Umsebenzi Womthetho - sisekelo Wamasheke Nokulinganisela

Isimiso se-checks kanye nokulinganisela e-United States asiyona i-engile engacacile − iyisakhiwo esakhiwe ngokucophelela esibekwe kwizihloko I, II, kanye ne-I ye-CY yoMthetho-sisekelo. Igatsha ngalinye lithola izibalo zegunya, kodwa futhi lizuza ifa lamathuluzi akhethekile okulinganisela amanye. Phakathi nezikhathi ezinzima, loluhlelo luhlolwa ngokwesilinganiso salo ngoba ukuphuthuma kungalinga igatsha ukuba lidlule, kuyilapho amanye amabili kumelwe anqume ukuthi angalisunduza noma athathe imingcele. Ukuqonda isisekelo somthetho wesisekelo kusiza ukucacisa ukuthi kungani izinhlekelele ziveza izingxabano ezinjalo ezinamandla.

Igatsha lemithetho ([[[FLT: 0]] I-Artticle I) iphethe amandla esikhwama semali, igunya lokumemezela impi, nekhono lokuqinisekisa umphathi nomthetho. Igatsha eliphethe (] i-Atticle II [) iboshelwe umthwalo wemfanelo wokuphoqelela imithetho, ukuyala impi, nokuqhuba inkambiso yangaphandle. Igatsha lokwahlulela ([[[FLT:]] I-Arthucle III [[[FLT:]]]) lichaza imithetho futhi lihlola ukucubunga kwemithetho yalo yomthetho-mthetho [ngendlela yokwahlulela] emiswe [Foct:] v.[FTB][3][5]

Igatsha Elingokomthetho: Inkululeko Ibhekana Nesimo Esiphuthumayo

I-Crisres, ifuna ijubane. Uma inhlekelele igadla noma kuvela usongo lwesizwe, uMkhandlu kumelwe unqume ukuthi ungathatha isinyathelo ngokushesha kangakanani ngaphandle kokungaphathi. Amathuluzi awo ayinhloko ahlanganisa umthetho ophuthumayo, ukuqondisa, ukugunyaza izimali, kanye nokunqanda izimali.

Imithetho Ephuthumayo Nokusekela Imali

Impendulo eqondile yomthetho ukudlulisa isikhwama esinikezela imithombo yemali noma esinika umphathi igunya. Izibonelo zihlanganisa CARES Act [20], eyanikeza izigidi zezigidi ezingu-R3 (R34) zemali empumulweni yezezimali phakathi ne-COVID-19, kanye nokunciphisa kwezentengiselwano zezentengiselwano zezentengiselwano [, okwadala i-Asmartd Assomment Program (TP) yezentellion (ie) phakathi nenkinga yezezimali. Lemithetho ivame ukuxoxa ngezinsuku noma amasonto, icindezela isikhathi esivamile sokulawula imithetho.

Umthetho phakathi nenhlekelele ungamisa futhi amagunya esikhashana kumongameli. Umthetho we-National Emertitution Act [1997] unikeza uhlelo lwemithetho yokumemezela izimo eziphuthumayo, kodwa uKhongolo-khampathi lungavala izimemezelo ezinjalo ngesinqumo esihlangene. Nokho, ukuqamba okuvamile kwezombangazwe kuvimbela ukunqanyulwa, njengoba kubonakala lapho iSishaya-Hulumeni sihluleka ukudlula uMongameli u-Trump's isimemezelo sesizwe esiphuthumayo sokuxhasa umngcele ngo-2019.

Ukugada Nokuphenya

Umsebenzi wokwengamela we-Congress uba umsebenzi onzima ezinkingeni. AmaKomiti athatha ukuzwana, amaphepha angaphansi, kanye nobufakazi obufunwa yizikhulu. Phakathi nobhadane CHOVID-19], i House Khetha iKhonsati yeCubstee eCoronavirus Crisis. Kuphakathi ne-[FOLT:2] ihlazo , i-Fathergate's Committee enqabeni yokulahla amandla eyaholela kuMongameli Nixon's. Ngaphezu kwalokho kuhlola ukusabela kokuphatha. Kuhlolwa kwecala, umbono womphakathi, kanye nezenzo zokulawula, kudinga isikhathi nezokubusa kwezombangazwe.

Amandla Empi Nokugunyazwa Kwamandla

Ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso I, kuphela iSishaya-mthetho esingamemezela impi. Nokho izinhlekelele zanamuhla zihilela ukuthatha isinyathelo sezempi esincane kakhulu. Isinqumo seMpi (1973]) sabekwa ukuba siphinde sibuse i-aspectrial commiliationry jogation ngemva kweMpi yaseVietnam. Ifuna umongameli ukuba azise iSishaya-mthetho phakathi namahora angu-48 okufaka amabutho ahlomile nemingcele kungena ezinsukwini ezingu-60 ngaphandle kokuba iSishaya-Mnyango sigunyazahlulele. Isinqumo siye saba umthombo wempikiswano, nomongameli ngamunye kusukela ngo-Nixon umbuzo womthetho wakhe. Izenzo ezinjengo 2011 i-Rvivigamentier yabona ukungenela kwe-Obama imvume yokulwa kwesivumelwano i-Obama i-ogestrivement i-osethiwess, ukuhlola imingcele yeMpi seMpi seMpi seMpi.

Igatsha Eliphethe: Ijubane Nesenzo Esiwujuqu

Igatsha eliphethe lilungele ukuthatha isinyathelo esisheshayo. Umongameli ungumkhiqizi wesinqumo oyedwa ongakhipha iziyalezo, amabutho asebenzayo, futhi aqoqe izinhlangano zikahulumeni ngaphandle kokulinda ukuvota. Le sivinini sibalulekile kakhulu uma kuphuthuma, kodwa futhi sidala ingozi enkulu kakhulu yokuphamba. UMthetho-sisekelo unika umongameli amandla efa njengomphathi omkhulu nenhloko yegatsha eliphethe, kodwa lamandla awanamkhawulo.

Izimemezelo Eziphuthumayo Nezimiso Eziqondisayo

Umongameli angamemezela isimo esiphuthumayo sesizwe ngaphansi koMthetho we-FLT wesizwe, evula iziphathimandla ze-stateory ukuthi uKhongoloshelwane useke wagunyazwa ngaphambili. Ngokwesibonelo, uMongameli uGeorge W. Bush wamemezela isimo esiphuthumayo sesizwe ngemva kokuhlasela okungu 9/11, okwenza ukuba ukulwa kwempi e-Afghanistan kuphumelele ngokushesha ngo-2019 ukuqondisa izimali zokwakha impi emngceleni. Umongameli uBiden wasebenzisa izimemezelo eziphuthumayo phakathi nobhadayo lwe-CHOVAD ukuze aqhubeke nokukhokha imali yabafundi yokukhokha ikhela ikhe.

Isiyalo esiphethe singelinye ithuluzi elinamandla. Umongameli Franklin D. Roosevelt wasebenzisa Uhlelo 9066 ukugunyaza ukuhlangana kwamaJapane phakathi neMpi Yezwe II (isenzo kamuva sibhekelwa inselele futhi silahlwa. UMongameli Harry Truman wakhipha I-Executive Order 9981 ukususa i-sempini, ukudlulisa i-Hulumeni. Ezinkingeni, iziyalo zesikhulu zingagweba i-gudroucla i-projective, kodwa zingenwa yi-progreactive progrees, kodwa zicurightoption projective futhi zingagumbulwa ngemithetho.

Ukuhlanganiswa Kwezinhlangano Zokulwela Uhulumeni

Igatsha eliphethe inhlekelele lilawula ukusabela ngezinhlangano ezinjenge . Phakathi nezinhlekelele zemvelo , umongameli angayala usizo lwezwe oluhlelayo. Phakathi nezimo zempilo zomphakathi, izinhlangano zinikeza iziqondiso nemithombo yezimali. Umthetho we Homeland Security [[FLT:] ulawula inhlekelele, kanye [[FLT:] nezezezezempilo [FLT] unikeza usizo lwezempilo olusemkhakheli. [H.]

Ukusetshenziswa Kwemithetho Yangaphandle Nempi

Njengomphathi omkhulu, umongameli angayala amabutho empi ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa kobungqungquthela obungaphambili ezimweni ezithile − njengokuvikela ukuphila kwaseMelika noma ukusabela ekuhlaseleni. Abameli baye bacaphuna iUnited Nations Security Council izinqumo [ noma [[FLT:] izivumelwano ze-NATO] [[FLT]] izivumelwano njengeziqinisekiso ezingokomthetho. [[FLT:]] [i-athoritut for Usease Auservance for Torce (AMF)[FF:5] [[FLT]] yadlula ngemva kwe-9/11] igunya elikhulu lokuhlasela amaphekulathiwe amaphekula, igunya eliye lasetshenziswa ngezindlela ezintathu emazweni amaningi. Izinkantolo ezikhulu kakhulu ezinkulu kakhulu phakathi kwempi zakwamanye amazwe.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela: Isivikelo Esivinjelwe Namalungelo

Ijaji alihlonyiselwe ukusingatha ngokushesha izinkinga. Umsebenzi walo ukuchaza umthetho, hhayi ukusingatha izimo eziphuthumayo. Nokho izinkantolo zinendima ebalulekile ekuhloleni amanye amagatsha phakathi nezinkinga. Ngokuhlola kokwahlulela, zingashaya iziyalezo zezikhulu nemithetho ephula uMthetho-sisekelo, ngisho naphakathi kwesimo esiphuthumayo. Inselele ilinganisela isidingo sokuthatha isinyathelo ngokushesha sikahulumeni ngokuvikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela Ezimweni Eziphuthumayo

INkantolo Ephakeme ngokomlando iye yanikeza uhulumeni inkululeko enkulu esikhathini sempi nesizwe. Korendatsu v. United States (1944), iNkantolo yasekela ukuhlasela kwamaJapane, isinqumo esilahlwe kakhulu namuhla. [ekamongameli we-Town Comment Comment & Tube Co. v. sawyer[ [1952], iNkampethelela uMongameli uTruman izigaxabhi zensimbi phakathi neMpi yaseKorea, emisa isakhiwo sokuqondisa igunya: lapho umongameli enza umsebenzi wakhe wokugunyaza ukumiswa komthetho, amandla aphezulu kakhulu; lapho ewenza ngokuvukela kwe-Congress Congresssionings, kuse.

Phakathi nobhadane lwe-COVID-19, izinkantolo zezwa izinselele eziningi ezikhona eziyalweni zezikhulu nasemithethweni kahulumeni, kuhlanganise nezinkantolo eziphathelene nemvume yokuvala ubuso, ukuxoshwa kwe-mostarium, nezimfuneko zogomela. NFIB v. UMnyango wezisebenzi [202] [202]), iNkanto eshaye yabulala i-OSH's umuthi wesimo esiphuthumayo, ibambe ukuthi i-ascet projective projectives, i-authoringxhedrome. [[FLT:] Kuyi-Foct:] Alabama Association of Realtaers v v. HH[FLT] [5], [201], iNkathi yeNkathi ye-CD ye-CD ye-CD, i-CD egcizelela i-CD, okugunyaza isilinganiso esingagunyaza i-RC, okugunyaza. Kukhomba okubonisa isilinganiso esi

Isivikelo Sokukhululeka Emphakathini

I-Crisris ivame ukubangela izenzo zikahulumeni eziphula amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo: ukuqapha okungenamvume, ukuvalelwa ngaphandle kokuqulwa kwecala, ukucushwa kwenkulumo, noma imingcele eqoqweni. Izinkantolo zisebenza njengokunqamuka. Ngemva kuka-9/11, iNkantolo Ephakeme yabusa HAmdi v. Rumsfeld [204]] [204] Izakhamuzi ezivalelwe njengezithane kumelwe zibe namalungelo afanelekile. Bumedie v. [200]] [200] [iNkathi], iNkantolo yecala ebanzi] [i-Uhlulo-aspus] [ilungelo elidluliselwe eGuantmona. Lesinqumo segunya legunya lezwe. Bay.

Phakathi nokubhikisha kwamashumi amabili namashumi amabili eminyaka ngemva kokubulala kukaGeorge Floyd, ukugcinwa komthetho kahulumeni kwasebenzisa amandla ukuze kususwe i-Lafayette Square yesithombe sikaMongameli uTrump. Kamuva inkantolo yahlola ubuqiniso balezenzo. Umphakathi u-Explov. Trump[[FLTL:1] [2020], umahluleli kahulumeni waphika ukuthi umongameli uyavuma ukuthi ukuzivikela ngokuphelele, uvumela ukumangalelwa ukuba kuqhubeke. Ukuzimisela kokuphathwa kwenkampani kudingekile ekuhloleni isenzo sobukhazikhazikhazi.

Ukuhlola Icala Okungokomlando: Ukuhlola Nokulinganisela Kuyasebenza

Ukuhlolisisa izinhlekelele ezithile kwembula indlela amagatsha amathathu asebenzelana ngayo, abambisana futhi ngezinye izikhathi angqubuzana ngayo.

Ukuwohloka Okukhulu Kwezomnotho Nendlela Entsha

Lapho uMongameli Franklin D. Roosevelt emisa iNew Deal, uKhongolo wamisa umthetho omkhulu onjengomthetho we-National ifection Reveloption Act nomthetho we-Agriculturalformation Sect[. INkantolo Ephakeme yashaya amalungiselelo amaningana ayinhloko, okwaholela kulokho abagxeki ababiza ngokuthi "umthetho-packing" icebo lika-FLTR lokunezela amajaji eNkantolo. Nakuba leli cebo lezelinge ngokwezombangazwe lacindezela iNkantolo ukuba ikhiphe imithetho yayo ye-Hlustraprudecine, futhi layisekela kamuva imithetho emisha. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi abagxeki abaholayo bashoshoshoshoshoshosho iNka ngokumelene neNkakhulu neNkakhulu, kanti ekugcineni i-Congresbookty yaya yayayayayayayayayayo.

Inhlangano Yamalungelo Ezakhamuzi

Umzabalazo wamalungelo omphakathi wahilela wonke amagatsha amathathu. UKhongolo lwadlulisa uMthetho we-Civil Rights ka-1944 kanye noMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1965] . INkantolo Ephakeme yakhipha imithetho ewuphawu enjenge Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo yemfundo[[FLT:] [FLT]] [1954] [[FLT])] kanye [[FLT] i-Levoving. V. [197] [197] Igatsha eliphethe lemithetho, kanye noMongameli we-Eissenbourcer ku-RCM, kusetshenziswa i-Prouelandsonson kuvimbela ukuhlangana kweqembu lezenyunyana elinamandla. futhi kwayayayamu enziswayo.

Imithombo Yamanzi Nemingcele Yamandla Alawulayo

Ukusetshenziswa kabi kukaMongameli Nixon we FBI ne-CIA ukuze kufihle igebethi ebangele inkinga yomthetho-mthetho. UKhomishane wahlola futhi wavota izihloko zokungagunyazi. INkantolo Ephakeme, eUnited States v. Nixon [1974], yayala umongameli ukuba akhiphe amakhasethi eWhite House, enqaba ukusho ukuthi unelungelo eliphelele lokuphatha. Icala libhekene nokungagunyazi nokulahlekelwa yinkxaso yomphakathi, uNixon uqediwe. Lokhu kubonisa indlela wonke amagatsha amathathu angasebenza ngayo ndawonye ekuhloleni ukuxhasha kwezikhulu: amaBhungane, amajaji agunyaza ama-Spena, nama-comistpoe.

9/11 Nempi Ehlasimulisayo

Ngemva kokuhlasela kwe-September 11, uKhongolo lwadlula i- igunya lokusebenzisa i-Userdar Force (AMF) ne- PUSA PATTT [, inikeza isikhulu esiphethe sokugada nokulawula. I-Bush yadala izinkantolo zempi futhi yabamba eGuantana Bay ngaphandle kokuvinjelwa. INkantomba ePhakakhulu kamuva yaphindisela emuva ekunqumeni njenga [[FLT:] Rul. [[FLT: 5,5]] [5] .[5] [empela] [enye i-ful] [empe, i-ful] futhi [empeayise] [enye i-FFUT].[11]

Inkinga Yezimali Ka - 2008

Ukuncitshiswa kwezimali kwango-2008 kwabangela ukuthatha isinyathelo esingavamile sokuphatha izikhundla zezezimali nezishaya umthetho. UNobhala weTreaunt uHenry Paulson noFederal Reserve Ben Bernanke basebenza noKhomishane ukuze benze i-Astered Asterect program yoMbuso (TEct:0])[FLT], benikeza i-Mooral $700 zezigidi eziyizinkulungwane zezigidi (R1] zokuthenga izinto ezikhathazekile. Lo hlelo lwaphikisana, futhi uKhomishano yenze ukuphathwa kwamacala amaningi. Izinkantolo nazo zafeza indima: [[FLTLD] International Co. United States (20], isifunda se-Fell wiza umthetho wokuthi ukuphaza kukahulumeni iManie nenzuzo ka-Freddie) kwakungekho emthethweni. Inkinga futhi yambulwembulwe imingcele yekhono lokuqondisa izimali ezisemcine.

Izinselele Zanamuhla Zokuhlola Nokulinganisela

Nakuba lesi simiso siye sasinda ezinkingeni eziningi, izingcindezi eziningana zokwakha nezombangazwe zisongela ukuphumelela kwaso namuhla.

Ijubane. Ufuna ukukhipha

I-Crisres ifuna ijubane, kodwa ukucubungula kuyisici se-checks kanye nezilinganiso. Uma uMkhandlu uhamba kancane noma ufakile, omongameli balingeka ukuba benze izinto ngaphandle kokucela u-. izimemezelo eziphetheyo, izimemezelo eziphuthumayo, nokubekwa kwemithetho kungathatha indawo yomthetho. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lokhu kungashintsha amandla aqhubekela kumphathi. Ihhovisi le-Akhawuntiment Authority [ nenkonzo yokucwaninga yezehlakalo [FLT] iqaphele kokubili ukusetshenziswa okukhulayo kwezenzo zobuphathi kanye nenani elincishisiwe lemithetho esemthethweni edlula unyaka ngamunye.

Ukwenezelwa Kwezombangazwe

Ukuhlukana kwenza kube nzima ngeKhongolo ukuba i-Congress iphathe noma idlulise umthetho wenhlekelele. i-filibuster eSigqeni ifuna amavoti angu-60 emalini enkulu, ibhande eliphezulu phakathi namakhambi. Uma elinye iqembu lilawula umongameli kanye nokulawula okungenani igumbi elilodwa, ukuqondisa kuba isikhali sezombangazwe kunokuba kube ihlola elingathathi-hlangothi. Ukuqondisa futhi kuthinta ukuqinisekiswa kwezahluleli, ngokunyusa ngokuqhubekayo abahluleli abavumelana nemibono engokomthetho, kunciphisa inkululeko ebhekwa njengeyamahlulele.

Icala lokwahlulela nemfundiso "Umbuzo Oyinqaba"

Ezicaleni eziningi ezihlobene nenhlekelele, izinkantolo zikhuthaza izimfundiso ezilinganisela indima yazo. Imfundiso yezezombangazwe ikholelwa ukuthi ezinye izimpikiswano − njengezimiso zangaphandle noma izinqubo zezezombangazwe (ishiyelwa amagatsha ezombangazwe). INkantolo Ephakeme isebenzise lemfundiso ukuze inqabe izinselele zokuzwa kumqedazwe wempi yaseVietnam. Phakathi ne-COVID-19, ezinye izinkantolo ezidume kuhulumeni nakuhulumeni wezempilo ngaphansi "isimo sezempilo yeningi". Nakuba ukuhoxa ngezinye izikhathi kufanelekile, kungavumela ukuba usululeke.

Amandla Aphuthumayo Ayakhala

Uma nje sekukhishwe isimo esiphuthumayo, amandla anikezwa umphathi angaqhubeka isikhathi eside ngemva kokuba inhlekelele isiphelile. Izimo eziphuthumayo zesizwe zimenyezelwe ngemva kokuvuselelwa umongameli ngamunye ngemva kwe-9/11. Igunya lokuphoqa izijeziso, izinto eziqinile, nokuthatha impahla esele ezincwadini. I-Emerditution Act[ idinga ukuvuselelwa kwaminyaka yonke, kodwa i-Congressss idinga ukuvota okunqamuka. Lokhu "Izigunya le-emergist" kusho ukuthi ukusabela kwesikhashana kungaba okuhlala njalo kwegunya lesikhulu.

Ikusasa Lamasheya Nokulinganisela Kusenkingeni

Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela saseMelika saklanywa abasunguli abangathembi amandla akhethekile. Babelindele izinhlekelele − futhi badala ukungezwani esimisweni ngamabomu, ukuze banciphise ukuthatha isinyathelo ngokuphamazela. Lokho kuphikisana kungaba okukhungathekisayo uma kudingekile ngokushesha, kodwa futhi kuvikela ekubuseni unyamezelweni. Njengoba isizwe sibhekene nezinkathazo zesikhathi esizayo , izinhlekelele zesimo sezulu, ukuhlasela kwezezingcindezi, noma izinxushunxushunxu phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu ziyonquma ukuthi uhulumeni uyasabela ngokuphumelelayo yini uma kugcinwa izimiso zentando yeningi.

Kuye kwahlongozwa izinguquko eziningana ukuze kuqiniswe izingcingo nokulinganisela: ukulinganisela izinga lezimemezelo eziphuthumayo, ukudinga ukuvunyelwa kwenhlangano ukuze kuthathwe isinyathelo esengeziwe sempi, ukumisa izikhomishane zokwengamela ezizimele, nokulula inqubo yomthetho yezindleko eziphuthumayo. Ukuthi lezi zinguquko zizuza inzuzo kuxhomeke ekuqondeni komphakathi izigxobo − kanye nasekuzimiseleni kwegatsha ngalinye ukuvikela indima yalo siqu engokomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo.

Umlando waseMelika ubonisa ukuthi isimiso sisebenza kangcono uma wonke amagatsha amathathu eqinile futhi ezimele. Uma igatsha elilodwa libusa, kuvela ukungalingani. Uma bobathathu behlanganyela `I-Conren sigunyaza, abenzi bombutho, abakhipha, izinkantolo zihlola---"isithembiso somthetho-sisekelo sohulumeni olinganiselayo siyagcwaliseka, ngisho nasezikhathini ezinzima kakhulu.