Igatsha Eliphethe: UMongameli, IKhabhinethi, Negunya Layo Lomthetho - sisekelo

Igatsha eliphethe likahulumeni wase-United States yinjini efeza imithetho yesizwe futhi ephoqelela imithetho. Limiswe yi-Athigir II yoMthetho-sisekelo, liqondiswa nguMongameli futhi lisekelwa nguMongameli onguMongameli, iKhabhinethi, nenethi elikhulu lezinhlangano zikahulumeni. Leligatsha liguqula inhloso yomthetho ukuba isebenze, lilawule ubuhlobo bakwamanye amazwe, liqondise ukuqondisa kwempi, futhi lengamele ukubusa kukahulumeni kazwelonke. Ukuqonda isakhiwo sayo nemisebenzi yaso kubaluleke ekuqondeni indlela isimiso sokubusa saseMelika esisebenza ngayo − nendlela amandla aso ahlolwa ngayo amanye amagatsha. Lesi sihloko sinikeza incazelo enegunya elinegunya lendima kaMongameli, ukuhlelwa kwe-Khali, nokuhlelwa kwegatsha, kuhlanganise nemisebenzi yalo hlelo lokubusa, kuhlanganise nomlando waseMelika.

UMongameli: Inhloko Kahulumeni Nohulumeni

UMongameli wase-United States ukhonza emakhonweni amaningi ngesikhathi esifanayo [1] umphathi omkhulu, umphathi-nhloko, umphathi we-coonal, umholi wezomthetho, nomphathi wezwe. Lokhu kubekwa kwemithwalo yemfanelo kwenza ukuba umongameli abe elinye lamahhovisi anamandla kakhulu emhlabeni, kodwa ucindezelwa ukuhlolwa komthetho-sisekelo namaqiniso ezombangazwe. UMongameli ukhethwa njalo ngemva kweminyaka emine kudlule e-Electoral College futhi kumelwe abe neminyaka engu-35 ubudala, isakhamuzi esizalwa ngokwemvelo, futhi abe isakhamuzi sase-U.S.

Isigungu Esiyinhloko

Njengesikhulu esiphethe, uMongameli unomthwalo wemfanelo wokuqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho kahulumeni i-"be ifeziwe ngokukholeka." Lokhu kusho ukwengamela izikhulu zegatsha eziphetheyo eziqhubekayo, ezihlanganisa izisebenzi ezingabuthiwe (zidlulisa amabutho) eziyizigidi ezingu-2, ezihlanganisa izikhundla ezizimele ezingu-7. UMongameli umisa amanhloko eminyango engu-15 yezikhulu, kanye nezinkulungwane zezikhulu, amajaji aphethe uhulumeni, namanxusa (‘owangamele ukuqinisekiswa kweSishaya-Nkathi.) uMongameli unamandla okukhipha iziyalezo zezikhulu, eziqondisa indlela izinhlangano zikahulumeni ezisebenzisa ngayo imithetho. Ngokwesibonelo, umongameli uFranclinment D. Rooselt wasebenzisa iziyalezo zezikhulu zokumisa imishini ye-Dareaunce, kuyilapho uJoe Biden esebenzise ukuthuthukisa isimo sezulu nezimiso zokuthutha.

Umkhuzi-kakhulu-i-Chief

UMthetho-sisekelo umisa uMongameli njengesikhulu samabutho ahlomile, ebeka bonke amabutho empi, iButho lase-Jorra, iButho Lasemoyeni, iButho Lasemoyeni, i-Muneas Force, i-Coast (ngesikhathi sempi) ne-Coast Coast . Lombuso uhlanganisa ukuyala amabutho ukuba alwe, amise icebo lezempi, futhi agunyaze agunyaze ukuhlasela kwe-Afghanistan. Nokho, uKhomisha ulondoloza amandla okumemezela impi nokuxhasa impi, ukudala ukushukuma kwezikhali. Izibonelo eziphawulekayo zihlanganisa uMongameli u-Rry Truman (is) u-Truman (isinqumo sokungenela i-Crimeods) ngo-1950 ngaphandle kokumemezela okusemthethweni kwempi, kanye noMongameli uGeorge W. Imvume ka-Bhish yokuhlasela kwe-Afgheststment ngemva kokuhlasela u-9/11. Umongameli ulawula futhi ulawula izikhali zenuzi.

I - Diplomat Eyinhloko

Kumthetho wakwamanye amazwe, uMongameli usebenza njengomphathi omkhulu wesizwe, omelela i-United States, ehlela izivumelwano (ezidinga ukuhlaziywa kweSigele ngevoti elingu-3 - mithathu), futhi amise amanxusa. UMongameli angasayina futhi izivumelwano zokuphatha amazwe angaphandle ngaphandle kwemvume yeSishaya-mthetho, ithuluzi elisetshenziselwa amalungiselelo okuhwebelana nokulondeka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uMongameli unamandla okuqaphela ohulumeni bangaphandle. Ngokwesibonelo, uMongameli uRichard Nixon's wangowe 1972 waqala ukuhambela eChina ngemva kwamashumi eminyaka ezokuxhumana, futhi uMongameli uDonalden Trump waqaphela iJerusalema njengenhloko yezwe yakwaIsrayeli ngo-201717, ethutha i-US.

Umholi Ongokomthetho

Nakuba uMongameli engelona ilungu leSishaya-Mkhandlu, uMthetho-sisekelo unikeza ithonya elikhulu lomthetho. UMongameli angamisa umthetho [1] ngokwesibonelo, ikheli le-Union ngokuvamile libeka uhlelo lwemithetho(ne-parence) futhi lingakhipha izikweleti zemali ezidluliswa yiKhongolo. I-veto ingancitshiswa kuphela ngevoti yama-353 ezindaweni zombili, okuyinto engavamile. UMongameli futhi unamandla okubiza uKhongolo olukhethekile futhi afake amagumbi uma bengenakuvumelana ngesikhathi esithile. Obackssscleright short (iiiiiiiiiia) asebenzisa isikhulu sezikhulu sezikhulu ezihlasela abantu baseMelika ngo-iMelika edlula i-Creacervesss. Umongameli u-B.Slovalson wadumile wasebenzisa amakhono akhe ukukhipha izimvume zokukhipha izimvume zokukhipha iziNka zika-kalelo zika-Omu 1964, kuyilapho uMongameli u-Backman Obacrackur asebenzisa izenzo zokuthutha enzile yezempire.

UMholi Wezomnotho

UMongameli ufeza indima eyinhloko ekulolongeni isimiso sezomnotho. UMongameli ufaka isiphakamiso semali yaminyaka yonke kuKhomishane, ebeka izinto eziza kuqala zezinhlelo zikahulumeni. UMongameli umisa futhi isihlalo se-Federal Reserve (ihloselwe ukuqinisekiswa kweSishaya-mthetho) namalungu e-Council of Economic Advisers. Phakathi nezinkinga zezomnotho, uMongameli angahlomisa iziphakamiso, imithetho yezohwebo, nezinguquko zokulawula. Ngokwesibonelo, uMongameli uFrank Franklin D. Rooselt's New Creaurage wasungula izindleko ezinkulu zikahulumeni ukuze kulwiswe ukuwohloka komnotho, kanye noMongameli uGeorge W. Bush noBack Obamama woma womabili imali esayinwe phakathi nezindleko zemali zonyaka ka-2002020 POlidium.

Umongameli Ongumongameli Oyisekela

Nakuba uMongameli ongumsekeli we-pace ngokuvamile ebhekwa njengendima esekelayo, ihhovisi linendima engokomthetho futhi lisebenza. UMongameli ukhonza njengoMongameli weSigele, evota ngokuhlukanisa, futhi uqala ngokulandelana uma uMongameli engakwazi ukukhonza. Amashumi ayisishiyagalonye abalandeli bakamongameli aye aphumelela kumongameli ngemva kokufa kukamongameli noma ukuyeka, kuhlanganise noTheodore Roosevelt, uHarry Truman, noLyndon B. Johnson. Ebuthweni banamuhla, uMongameli uvame ukuthatha i-parsifaos (umz., Kamara Harala ubhekisa phambili emalungelweni okuvota nokuthutha eMelika ePhakakhulu) futhi usebenza njengesihluthulelo sokukhetha uMongameli. Umongameli ukhethwa kanye noMongameli u-Mongameli ungolton noma i-sefayodwa.

IKhabhinethi Yomongameli

IKhabhinethi iyindikimba emiswayo yendikimba ephetheyo eyakhiwa yizinhloko zeminyango engu-15 ephetheyo, kanye nezinye izikhulu eziphakeme njenge-White House of Staff, i-U.S. Trade Messadent, noMqondisi weHhovisi Lokuphathwa Kwemali neHlawulo. Amalungu eKhabhinethi amiswa nguMongameli futhi aqinisekiswe yiSigele. Bakhonza enjabulweni kaMongameli, okusho ukuthi bangakhishwa ngaphandle kwesizathu. Imvelaphi yeKhabhinethi ibuyela kuGeorge Washington, owathintana noNobhala weSizwe uThoma, uNobhala weCetathers Alexander Hamilton, nabanye. Namuhla, iKhabhinean ihlangana njalo ukuze ixoxe ngenkambiso nesimiso sokuphatha, nakuba ithonya layo lincike kakhulu ngomongameli bamakhabethe, kuyilapho abanye benza izinqumo ezisemzindekweni zendlu Yendawo Emhlophe.

Umnyango Wezwe

Ngo-1789, uMnyango Wezwe uhola inkambiso yamazwe angaphandle nemizamo yezobuzwe. Ulawula izimemezelo zezobuzwe kanye nokulawula umhlaba wonke, uzwana, ukhipha iziphakamiso, amafastiki namavisa, futhi umelela i-U.S. eZizweni Ezihlangene. Unobhala weZwe uyilungu lekhabethe eliphakeme kakhulu elibekwayo ngemva kukaMongameli wobuKhosi futhi ungowesine olandela umkhondo wobumongameli. Ongenakukhokhwawa u-John Quincy Adams, Hillary Clinton, no-Antoren Blinken. Imali yomnyango ingu-R6 000 000 000 000 (R1 000 000 000 000) ngonyaka, ukuxhasa izinhlelo zosizo zobuphilitho nosizo lwakwamanye amazwe.

Umnyango Wezokuvikela

I-Derrement of Defense (DoD) yengamela ukulondeka kwezempi nesizwe, nendlunkulu ePentagon. Iwumnyango omkhulu kakhulu ngokuhlela imali (ingaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu - R280 ngo-2023), futhi isebenzisa amabutho akhuthele ayizigidi ezingu - 1,3 nezisebenzi ezingekho emthethweni ezingu- miri. Unobhala weNjongo, okumelwe abe yilungu elingekho empini (kusukela eminyakeni engu-7 kusukela emsebenzini wenkuthalo), ululeka uMongameli ngezindlela zempi nangemisebenzi. I-DoD ihlanganisa iButho, iButho, iButho leMpi, i-Muright, i-Rod, i-Marine Corps, ne-Provice, kanye ne-Provices, kanye neNhlolo ye-Spond ye-DoD zihlanganisa ukuhlasela kwe-Iraq ngo 2003 nosizo lwemvelo ngemva kwezinhlekelele zemvelo.

UMnyango Wezimali

I-Treasurement iphatha izimali zikahulumeni: ukuqoqa izintela nge-IRS, ukukhipha izikweletu (izibopho ze-Treasury), ukunyathelisa, nokululeka ngesimiso sezomnotho. Futhi yengamela iNkonzo Yemfihlo (kwasekuqaleni ukulwa nokukhohlisa) ne-Nantarement Crimentimentmentment Networket. Unobhala weSimali ungumkhulumeli oyinhloko wezezomnotho, ngokuvamile ohola phambili ezingxoxweni zezezimali emhlabeni wonke. Umlando womnyango uhlanganisa ukumiswa kwebhange lezwe nokwakhiwa kwe-IRS ka-191313.

UMnyango Wobulungisa

I-Derrement of Justice (DOJ) imisa imithetho kahulumeni futhi imele u-U.S. umlawuli wezomthetho. Iqondiswa i-FBI, i-DEA, i-ATF, i-ATF, ne-U.S. Marshals Service. Izenzo zikahulumeni zokuqulwa kwamacala, ivikela imithetho kahulumeni enkantolo, futhi yengamele amajele kahulumeni. U-Attorney uhlala eSikhundleni sikaMongameli kodwa ulindeleke ukuba asebenzise isahlulelo esizimele; isiko le-DOJ gestle liye lahlolwa kwezombangazwe banamuhla. Izenzo eziphezulu zihlanganisa ukuphenywa kwezinhlangano ezinkulu zezobuchwepheshe nomthetho ka-Athoric.

Eminye Izinhlangano Zekhabethe

Iminyango engu - 11 esele ihlanganisa izindawo eziqondile zesimiso: Izindawo ezingaphakathi ziqondisa amazwe ahlangene nemithombo yemvelo (isimo esiwuhlobo); i - Ecurical yengamela ukuphepha kokudla, izimali zokunakekela amapulazi nezinhlelo zokudla; ezentengiselwano zikhuthaza ukuhwebelana, ukwanda kwezomnotho, ne - Treasurence; i - Labor iphoqelela imithetho yomsebenzi nemininingwane yezomnotho; i - Health and Human Service Services iqhuba iMedicaid, i - Medicaid, i - FDA, ne - NIH; imfundo isakaza isikole sezwelomeomss nezimiso zezemfundo; izikhali zenuzi nezikhali ziphatha inqwaba yamandla enuzi nokucwaninga kwezenhlalakahle umphakathi; i - Rportatersting ne - travementstings, i - R.

Izinkonzo Nezimemezelo Ezizimele

Ngalé kweminyango engu-15 yeKhabhinethi, igatsha eliphethe lihlanganisa izinhlangano eziningi ezizimele ezibika ngokuqondile kuMongameli noma ezisebenza ngenkululeko ethile. Lezi zihlanganisa i-Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), i-Nzazulu ye-Nkathi (EPA), i-National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), i-Fracy Administration (S), i-FC), ne-Frederal Reserve Boarderrective (S), ne-FC) eklanica iklanish iklanyelwe ukuba ibe yi-CIAc, futhi i-Foffal Reservential Boardervice ihoography ihost ukuze inciphise ithonya lezombangazwe. Umongameli umongameli uhulumeni akakwazi ukuqondisa umongameli, kodwa uzobakhipha umongameli, kodwa umongameli akakho ukuqondisa umongameli.

Umtapo womtholalwazi wegatsha eliphethe

Ukuphoqelelwa Komthetho Nokusetshenziswa Kwawo

Isibopho esiyinhloko somthetho-mthetho wegatsha elikhulu siwukuphoqelela imithetho edluliswa yiKhongolo. Lokhu kuhilela ukuhumusha iziyalezo ezibanzi zemithetho yemithetho ngokwezimiso ezithile, ukujezisa, nokunikeza izinzuzo. Ngokwesibonelo, ngemva kokudluliswa kwe-Affordal Care Act ngo-2010, igatsha eliphethe labhala amakhulu emithetho elawula imishuwalense yezempilo, ukuxhasa izinkonzo, ukuxhasa, nomqashi. Izinhlangano ze-Federal zihlola, zikhipha izinhlawulo, futhi ziletha amacala omphakathi noma obugebengu ukuze ziqinisekise ukuthobela. Le nkonzo inikeza igatsha elikhulu eliphethe inzuzo ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, kusukela ekuphepheni kokudla ukuya emsebenzini.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwesimiso Nokubuyiselwa Kwesimiso

Imishini iveza imithetho eningiliziwe yokumisa imithetho ngenqubo yokubekwa kwemithetho kahulumeni. Lokhu kuhilela ukunyathelisa imithetho ehlongozwayo eFederal Register, ukwamukela ukukhulumela komphakathi, nokukhipha imithetho yokugcina enamandla omthetho. I-Federal Register iqukethe amashumi ezinkulungwane zezinkulungwane zamakhasi emithetho emisha unyaka ngamunye. Ngokwesibonelo, i-EPA imisa izindinganiso zokukhipha imoto nezikhungo zamandla, uMnyango wezokuthutha umisa izinga lokuphepha lezimoto, ne-FDA evumela izidakamizwa ezintsha nemishini yezokwelapha. Leligunya lokulawula libalulekile ekubuyiseni izinhlelo zomthetho zanamuhla kodwa futhi libalulekile ekubukezeni izinselele ezingokomthetho nasezikhungweni zokuhlela.

Ukulungiselela Imali Nokuphatha Imali

UMongameli, nge Office of Management and Balbate (OMB), ulungiselela isiphakamiso semali saminyaka yonke esibonisa ukuphatha izinto eziza kuqala. Lencwadi idluliswa kuKhomishane, edlulisa izikweleti zemali. I-OMB futhi yengamela ukusebenza kwezinhlangano nokubuyisela. Igatsha eliphethe iqoqo lemali eyizigidi zezigidi ezingu-4 zemali ekhokhwayo ekhokhwayo kahulumeni, isusa izinzuzo ze-Social Security and Medicareare devices. I-Departmentssss. I-seart yemali ebolekayo ngesibopho sokuthenga izimali lapho izindleko zemali zidlula izindleko, ukuphatha isikweleti sesizwe ezingaphezulu kakhulu kwezimali eziyizigidi ezingu-R3.

Ukumiswa Kwamandla Okususwa

UMongameli umisa abamiselwe ngokwezombangazwe abangaba ngu-4 000, kuhlanganise nonobhala beKhabhinethi, abahluleli bakahulumeni, amanxusa, namanxusa. Abaningi badinga ukuqinisekiswa kwezishaya - mthetho. UMongameli futhi unamandla okususa izikhulu eziningi zegatsha eziphethe lapho zikhona, nakuba abanye cishe njengamalungu ezisebenzi ezizimele, bangasuswa ngenxa yesizathu. Lombuso uvumela amongameli ukuba bamise i-jaji ne-demistria, njengoba amajaji amisiwe ephila konke angathonya umthetho isikhathi eside ngemva kokuba umongameli ephumile.

Ukuhleleka Kwezisebenzi Nokukhankaswa

Iziqondiso zezikhulu ziqondisa ukusebenza kukahulumeni kahulumeni. Nakuba zingeyiyo imithetho, ziphethe amandla angokomthetho uma nje zisekelwe egunyeni elikhona noma emandleni omthetho-sisekelo. Omongameli baye bawasebenzisa ukususa izikhali zempi (Truman), zimisa i-Peace Corps (Kennedy), futhi zisebenzisa izimiso zokufuduka (Obama ne Trump). Iziqondiso zesikhulu zingashintshwa amongameli abalandelayo noma zihlatshwe izinkantolo uma bedlula imingcele engokomthetho. Izimemezelo zikamongameli zifana kodwa ngokuvamile zingezezezenzwe ngokwemikhosi efanayo, njengaleyo ebizwa ngokuthi i-National Veterans Vivation Week.

Umthetho - sisekelo Uhlola Futhi Ulinganisele Kulowo Ophethe

Ukuphatha Okungokomthetho

ISishaya-mthetho silawula igatsha eliphethe ngamandla alo ukumisa imithetho echaza ukumiswa kwemithetho, iqinisekise ukumiswa, futhi ithathe indawo. Amakomiti e-Congregational athatha ukuqulwa, izicelo, izikhulu ze-operana ukuze ahlole izenzo zezikhulu. I-Hulumeni Authority Office (GAO) ihlola izinhlelo zikahulumeni. I-ecomputer ayigunyaza: i Housenary ingamtshela uMongameli "esizathu, ukufumbathisa, noma okunye ubugebengu obukhulu," futhi iSigebeqe singamkezela isigwebo futhi sisuse. U-Andrew Johnson (1868), uBill Clinton19989, noDonald Crienquent (209) bangaba nanye enziwayokwayo; akukho neyokwahlulelwayo.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela

INkantolo Ephakeme nezinkantolo eziphansi zikahulumeni zinamandla okumemezela izenzo zokuphatha ngokungemthetho, isimiso esimiswe ku Marbury v. Madison (1803). Izinkantolo ziye zagawula iziyalezo zezikhulu zokufuduka, izikhomishane zempi, nokuthatheka kwezinsimbi (i-i-injini ye-injini ye-injini (intsha eqashe i-[FLT] Commentap & Tube Co. v. Satyyer ecaleni, 1952). Impindathano yezomthetho iqinisekisa umongameli ukuba asebenze phakathi kwemingcele yezomthetho-mthetho, nakuba igatsha eliphethe igatsha livame ukuqhubela imingcele, iholele ezicaka ezinkantolo zezemthetho wezwe.

Ezinye Iziphazamiso

Igatsha eliphethe kumelwe livumelane nemithetho enjenge-Freedom of Information Act, evumela ukuba umphakathi ukwazi ukufinyelela amarekhodi ezinhlangano. Isimiso se-Federalist sibekela ohulumeni amandla abalulekile, silinganisela ukufinyelela kwezenzo zezikhulu zikahulumeni. I-Bureachatec intentia nezimiso zobuchwepheshe ezisezinhlanganweni zingalawula futhi izinhlelo zobumongameli.

Ukuziphendukela Kwegatsha Eliphethe

Igatsha eliphethe liye lakhula ngokuphawulekayo kusukela osukwini lukaGeorge Washington. IKhabhinethi yokuqala yayinamalungu amane (Isimo, iNdawo, iMpi, ne-Attorney General). Ikhulu le 19 leminyaka laba nenani elengeziwe le-Primentinetic House (1849), i-Agriculture (1889), kanye nezinye izinhlangano. Ikhulu lama-20 leminyaka labona ukwanda okukhulu ngenxa yeNew Deal, iMpi Yezwe II, nezinhlelo zeNhlangano Enkulu. Ukusungulwa kweHhovisi Ephethe yeHhovisi Ephethe ye-EOProence (EP) ngo-199999), izisebenzi zendlu yabamhlophe eziphethe njenge-National Security Council and OMB. Namuhla, igatsha eliphethe ama-mayile izigidigidiyudi zemali. Imibazwe liyaqhubeka, ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelenezemandla embutho yempi, ilungelo lezezwe, negunya lezwe.

Ukuqonda Indima Ebalulekile Yegatsha Eliphethe

Igatsha eliphethe lingaphezu kakhulu kukaMongameli neKhabhinethi − iwumshini oyinkimbinkimbi oguqula isimiso sokwenza, uvikela isizwe, ulawula umnotho, futhi unikeza izakhamuzi izinkonzo. Kusukela kwimisebenzi yomthetho-sisekelo kaMongameli njengomphathi omkhulu nomphathi omkhulu kumsebenzi wansuku zonke woMnyango wezindaba ze-Veterans kanye ne-EPA, igatsha eliphethe lithinta zonke izici zokuphila kwaseMelika. Amandla alo, nakuba likhulu, ahlanganiswa nomthetho wemithetho kanye nokwengamele, kuqinisekisiwe. Izakhamuzi, ziqonda leligatsha ngenyathelo lokuqala lokuzibopha izibopho nohulumeni ngokuvota, ukuxhumana nabameleli, noma ukulandela ukubusa komthetho.