisana

I-National Security Council (NSC) ihlela inkambiso phakathi nezinkinga zesizwe zokuphepha. I-Derrement of Homeland Security (DHS) yengamela i-FEMA, i-Cybersecurity and Infractal Security Agency (CISA), ne-U.S. Customs and Boul Protection Provicetion. Phakathi nezimo zempilo zomphakathi, i-Department of Health and Human Services (HS) kanye ne-CDC. I-FORBEA) iphethe izenzakalo zobuphekula i-astriversel nezokuxhumana. [FLTLD:1] ixhomeke kumthetho wezehlakalo lwezentengiselwano yezentengiselwano engokwemvelo, kodwa kuxhomeke kumongameli wezwe nakuqondisa inguquko.

Ukuncishiswa Kwebutho Lezempi Nelokugada Izwe

UMongameli angase athumele inqubo yobugada obusebenzayo ngaphansi komthetho we-Inturrection Act noma ekusekeleni iziphathimandla zomphakathi nge- Ukusekela kweGunya Lomphakathi (DSCA). Amahlelo aBagada asebenza ngaphansi komyalo kahulumeni ngaphandle kokuba egunyazwe nguMongameli. Phakathi neSiphepho i-Katrina, ukusebenza okuncane kwamabutho esizwe eMfuleni woMkhosi wamabutho kwabangela izinguquko. Isifo se-COVID-19 sabona ukusetshenziswa okukhulu kwe-National Guardss for African, ngokusiza ekuhlolweni, ekugobeni, ekugobeni, nasekusebenziseni izigwegwegweni isibhedlela. ISiphetho se-Comitus Act avame ukuvimbela amabutho empi ekuqenjinini umthetho, kodwa ngaphandle kwalokho.

Amathuluzi Ezomnotho

UMongameli usebenza noMnyango Wezezimali, iFederal Reserve, kanye nezinhlangano ezizimele ukuze kuqinisekiswe umnotho phakathi nezinkinga. Amathuluzi ahlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kwegatsha eliphetheyo (ngokubhekisele ekubekeni imibandela), izinhlelo zokuboleka intela, izinhlelo zokukhokha intela ngokuthatha izikhawu zentela (umz., ukuhlehlisa inkathi yokukhokha), nokucela i-Defense Production Act ukuqinisekisa ukuthi i-kethena amaketanga. I-FAD FAD kanye ne-20 CAKARS Act idinga ukuvunyelwa kwenhlangano, kodwa ikhono likaMongameli lokuxosha ukuqeda imfucuku nezenzo zezinhlangano zezenkolo eziqondile libucayi. Umongameli uhlela futhi amakhanda eFederal Reservel, nakuba isebenza ngokuzihambela komthetho wemali.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo Zokusabela Kwenhlekelele Elawulwayo

Ngo - September 11, 2001: Ukushintsha kwemizwa

I-9/11 yokuhlasela kwabangela ukwanda okukhulu kakhulu kwemibuso ephuthumayo yomongameli kusukela ngeMpi Yezwe II. UMongameli Bush wavumisa ukuqhubekeka kwemithetho kahulumeni, wamemezela isimo esiphuthumayo sesizwe, futhi wagunyaza ukusetshenziswa kwamabutho alwa no-Al Qaeda. Phakathi namasonto ambalwa, kwadluliswa i-USA PATRIOTT Act, futhi kwasungulwa uMnyango Wezokuvikela i Homeland Security. Ukusabela kwabonisa ikhono likaMongameli lokuhlela kabusha ngokushesha i-omda ye-plication kanye nezivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe. Nokho, ukuboshwa kwebutho lamabutho esitha, ukusebenzisa imvume engokomthetho, nokusetshenziswa kwemikhanka, nokuthuthukisa izindlela zokuphenyanisa izimpikiswano ezihlala ngokuphikiswa kwezikhulu zezikhulu ze-polist .

ISiphepho uKatrina (2005): Ukwehluleka Kokubambisana

ISiphepho uKatrina sadalula ubuthakathaka obubucayi ekuqondiseni inhlekelele kahulumeni. Naphezu kwezixwayiso zangaphambili, ukuphatha kukaMongameli uGeorge W. Bush kwathatha kancane ukumemezela inhlekelele enkulu futhi kwathumela i-FEMA imithombo. Ukusabela kona kona konakaliswa ukulwa kwezikhulu, ukungaxhumani nezikhulu zendawo, nokungahleleki kahle. Ukulahlekelwa ukuphila kanye nokulimala kwempahla kwaholela ekudluleni kwe- Pst-Katrina Ememental Management Reformation Act[[ ka 2006] eyaqinisa igunya lika-FEMA futhi yachaza indima kaMongameli. Izifundo ze-Katrina ezithathwe ekuphenduleni okulandelayo kwamaphepho (2005), I-I-I-19002.

Inkinga Yezimali Ka - 2008

Nakuba iSishaya-mthetho sagunyaza i-ATARP, igatsha eliphethe lafeza indima enkulu ekusingatheni le nkinga. UMongameli Bush noNobhala weTreat uHank Paulson babambisana neFederal Reserve ukuze bavimbele ukuwa kwezinhlangano ezinkulu zezezimali. Iziphathimandla zasebenzisa igunya eliphethe ukuqinisekisa izimali zezentengo, ukuboleka imali kubenzi bezimoto, nokungenela emshuwalenseni omkhulu we-AING. Inhlekelele yaqokomisa ukuthembela kukaMongameli ezinhlanganweni ezizimele nesidingo sokuvunyelwa kwemithetho emishayo ngokushesha. Yamisa futhi isibonelo sokusebenzisa imithombo yezomnotho ephuthumayo kamuva ezinkingeni eziphuthumayo.

ICOVID-19 Pandemic (2020-2022)

Lo mqedazwe wahlola zonke izici zenhlekelele kamongameli. UMongameli uTrump wamemezela isimo esiphuthumayo sezwe ngoMatshi 13, 2020, futhi wacela i-Stafford Act ukuba inikeze usizo ezindaweni. Umnyango wanikeza isiqondiso sokuziphindisela kwezenhlalo, wamisa i-White House Coonavirus Task Force ukuze ishesheshe ukuthuthukisa ukuhlaziywa komjovo. UMongameli uBiden, ngokuthatha isikhundla, wakhipha uhlelo lwezikhulu olufuna izifihlabuso empahleni futhi wasungula umkhankaso wokugoma. Ubhadane wabona izimpi zezikhulu ze-potime ezindaweni zomphakathi ezingokomthetho ngokuphathelene ne-roffatortiums, imiyalo yezokuthatha umphini wokuhamba. [[10] [FORVID]

Inkathi Yesiphepho Ka - 2017: UHarvey, U - Irma, NoMaria

UMongameli Trump wabhekana nochungechunge olungokomlando lweziphepho ngo-2017. ISiphepho uHarvey sabangela izikhukhula eziyinhlekelele eHouston, futhi uMongameli wavuma izimemezelo eziphuthumayo phakathi nezinsuku ezimbalwa. ISiphepho u-Irma sasongela iFlorida, futhi iSiphepho uMaria sabhubhisa i-Puerto Rico, lapho ukusabela kukahulumeni kwagxekwa kakhulu ngenxa yokuthatha kwayo isikhathi eside. Iziphathimandla zasebenzisa i-Stafford Act ukuze zifake usizo esiqhingini, kodwa ukululama kwabangelwa ukubhujiswa kwezakhiwo, imfutho yezimali, kanye nezingxabano zezombangazwe. Okuhlangenwe nakho kwaholela ekushintsheni inqubo ye-FEMA nenqubo yokululama, kuhlanganise nezinguquko zokuthola inzuzo, kuhlanganise nezinguquko endleleni yokuthumela imithombo yesikhashana.

Izinselele Eziqhubekayo Ekuqondiseni Izinkinga Zesimiso

Ubumbano Nokubambisana Kwawo Nohulumeni

Isimiso segunya likahulumeni nezwe elihlanganyelwe sidala izingxabano ezizuzwayo. Phakathi nezinhlekelele, iziteshi zivame ukulindela uhulumeni kahulumeni ukuba uthathe isinyathelo ngokushesha, kodwa uMongameli akanakumane agunyaze imithombo kahulumeni. UMthetho kaStafford ufuna umbusi wezwe ukuba acele isimemezelo senhlekelele. Ukuvumelana komthetho kuba nzima kakhulu uma ababusi abaningi becela usizo ngesikhathi esisodwa, njengoba kubonakala phakathi nobhadane. Imibuso ehlukene ithatha izinqubo ezihlukahlukene, eziholela ekuhlukani. Ikhono likaMongameli lokuphoqelela ukubambisana line imikhawulo, futhi izingxabano ezishubile phakathi kwendlu yabamhlophe nezinhloko-fundazwe zingalulaza ukwethenjwa umphakathi.

Ukwehla Kwemibono Yezombangazwe Nokuvaleka Kwemizwa

Njengoba ukuhlahlela kwezombangazwe kukhula, ukusabela kwenhlekelele yomongameli kubhekene nokugxekwa okunciphileyo. Izimemezelo zezenhlekelele ziye zabekelwa inselele enkantolo noma yi-Congress ezindaweni ezihlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, isimemezelo sesizwe esiphuthumayo sikaMongameli uTrump sokusekela udonga sasiphikiswa uDemocrats kanye namanye amaRepublican, okuholela ekunqumeni okungamukeleki okungamukeleki okungavamile (aye wathatha). Umqedazwelo wabona ukuhlukana okukhulu ngokwehlukana ngezimfuno zezifihla - buso, izisekelo, nezimfuneko zokugoma. UPolardation angabambezela uMongameli ukuba athembele kakhulu emandleni ahlukene, abangela ukumangalelwa kwezikhulu zezikhulu zezekwa.

Izinhlangano Zasebuthweni Lemibuso Nezengcebo

Izinhlangano ze-Federal ziyizinhlangano ezinkulu ezinezinqubo ezimisiwe, futhi azishintshi indlela ngokushesha. Phakathi nezikhathi ezibucayi, i-intercaria ephethe i-interria inganciphisa ukunikezwa kosizo, ukubuthwa kwezisebenzi, nokuqashelwa kweziqondiso. Impendulo ka-2005 Katrina yaqokomisa indlela ukuhluleka kwe-FEMA komphakathi okubambezela ngayo. Ukuhluleka kwemisebe yemali nakho: ngisho noMongameli ozimisele kakhulu akanakukwazi ukuveza izitho zokukhipha izakhi zegazi, izitomijovo, noma izisebenzi zokusiza. Ukufakwa kwejekethi elinothiwe elinothe ukuhlelwa kwemali kanye nokuhlelwa kwemithetho yegatsha eliphetheyo ngokuvamile kushiya ngayo ukuzama ukuhlangabezana namathemba obala.

Ukwaziswa Okuwukuxhumana Nokukhulumisana

UMongameli kumelwe enze izinqumo ezisekelwe ekungapheleleni, ngokuvamile eziphikisanayo phakathi nenhlekelele esheshayo esheshayo. Izinhlangano zokuhlakanipha, ochwepheshe bempilo yomphakathi, nezikhulu zikahulumeni zinganikeza izinqumo ezihlukene. Ukugeleza kokwaziswa okunembile emphakathini kubaluleke kakhulu kodwa kuthambekele ekuphendukezeleni. Amaphutha angasakazeka ngokushesha, njengoba kubonakala phakathi nobhadane lwe-COVID-19. Ukuxhumana kwe House kuba yindawo yempi lapho ijubane nokunemba okungaguquguqukiyo. Amaphuzu omongameli angakha ukwethemba umphakathi noma akwenze kunciphe, kuhlanganise inselele inselele yabaphathi benhlekelele.

Isiphetho Nombono Wesikhathi Esizayo

I-Guadeudie Bank, ngaphansi kukaMongameli, ilokhu ingumphathi wezwe oyinhloko wenhlekelele. Amathuluzi omthetho-sisekelo nawasemthethweni akhona ayanda kakhulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kodwa ahlala engaphansi kwemingcele engokomthetho, amaqiniso ezombangazwe, kanye nokungalawuleki. Umlando wesimo esibucayi sikamongameli (kusukela ku-9/11 kuya ku-Katrina, kusukela ekuweni kwemali ewubhabhabhayo ewubhadane (ukuwohloka kwezwe), ukuphumelela okuxhomeke ekuhlelekeni okusheshayo, ukuvela ekubekeni iziphathimandla, nokuzimisele ukufunda ngokuhluleka kwemithetho ekwehlulekayo. Izinkinga zesikhathi esizayo, kungaba ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu, ukuhlasela kwe-inthaneti, noma ukuntengantenga okungantengi, kuqhubeke ukuvivinya ukuhleleka kwegatsha kwegatsha. Ukuqinisa ukuhleleka komthetho, ukusekela ukusekela isimiso esiphuthumayo, nokunakekela ukuqondisa umthetho omthetho owengahluleki ngokungenakugwegwegwegwegwegwesi imingcele. Njengoba imingcele yezikhathi ezizayo inqubo ezayo ilandelayo ilandelayo.