Ikhono Lakho Negatsha Lokwahlulela: Indlela Izinkantolo Ezinethonya Ngayo

Ikhono Lakho Negatsha Lokwahlulela: Indlela Izinkantolo Ezinethonya Ngayo

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwevoti yakho negatsha lokwahlulela bumelela esinye sezici ezilandela i-commonism kodwa ezivame ukunganakwa kakhulu. Nakuba abavoti abaningi begxile ngokuyinhloko ezinhlalweni zezikhulu nezokushaya umthetho, abahluleli abachaza imithetho yethu futhi bamise inqubo engokomthetho yezizukulwane bathonywa kakhulu imiphumela yabavoti. Ukuqonda indlela ukukhetha okuthinta ngayo izinkantolo (hhhhh kusuka emabhentshini okuqulwa kwecala lendawo ukumisa izinkantolo eziphakeme kanye ngisho nezakhamuzi zikahulumeni zezehlulele ukwenza izinqumo ezisekelwe ulwazi oluthe xazo ebhokisini lokuthatha isinyathelo ngentando yeningi futhi baqaphele ithonya elihlala njalo lokuthatha kwabo inqubo yentando yeningi.

Izimiso Zokuxhumana: Imibuso Nezinkantolo Zesizwe

Isimiso sokwahlulela saseMelika sisebenza ezindleleni ezimbili ezihambelanayo: izinkantolo zesifunda nezinkantolo zikahulumeni. Isimiso ngasinye sinezindlela ezihlukene zokukhetha amajaji, futhi abavoti benza izindima ezihlukene kakhulu eqenjini ngalinye. Izinkantolo eziphakeme zoMbuso zivame ukusho okungathsithenjiwe ngemibuzo yomthetho kahulumeni futhi zengamele izimiso zenkantolo ezizwa amaphesenti angu 95 awo wonke amacala agcinwa e-United States unyaka ngamunye. Lokhu kusho ukuthi inkantolo yezwe isingatha izindaba eziningi ezingokomthetho ezithinta amaMelika ansuku zonke, kusukela enkantolo yomkhaya nasempahleni ezabalwayo ezinkantolo zobugebengu nasekwenziswa kwezivumelwano.

Ngokuphambene, izinkantolo zikahulumeni zisingatha amacala ahilela umthetho kahulumeni, imibuzo yomthetho-sisekelo, izimpikiswano phakathi kwezifundazwe, nezinye izindaba ezicaciswe eMthethweni. Nakuba abahluleli bakahulumeni bengakhethwanga ngokuqondile ngabavoti, ukhetho lusathonya ukukhetha kwabo ngokhetho lomongameli nolwezikhulu olunquma ukuthi ubani onegunya lokumisa futhi aqinisekise laba abamisiwe kukho konke ukuphila.

Indlela Ukukhetha Ukwahlulela KoMbuso Okusebenza Ngayo

Izindlela zokwahlulela zikahulumeni zihluka kakhulu kulo lonke izwe, ziveza amafilosofi ahlukene ngokuzimela kokwahlulela, ukulandisa ngentando yeningi, nendima efanele yezinkantolo emphakathini. Kumajaji angokomthetho angaba ngu - 10 000 amacala enkantolo, amaphesenti angu 87 azobhekana nabavoti ngesikhathi esithile besehhovisi. Lokhu kusetshenziswa okusakazekile kokhetho ukuze kukhethwe noma kugcinwe abahluleli kwenza i-United States icishe ihluke kakhulu phakathi kwezizwe ezibusa ngentando yeningi.

Ukukhetha Kwezigaba

Ukhetho: Abahluleli bakhethwa abantu, futhi abazothatha i-application basohlwini lwe-collet ehlobanisa iqembu lezombangazwe. Izifunda-zwe ezinhlanu eMelika − kuhlanganisa ne-Alabamahs(ikhetha bonke abahluleli bazo ngokhetho olulandelwayo, futhi izifunda ezingu-39 zisebenzisa ukhetho ukukhetha okungenani abanye abahluleli bazo. Kukhetho oluvamile, abameleli abathatha igalelo njenge-Democrats noma amaRepublic, ngokuvamile bahlanganyela emaqenjini abanga ngaphambi kokuba bangene okhetho oluvamile.

Ukhetho lokwahlulela lwasePartisan luye lwaphikisana kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva. Ukucwaninga kubonisa ukuthi ezizweni ngokhetho oluncintiswayo, abavoti bavame ukuvota amabhola asekelwe ngokuyinhloko ekujoyineni kweqembu kunokuba bafake izimfanelo zokwahlulela noma ifilosofi. Lesi senzakalo siye sakhula ngokuvela kokuvota okuqondile, lapho abavoti bekhetha bonke abazovota eqenjini elilodwa elinephawu elilodwa.

Ukukhethwa Kobu - norpartisan

Ukhetho lobukhoma: Abahluleli bakhethwa abantu, futhi abazothatha i-collet ngaphandle komfantu ohlobisa i-partina. Namuhla, abavoti ku 22 bamazwe bakhetha abahluleli babo abathatha iziphakamiso. Kukhetho olungelulo lwamapartistan, izinhlanganisela zeqembu lababezocela ukuvotelwa, nakuba amaqembu ezombangazwe kanye nezithakazelo zobuphekula ngokuvamile kuhlala kumatasa ezingqondweni ngokusekela nokufaka iminikelo.

Abasekeli bokhetho olungelulo isigaba baphikisa ngokuthi ukususa amalebula eqembu kukhuthaza abavoti ukuba bagxile ezimfanelweni ze-odoli, ulwazi, nefilosofi yokwahlulela kunokususa ukwethembeka. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukhetho olungelona olwangaphandle lumane lufihle amathonya abaguquli kunokuba luwasuse, okungase kukwenze kube nzima kakhulu ngabavoti ukuba benze izinqumo ezinolwazi.

Ukukhetha Okungatshazwa

Ukhetho lokuzinza: Inqubo yezikhathi ezithile lapho abavoti bebuzwa khona ukuthi umahluleli ongomele uhlale esikhundleni senye indlela. Uma bebopha, abahluleli ababhekene nabaphikisi. Kunalokho, abavoti baphendula ngokuthi "yebo" noma "no" ukuthi umahluleli ohleziyo kufanele aqhubeke ekhonza. Ngemisho elandelayo, izifunda zomhlaba ezingu-18 zisebenzisa ukhetho olungenamdlandla, u-13 olungeyopathisi, nokhetho olungu-5 olungolwabantu abahlukene.

Ukhetho olungenazinhloso lwavela njengokuhlehliswa phakathi kwezimiso zokumisa nokhetho lokuncintisana. Ukhetho lokuzigcina lwaluhloselwe ukusebenza phakathi nendlela ewusizo yokunikeza amajaji ukukhululeka ekulweni nomphikisi kuyilapho futhi lunika abavoti amandla okususa labo bahluleli ehhovisi uma kudingekile. Nakuba amajaji ngokuvamile ewina ukhetho oluyimfihlo ngokwezikhawu ezibanzi, lemincintiswano ingashukumiswa lapho izinqumo eziphikiswayo noma amabutho ezombangazwe angaphandle egqugquzela ukuphikiswa.

Ukukhetha Isiqinisekiso Nezimiso Zokumisa

Ezinye izifundazwe zisebenzisa izimiso zokukhetha ezifanele, ngokuvamile ezibizwa ngokuthi "Missouri Plan" ngemva kwezimiso zikahulumeni ezasungula ukusondela. Kulezi zimiso, abakhomishane abathatha i-startarian banikeze umbusi uhlu olufushane, omisa i-accompant. Umahluleli omisiwe ubheka ukuvota okuvamile ngemva kokufeza isikhathi sokuqala. Izizwe ezimbili zishiyela amajaji akhethiwe kundlu yomthetho, futhi ezisezifundazweni ezingu-26 ezisele, umbusi omisa amalungu ezinkantolo ze-appellate.

Ukucwaninga kusikisela ukuthi indlela yokukhetha ithinta izinga lokwahlulela nokwenza izinqumo. Abahluleli bakhethwa ngezinqubo ezingathathi-partisan (ukhetho olungenakho ukubhalisa noma izikhomishane ze-technocrates) baveza umsebenzi olinganayo kakhulu kunabahluleli abakhethwe ngokhetho olukhishwe i-propaticlate. Lokhu kuthola kuye kwabhebhethekisa izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngokulinganisela okuhle phakathi kokuzimela ngentando yeningi nokuzimela kokwahlulela.

Inqubo Yokumisa Ukwahlulela Kwama - Federal

Nakuba amajaji kahulumeni engakhethwa ngokuqondile, ukuvota kuthatha iqhaza kukhetho lomongameli nolwesiGabengu kulolona luyilo olubanzi. Kukhona ukusekela i-Classians yoMthetho-sisekelo, uMongameli ohlanganisa abantu ukuba bagcwalise izikhulu zikahulumeni zokwahlulela, ngokumiswa kwe-minease ngayinye efuna ukuqinisekiswa kweSigele. Lokhu kusho ukuthi i-gastary ngayinye yomongameli negele ngalinye lisho ukuthi isho imiphumela yokwakhiwa kwezinkantolo zikahulumeni.

Ithonya Lomongameli Ezinkantolo Zomphakathi

Abaholi basebenzisa ukuqapha okukhulu ekukhetheni amajaji angokomthetho, ikakhulukazi enkantolo ePhakeme nezinkantolo zokudlulisa izikhalo. Ezikhathini zanamuhla, amongameli baye basebenzisa ukwahlulela okungcono kakhulu ekugcwaliseni izikhala eNkantolo Ephakeme yase-United States, okuncane kakhulu ekukhetheni abampontshelwayo ezinkantolo zamacala zase-U.S., futhi baye balalela kakhulu iSigebengu ekukhetheni inkantolo yesifunda sase-U.S., abaneziqu zabaphathi besifunda abanesithakazelo esiqondile kuso.

Ngenxa yokuthi amajaji kahulumeni akhonza ukumiswa kokuphila konke, izinqumo zomongameli zingabumba umthetho waseMelika amashumi amaningi eminyaka. Ngenxa yokuthi zisebenza ukuphila, ukumiswa kokwahlulela kukahulumeni kungomunye weminyango ehlala njalo kaMongameli. Umongameli omisa ijaji elincane kakhulu ebhentshini likahulumeni angase athonye incazelo engokomthetho iminyaka engu-30 noma engu-40, esikhathini eside ngemva kokuba umongameli eseshiyile. Lokhu kwenza ukumiswa kokwahlulela kube yindaba eyinhloko kubantu abaningi abakhetha abathatha i-presidentellia.

Indima Yesigele Ekuqiniseni

Indima yomthetho-mthetho weSigele ekuqinisekiseni amajaji kahulumeni inikeza abavoti enye indlela yethonya ejajini. IKomiti yeSigele iqhuba ukuqulwa kwecala ngalinye. Ngemva kokucatshangelwa kwekomiti, ukuthunyelwa kwamagama kuthuthelwa eSigebengwini esigcwele ukuze kuvotelwe ukuqinisekiswa.

Inqubo yokuqinisekisa iye yaqala ukuphikisana kakhulu emashumini eminyaka amuva. Kusukela ngo-1789 kuya ku-2,000, 97% yamajaji agunyazwe iSigele aye aphikisa nhlobo. Nokho, kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, iSigele siye senza njengomncintiswano, kunokuba sibe umngane, kule nqubo. Inqubo yokuqinisekisa esele ikhona ishintshe kakhulu futhi namuhla, izingxabano ngenxa yokungavunyelwa kwemithetho emincane kuya kuwo wonke amazinga amathathu ezwe.

Okwamanje, ukuze kuqinisekiswe umnyunyana, umnyundeli kumelwe amukele amavoti amaningi, noma ama-51 eNdlu yeNdlu. Lo mnyango olula, osungulwe ngezinguquko zomthetho ngo-2013 nango-2017, usho ukuthi iqembu elilawula iSigele lisebenzisa amandla amakhulu kakhulu ekugunyazweni kwezahlulelo zomthetho. Ngenxa yalokho, ukukhetha kweSishaya-mthetho kunezici eziphawulekayo ezaqanjwa uhulumeni.

Izihlali Zezwe Lasekhaya Nenqubo Yesibhakabhaka Sobuso Besibhakabhaka

Enkantolo yesigodi, abakhokhi besifunda sasekhaya ngokwesiko basebenzisa ithonya elikhulu ngenqubo "ye-blue sp" nenhlonipho ye-senarian. Bobabili abameli bezwe lasekhaya, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yiqembu, kumelwe bavumele ukumiswa kwegama eliqhubekela phambili ngaphambi kokuba isiqinisekiso sabo siqhubeke. Lelisiko linikeza abavoti esifundeni ngasinye ithonya elingaqondile kubahluleli besifunda sombuso abakhonza egunyeni labo, benza ukhetho olulandelana kakhulu lokwakha izinkantolo zikahulumeni wendawo.

Ithonya Elandayo Lemali Ekukhetheni Ukwahlulela

Olunye ushintsho olukhulu kakhulu okhethweni lokwahlulela emashumini amabili eminyaka adlule kube ukunyuka kokusetshenziswa komkhankaso. Emashumini amabili eminyaka adlule, ukhetho lokwahlulela luye lwabiza kakhulu, lwazinza, lwabuswa ngamaqembu anezithakazelo ezikhethekile. Kusukela ngo 2000-2009, umkhankaso wokwahlulela wachitha ingqikithi yamaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-20.9 ngaphezu kokuphindwe kabili kwalokho okwaba yikho ngawo-1990.

Lomkhuba uye wanda kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva. Amaqembu enzalo yangaphandle achitha izigidi ezingu - R2,50 kukhetho oluphakeme lwalenkantolo futhi aveza ingxenye enkulu yemali kunanini ngaphambili. Izinhlanga ngazinye ziye zachitha amarekhodi adlule okusetshenziswa, nemincintiswano ethile ephakeme yasenkantolo edonsa amashumi ezigidi zamaRandi ekukhishweni komkhankaso.

Ithonya Lezakhamuzi Ezinobunye

Isinqumo seNkantolo ePhakeme ePhakeme eMatizeke United v. Federal Ecomment Commission saguqula kakhulu ukhetho lokwahlulela ngokususa imingcele yezindleko ezizimele zezinhlangano namaqembu ezezezaneliseko. IZingazana United v. Federal Evolution Commission yavula umnyango ngo-2010 ku "izindleko ezizimele," noma ukuchithwa kwabantu ngabanye noma amaqembu athathwa ngokuhlukana nomkhankaso womfundi.

Imiphumela yezakhamuzi ezihlangene kukhetho lokwahlulela iye yaba mikhulu. INkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. i-PhotoC, eyenqabela imingcele yokusetshenziswa kwezindawo ngokuzimele kwezinhlangano namanye amaqembu ezenzuzo ekhethekile, yaphumela ekuncipheni kwe 7% enkantolo yokuvotela abamangalelwa becala emazweni angu-23 lapho ukusetshenziswa kokhetho lwezezinkampani kwakuvinjelwe ngaphambili. Lokhu kuveza ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwemali yenkampani akunqumi nje ukuthi ubani owina ukhetho lokwahlulela.

Ukukhangisa Ngethelevishini Nokwenziwa Kwesinqumo Sokwahlulela

Ukucwaninga kuye kwafaka umbiko mayelana nokuhlobana phakathi kwezikhangiso zomkhankaso nokuziphatha kokwahlulela. Lapho kukhishwa izikhangiso eziningi zethelevishini phakathi nokhetho oluphakeme lwenkantolo, "akufanele ukuba amajaji akhethe abamangalelwa abayizigebengu". Lobu buhlobo buphakamisa imibuzo eyisisekelo yokuthi amajaji akhethiwe angalondoloza yini ukungakhethi lapho kubhekene nemikhankaso yokuhlasela egcwele izikhangiso zezentengo ekhethekile.

Ukuhlola kuye kwathola ukuthi iminikelo evela emaqenjini enzalo ivumelana nemithetho evumelanayo yamaqembu ahlangene nalawo maqembu, okwenza abantu bangazethembi ukuthi abantu bayakhetha futhi bashaya umthetho.

Indlela Ifilosofi Yokwahlulela Ethonya Ngayo Izinqumo Zasenkantolo

Lapho abavoti behlanganyela okhethweni lokwahlulela noma ezikhulwini ezimisa amajaji, bathonya ngokungaqondile amafilosofi okwahlulela ayoqondisa izinqumo zasenkantolo iminyaka ezayo. Ifilosofi yokwahlulela ihlanganisa indlela yamajaji yokuchaza imithetho noMthetho-sisekelo, imibono yayo ngendima efanele yezinkantolo emphakathini, kanye nezindlela zokunquma amacala.

Ukuqamba Kwakuqala Okuphikisanayo NoMthetho - sisekelo Ophilayo

Enye ingxenyana eyisisekelo yefilosofi yokwahlulela iphathelene nokuchaza umthetho-sisekelo. Abaqondisi bomthetho-sisekelo bakholelwa ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo kufanele uchazwe ngokwencazelo yawo yokuqala yomphakathi lapho ugunyazwa, kuyilapho abasekeli bendlela "yoMthetho-sisekelo Ophilayo" bephikisa ngokuthi ukuchazwa komthetho-sisekelo kufanele kushintshe ngezimo zezenhlalo ezishintshayo nezindinganiso. Lamafilosofi aphikisanayo angaholela emiphumeleni ehlukene kakhulu ezimweni ezihilela amalungelo omphakathi, amandla ombuso, uhulumeni, kanye nenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye.

Imithetho Yokwahlulela imelene

Omunye umkhakha oyinhloko wefilosofi yokwahlulela uhilela izinga elifanele lamandla okwahlulela. Abameleli bemithetho yokwahlulela bakholelwa ukuthi izinkantolo kufanele zilalele amagatsha kahulumeni akhethiwe noma nini lapho kungenzeka futhi zigweme ukushaya imithetho ngaphandle kokuba kusobala ukuthi ayigunyazi umthetho. Abasekeli bendima yokwahlulela ekhuthele baphikisa ngokuthi izinkantolo kumelwe zivikele ngokunamandla amalungelo omthetho - sisekelo futhi zihlole ukuphamba, ngisho nalapho ukwenza kanjalo kudinga ukulahla umthetho othandwayo.

Lokhu kungafani kwefilosofi kunemiphumela ewusizo ezindaweni eziningi ezingokomthetho, kusukela ezimisweni zezemvelo nasezinkambisweni zempilo kuya ekuvoteni amalungelo nokwahlulela kobugebengu.

Izindaba Eziyinhloko Ezithinteka Ukukhethwa Kokwahlulela

Ukuqonda impikiswano ethinteka ngokuqondile ngokukhethwa kokwahlulela kungasiza abavoti ukuba bazizise izihibe zokhetho lokwahlulela nezinqubo zokumisa kokwahlulela.

Amalungelo Omphakathi Nesivikelo Esilinganayo

Izinkantolo zinendima enkulu ekuchazeni nasekuvikeleni amalungelo omphakathi, kusukela ekukhetheni ubandlululo lobuhlanga nabobulili kuya elungelweni kanye nasezindaweni zokuhlala ezikhubazekile. Izahluleli zicela isivikelo esifanayo, imibono yazo ngobukhulu bamalungelo omthetho-sisekelo, nokuzimisela kwazo ukuhlola imikhuba yokukhetha ubandlululo yonke igebe elisuka kuyifilosofi yokwahlulela futhi zingahluka kakhulu ngokusekelwe kulowo ohlala ebhentshini.

Iminyaka yamuva nje kuye kwaphikiswana nezinkantolo zikahulumeni nohulumeni mayelana namalungelo okuvota, uvuma, inkululeko engokwenkolo, namalungelo abantu abavela kwamanye amazwe. Abahluleli banquma lamacala(nezikhulu eziwakhethayo) ngezindlela zokuvota okungahlanganyela kuzo bonke abavoti.

Ubulungisa Nommangalelwa Wobugebengu

Ukucwaninga kuye kwafaka ubufakazi bokuthi izindlela zokwahlulela zithonya imiphumela yobulungisa bobugebengu. Abahluleli ezifundeni ezinesigwebo sokhetho oluncintisanayo esinzima kakhulu kunalezo ezinokhetho olungenamdlandla. Lokhu kuthola kusikisela ukuthi ukucindezela kokhetho kungathinta ukwenza izinqumo zokwahlulela emacaleni obugebengu, okungase kuholele amajaji ukuba akhiphe izigwebo eziqinile ukuze agweme ukuvela "ebugebengwini" phambi kokuvota.

Ngaphandle kokugwetshwa, izinkantolo zihlela umthetho womthetho ngezinqumo eziphathelene nokuphenywa nokuthatheka, izindlela zokuphenya, ibheyili, imvume yokuququlwa kwecala, namalungelo abamangalelwa. Abahluleli abenza lezi zinqumo bakhethwa ngezinqubo abavoti abadlala ngazo indima eqondile noma engaqondile.

Amalungelo Okuzala Nokunakekela Impilo

Isinqumo seNkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. kuDobs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization, eyagumbuqela uRoe v. Wade, saphakamisa ngokuphawulekayo ukubaluleka kwezinkantolo zikahulumeni ekunqumeni amalungelo okukhishwa kwesisu nokungena kwezempilo. Ekugumbuqeleni uRoe v. Wade, iNkantolo yenza umthetho kahulumeni, kuhlanganise nemithetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho kazwe, indawo eyinhloko yokusingatha amalungelo okukhishwa kwesisu.

Izinkantolo eziphakeme zikahulumeni manje zisebenza njengabasekeli bokugcina bamalungelo okuzala ngaphansi komthetho-mthetho kahulumeni, ukwenza ukhetho lokwahlulela oluwumphumela oyinhloko wokukhishwa kwezisu, isimiso sokuvimbela inzalo, kanye nezindaba ezihlobene nezokunakekelwa kwempilo. Izinkantolo futhi zifeza izindima ezibalulekile ekuchazeni umthetho wezokwelapha, ukubukeza imithetho yomshuwalense, nokuxazulula izingxabano zezokwelapha ezingalawuleki.

Ukulungisa Nokulungisa Amalungelo

Izinkantolo zivame ukusebenza njengemikhankaso yokugcina yezimpikiswano ezilungisayo, zinqume ukuthi amabalazwe emithetho nemithetho avumelana yini nezimfuneko zomthetho-mthetho kanye neziqondiso ezingokomthetho ezimelene nobandlululo. Izinkantolo eziphakeme zoMbuso ziye zabulala abahlali abavela kwamanye amazwe, zayala amabalazwe amasha esigodi, futhi zachaza amalungiselelo emithetho ebusa inqubo yokulungisa imibandela.

Ngokufanayo, izinkantolo zifeza indima eyinhloko ekumangalelweni kwamalungelo okuvota, ukubukeza imithetho ye - ID yamavoti, imingcele yokuqala, izimfuneko zokuvota, nemithetho yokubhalisa.

Isivikelo Sendawo Ezungezile Nokushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu

Umthetho wendawo ezungezile uyaqhubeka udlalwa ezinkantolo, lapho abahluleli bechaza khona imithetho enjenge - Clean Air Act and Clean Water Act, bebukeza imithetho yezinhlangano, nezingxabano eziwubufakazi phakathi kwabasekeli bendawo ezungezile, izimboni, nohulumeni. Izinkantolo zinquma izinga lesivikelo sendawo ezungezile, igunya lezinhlangano ezilawulayo, kanye nezindlela zokulungisa umonakalo wendawo ezungezile.

Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuye kwavela njengendawo ebaluleke kakhulu lapho izindaba zefilosofi yokwahlulela zikhona. Izindaba ezihilela imithetho yokufudumala kwegesi, iziqondiso zamandla avuselelwayo, nezimfuneko ezihlobene nesimo sezulu zidinga abahluleli ukuba bachaze izinhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi zemithetho ephikisanayo kanye nezithakazelo eziphikisanayo.

Ukulungisa Ibhizinisi Nesivikelo Kubathengi

Izimpikiswano eziphikisanayo ezihlanganisa ukugcinwa kwesivumelwano, ukulawulwa kwenkampani, umthetho wokungaqiniseki, umthetho omelene nokuthembeka, kanye nesivikelo sabathengi. Izinyathelo zabahluleli kulezindaba zithinta isimiso sezomnotho, imisebenzi yezebhizinisi, namalungelo abathengi. Abanye abahluleli babheka ukudebeselelwa okukhulu ekwahluleleni kwezebhizinisi nasenkululekoni yesivumelwano, kuyilapho abanye bethatha imibono ethanda ukungabaza ngamandla enkampani kanye nezimiso zokuvikela ngokwengeziwe kubathengi nakuzisebenzi.

Ukumangalelwa kweqembu, izivumelwano zokulungisa izigwegwe, nokulungisa i - tort konke kuhilela ukuchazwa kokwahlulela okungasiza noma kuvimbele ukufinyelela ukwahlulela abantu abalimala ngenxa yokuziphatha okubi kwezinhlangano. Abahluleli abenza lezi zinqumo bakhethwa ngezinqubo ezithonywe ukuthatha iqhaza nemiphumela yokuvota.

Izici Ezithonya Ukukhetha Kokwahlulela

Ukuqonda izici ezihlela imiphumela yokhetho lokwahlulela kusiza abavoti ukuba baqaphele amandla asemdlalweni futhi benze izinqumo ezinolwazi oluthé xaxa.

Ukuxhasa Nokumemezela Ngomkhankaso

Imali isiye yaba amandla avelele okhethweni oluningi. Imali isetshenziswa kakhulu futhi amaqembu angaphandle achitha izigidi ekukhangiseni ithelevishini, imikhankaso yemishini, iposi eliqondisiwe nezinye izinhlobo zokuvota. Abavoti abathathiwe kahle bajabulela izinzuzo ezinkulu ngokuqaphela igama, ukusakaza imiyalezo, nokuqoqa amavoti.

Imithombo yomkhankaso wokuxhasa izinto kanye. Iminikelo evela kubameli bamacala, izithakazelo zebhizinisi, izinyunyana zezisebenzi, namaqembu emibono ingabonisa indlela yokusingatha izimpikiswano ezithinta lezo zimo. Abacwaningi bezentengiselwano zezimali bangathola ukuqonda okungasekela izithakazelo ezithile nabasekeli abazothola inzuzo.

Ukuqaphela Igesi Nemfundo

Izinhlanga zokwahlulela zithola imvume encishisiwe yemithombo yezindaba neyomvoti kunemincintiswano ephethe neyomthetho. Abavoti abaningi abazi okuncane ngabazohluleli, izimfanelo zabo, noma amafilosofi abo okwahlulela. Lokhu kushiyeka kokwaziswa kungaholela ekuvoteleni ngokusekelwe ekuqashelweni kwegama, ukuma kwe-collet, noma ukuhlanganiswa kweqembu kunokuba bahlole izinzuzo eziqondiswe ozohlolwa.

Izinhlangano ezifana nama-bar commission, amaqembu kahulumeni alungile, kanye nezindawo zokusakaza zemithombo yezindaba ngezinye izikhathi zinikeza abavoti nokwaziswa okusiza ekubhekaneni naleligebe lolwazi. Abaqondisi abachitha isikhathi becwaninga abahluleli mayelana nomthetho (_ukuhlola izizinda zabo zobuchwepheshe, ukufunda imibono yabo enyathelisiwe uma bengabahluleli abazimele, nokuqonda izindlela zabo zokuchaza ngokomthetho .) benza ukukhetha kolwazi oluvumelana nezindinganiso zabo nezinto eziza kuqala.

Ukuphoqelela Kwezombangazwe

Izivumelwano ezivela emabuthweni ezombangazwe, ezikhethwe izikhulu, amaqembu ezezentengiselwano, nabaholi bomphakathi bathonya okhetho ngokunikeza abavoti amasu ngokucabangela imibono yezikhulu zezehlulelo futhi mhlawumbe nezindlela zokwahlulela. Ku-Rhixhide jasti, ukugunyaza kweqembu kuvame ukubonakala kungujuqu, njengoba abavoti abaningi bencika kumalebula eqembu njengendlela emfishane yokuhlola.

Izibalo zenhlangano zimelela olunye uhlobo lokuvuna okungathonya izinhlanga zokwahlulela. Izinhlangano ezinjenge-American Bar Association zihlola abazokwahlulela ngokusekelwe ezingeni lobuchwepheshe, isimo, nobuqotho. Nakuba lezi zilinganiso zigxila ekwakheni kunemibono, zinikeza abavoti ngokuhlola okuzimele ukufaneleka kwesikhundla sokwahlulela.

Umbono Womphakathi Ngezindaba Eziyinhloko

Izinqumo zenkantolo noma izindaba zomthetho eziphezulu zingaguqula ukhetho lube izikhombo ezinqunyweni ezithile noma ezindleleni zokwahlulela. Uma izinkantolo zikhipha izinqumo ezingathandeki ezindabeni ezinjengokukhishwa kwezisu, umshado oxubile, ukugwetshwa kobugebengu, noma amalungelo empahla, okhetho lokwahlulela lungaba izimoto zokuveza ukuvunyelwa komphakathi noma ukungavunyelwa kwalezo zinqumo.

Kuzo zonke izifundo ezintathu sibonisa indima ebalulekile efezwa ukwahlulela ekuthonyeni ukuziphatha kwezombangazwe. Ukucwaninga kubonisa ukuthi izindaba zokwahlulela zingashukumisela umvoti ukuba akhethe futhi athonye abavoti, ikakhulukazi lapho izinkantolo zisanda kunquma izindaba eziphathelene nomphakathi.

I - partisan Polaryation

Ukwanda kokuhlukaniswa kwabantu kuye kwathinta okhetho lwejaji njengoba nje kuye kwenza neminye imincintiswano yokukhetha. .Republicans @full Republicans − futhi ikakhulukazi amaRepublican anamandla kakhulu kungathatha ukubhalisa izicelo njengokubalulekile. Lokhu kuhlukanisa ngokunaka ngokukhetha kokwahlulela kungathonya abazolandela impumelelo nendlela imikhankaso yokwahlulela eqhutshwa ngayo.

Ezindabeni ngokhetho lokwahlulela oluvela kumavoti okwahlulela, ukuvota okuqondile kuye kwanda, lapho abavoti bekhetha bonke abazobhapathizwa eqenjini labo elithandwayo kunokuba bahlole abazokwahlulela ngabanye. Lokhu kuthambekela kunciphisa ukuzimela kokhetho lokwahlulela oluvela kukhetho olunamandla kakhulu futhi kungaphumela ekubeni abazokwahlulela baphumelele noma bahlulelwe ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yezimfanelo zabo noma ifilosofi yokwahlulela.

Ukungezwani Phakathi Kokuzibusa Nokulandisa

Impikiswano yokuthi abahluleli bangakhetha kanjani iwukucindezeleka okuyisisekelo ekubuseni kwentando yeningi: izindinganiso ezincintisanayo zokuzimela kokwahlulela nokuziphendulela ngentando yeningi.

Icala Lokuzimela Ekwahluleleni Isahlulelo

Inkululeko yokwahlulela ibhekisela embonweni wokuthi amajaji kufanele avinjelwe ithonya elingadingekile noma elingafanele ezinye izinhlangano zezombangazwe, izithakazelo, kanye noma umphakathi ovamile. Ukuzimela kuhlobene eduze nomqondo wokubusa komthetho: iziphakamiso ezingokomthetho kufanele zisetshenziswe ngendlela engaguquki, engakhethi, nengasoleki kungakhathaliseki ukuthi obani abahluleli noma abahluleli.

Abasekeli bokuzimela kokwahlulela baphikisa ngokuthi abahluleli kumelwe bakhululeke ekwenzeni izinqumo ezingathandwa lapho umthetho ufuna ukuba benze, ngaphandle kokwesaba isijeziso sokhetho. Ukuvikela amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo, ukuhlola ukuphambana kukahulumeni, nokuqinisekisa ubulungisa obulinganayo ngaphansi komthetho ngezinye izikhathi kudinga ukuba izinkantolo zibuse ngokumelene nokukhetha okuningi. Uma amajaji kumelwe akhathazeke njalo ngokubuyiselwa, angase alingeke ukunquma amacala asekelwe ekuhlunyelweni kwezombangazwe kunokuba anqume isimiso somthetho.

Isimiso sombuso sokumiswa kokwahlulela kukho konke ukuphila sibonisa lokhu kugcizelela ekuzimeleni. Ngokuvikela amajaji ekucindezeleni kwe-votor, isimiso sihlose ukwenza izinqumo ezisekelwe emthethweni kunezombangazwe. Nokho, lokhu kuzibusa kuletha ukulahlekelwa kwentando yeningi.

Icala Lokulandisa Ngentando Yeningi

Ukumelana nokuzimela kokwahlulela kudinga ukulandisa, umqondo wokuthi izikhulu zomphakathi kufanele zilandise kothile ngezinqumo zazo ezisezikhundleni. Abameleli bokhetho lokwahlulela baphikisa ngokuthi abahluleli banamandla amakhulu phezu kwezakhamuzi futhi ngakho kufanele balandise kubantu abakhonzayo.

Kulombono, ukhetho lokwahlulela lunikeza ukuhlola kwentando yeningi ngobuqili bokwahlulela futhi luqinisekisa ukuthi izinkantolo zihlala zisabela ezindinganisweni zomphakathi nasemikhubeni evumelana nezenhlalo. Lapho abahluleli benza izinqumo ezihluka kakhulu emizweni yomphakathi noma embhalweni womthetho - sisekelo, amakhetho anikeza inqubo yokuba abavoti babonise ukulahla nokukhetha abahluleli abazindlela zabo zivumelana kangcono nezindinganiso zomphakathi.

Inselele isekuklameni izimiso zokukhetha ezanele ezilondoloza ukuzimela kokwahlulela ukuze kuvikelwe ukubusa komthetho kuyilapho kugcinwa ukulandisa okwanele ngokwentando yeningi ukuze kuvinjelwe ubushiqela bokwahlulela.

Izimo Zamuva Ekukhetheni Izahlulelo

Ukuthambekela okuningana kuye kwalungisa kabusha okhethweni lokwahlulela eminyakeni yamuva, kubenza babize kakhulu, bakhiphela imingcele ehlukene, futhi kubangele imiphumela yenqubo. Ukuqonda lemiqondo kusiza abavoti ukuba baqonde isimo samanje sokukhetha kokwahlulela kanye namandla aguqula isimo senkantolo.

Imali Eqoshiwe Esetshenziswayo

Imali yokukhetha yokwahlulela iye yafinyelela izinga elingakaze libonwe. Lolohlanga, olwenzeka ngoApril 2023 futhi olungahlanganisiwe ekuhlaziyweni kwethu komjikelezo ka-2022, lwaphazamisa iningi lemibono eNkantolo Ephakeme yaseWisconsin eminyakeni engu-15 futhi lwakhanga okokuqala isamba semali esiphelele samaR31. Lelo nani lingaphezu kokuphindwe kabili kwalokho noma yiluphi ukhetho lwesihlalo esiphezulu sasenkantolo esake sabonakala esikhathini esidlule.

Lokhu kusetshenziswa kwemali kubonakalisa ukuqaphela okukhulayo kwezinkantolo ezimayelana namalungelo okukhipha isisu, amalungelo okuvota, ukuqinisekisa, kanye nezinye iziphakamiso eziphezulu zezimiso. Njengoba izinkantolo ziye zaba yisisekelo sokuxazulula izindaba zezombangazwe eziphikisanayo, amaqembu enzalo kanye nabacebi beminikelo abacebe kakhulu ekukhetheni kokwahlulela ukuze bathonye ukuqamba kwenkantolo.

Ukuhlanganyela Engcebweni Engeziwe

Ngisho nasezifundazweni ezingezona ezamaqembu okhetho lokwahlulela, abameleli babusa ngokuqhubekayo izinhlanga zokwahlulela. Amaqembu ezombangazwe, amaqembu afuna izithakazelo, kanye nabanikele ngokuvumelana nemibono bafeza izindima ezisebenzayo ekujoyineni abazojoyina, emikhankasweni yezimali, nasekuqoqeni abavoti. Lokhu kuthembisa kokhetho lokwahlulela olunhlobonhlobo kuye kwaguqula izimpi zezombangazwe ezibanzi nezingxabano zemibono.

Okhetho olungolwejaji luye lwaba izindawo ezinkulu zokulwa kwezombangazwe — ezigcwele imali emnyama, izithakazelo ezikhethekile, nezikhangiso zokuhlasela — ngenxa yezinqumo eziningana zeNkantolo Ephakeme yaseU.

Umphumela Wamabhubesi

Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme sigumbuqela uRoe v. Wade uye waphakamisa ngokuphawulekayo izigxobo zokhetho lukahulumeni. Ngokukhishwa kwezisu manje kunqunywe ngokuyinhloko umthetho wezwe nomthetho-mthetho wezwe, uma izinkantolo eziphakeme ziye zaba abaxhasi bokugcina bamalungelo okuzalana ezikhundleni zazo. Lokhu kushintshela phambili ukunakekela nemithombo yezezimali ezizweni ezibusayo, ikakhulukazi emazweni lapho ukukhishwa kwezisu kusancintisana khona.

Amaqembu anesithakazelo kuzo zombili izinhlangothi zenkulumo - mpikiswano yokukhipha izisu aye afaka kakhulu okhethweni lokwahlulela, eqaphela ukuthi ukuqanjwa kwenkantolo kuyonquma izinga lamalungelo okuzala iminyaka eminingi ezayo. Lokhu kushukumisa kuye kwenza ukuba okhetho lokwahlulela lubonakale ngokwengeziwe, lubiza kakhulu, futhi lugxile ngokucace ngokwengeziwe emiphumeleni yezimiso kunokuba kugxile ezimfanelweni zokwahlulela.

Indlela Abaqondisi Bezindaba Abangenza Ngayo Izinqumo Ezinolwazi Ngokwahlulela

Uma becabangela ukubaluleka kokhetho lokwahlulela nokuyinkimbinkimbi kokuhlaziya abazohlola, abavoti bayazuza emacebweni okwenza izinqumo ngolwazi.

Isizinda Sabacwaningi

Abavoter kufanele bahlole ulwazi lobuchwepheshe lwezokwahlulela, izizinda zemfundo, nemisebenzi yokufundela umsebenzi. Ingabe ozofundela ukubhapathizwa usebenzise umthetho kakhulu? Kuziphi izici? Baye basebenza njengejaji ngaphambili? Liyini idumela labo phakathi kwabameli nabanye abahluleli? Izikhundla zenhlangano, izimemo zomphakathi ezigunyaza umphakathi, nokuphumelela kobuchwepheshe kunikeza ukwaziswa okuwusizo ngezimfanelo zabazohlolwa.

Kujaji abafuna ukugcinwa noma ukuvotelwa, abavoti bangahlola amarekhodi abo okwahlulela. Izinkantolo eziningi zisakaza imibono kuyi-intanethi, zivumela abavoti ukuba bafunde ukusikisela kwamajaji ezicini ezingokoqobo. Nakuba abavoti abaningi bengenazo iziyalezo ezingokomthetho zokuhlola ubuchwepheshe, ukufunda imibono kunganikeza ukuqonda ekucacileni kokubhala kwabahluleli, ezindleleni zokucabanga, kanye nasekusebenziseni ukuchaza okungokomthetho.

Ukuqonda Ifilosofi Yokwahlulela

Kunokuba bagxile kuphela ezikhundleni zabazohlolwa ezindabeni ezithile, abavoti kufanele bazame ukuqonda amafilosofi abo abanzi okwahlulela. Abazofuna ukubhapathizwa bawaqonda kanjani ama-profession ? Iyiphi indima abakholelwa ukuthi izinkantolo kufanele ziyifeze emphakathini? Bawalinganisa kanjani amalungelo aphikisanayo afana namalungelo abantu kanye negunya likahulumeni, noma ukuzimela kokwahlulela nokuziphendulela ngentando yeningi?

Ama - condidaor, amaphephandaba emibuzo, nezingxoxo zingambula ifilosofi yokwahlulela, nakuba abazobhapathizwa ngokuvamile bekhuluma ngokucophelela ukuze bagweme ukubonakala bezandulela izindaba ezingase zivele phambi kwabo.

Cabangela Imali Yomkhankaso

Ukuhlola ukuthi obani abakhankasela ukukhokha imali kunikeza ukuqonda ngokunokwenzeka ngezinto eziza kuqala nezingabangela isithakazelo. Ukuvubukulwa kwezezimali zezezimali kwembula ukuthi yimaphi amaqembu enzalo, izimboni, nabantu ngabanye abasekela abazothatha iso. Nakuba iminikelo inganqumi ukuthi amajaji ayobusa kanjani, izindlela zokusekela zingabonisa ukuvumelana kophawu oluthile ngokuvumelana nemibono ethile.

Abaqondisi kufanele baqaphele ngokukhethekile iminikelo evela emaqenjini avela njalo phambi kwezinkantolo, njengabameli becala, izinkampani zomshuwalense, noma amabhizinisi. Iminikelo emikhulu evela emithonjeni enjalo iphakamisa imibuzo yokuthi amajaji angahlala yini engakhethi lapho enquma amacala ahilela abasekeli bawo abakhulu.

Imithombo Ethenjwayo

Izinhlangano ze - Bar, amaphephandaba angokomthetho, izinhlangano zikahulumeni ezinhle, neziqondisi ezingakhethi ngokuvamile zinikeza ukwaziswa okuwusizo ngabazoqulwa enkantolo. Le mithombo ivame ukuhlaziya abazobhapathizwa ngenxa yezimfanelo zobuchwepheshe, isimo sengqondo, ubuqotho nolwazi olungokomthetho kunokuba inikeze imibono ethandwayo.

Izindaba ezikhuluma ngezinhlanga zokwahlulela, nakuba zivame ukulinganiselwa, zingaqokomisa ukwaziswa okubalulekile ngezizinda, izimpikiswano, noma izikhundla. Abaqondisi kufanele bafune imithombo eminingi ukuze bathuthukise ukuqonda okuhlangene kahle kwabazofuna ukubhapathizwa kunokuba bathembele ekukhangiseni ngomkhankaso noma emithonjeni eyodwa yokwaziswa.

Qaphela Imingcele Yokukhetha Kokwahlulela

Abaqondisi kufanele baqonde ukuthi abahluleli, ngokungafani nabashaya imithetho noma abaphathi, bacindezelwa umthetho, inqubo, nezimiso zobuchwepheshe. Abahluleli abanakuthembisa futhi akufanele bathembise ukubusa izindlela ezithile ezindabeni ezithile, njengoba ukwenza kanjalo kungahlehlisa ukungakhethi kwabo. Kunalokho, abavoti kufanele bahlole abazothatha izintambo ezisekelwe ezimfanelweni zabo, kumafilosofi okwahlulela, futhi babonise ukuzinikela ebulungisani obungakhethi.

Lokhu kuphoqelela kwenza ukukhetha kuhluke kakhulu kweminye imincintiswano yokwahlulela. Nakuba abavoti belindele ngokomthetho ukuba abamisi-mthetho baqhubekisele phambili izinqubo ezithile kanye nabaphathi bemithetho, abahluleli kumelwe basebenzise umthetho njengolotshiwe kunokusebenzisa lokho abakuthandayo. Ngakho - ke abavoti kufanele bagxile ekukhetheni abahluleli ababonisa ikhono, isimo, nobuqotho bokunquma kahle izigijimi kunokuba bahlulele abathembisa imiphumela ethile.

Izinguquko Nempikiswano Eqhubekayo

Ukukhathazeka ngokwanda kokuzitika nokulahlekelwa kokhetho lokwahlulela kuye kwabangela iziphakamiso ezihlukahlukene zokuthuthukisa ukukhethwa kokwahlulela kuyilapho kulondoloza ukulandisa okufanelekile kwentando yeningi.

Ukusuka Ekukhetheni Kuya Ekunqunyelweni

Enye indlela iwukusuka kukhetho kuya kuhlelo lokwahlulela olumiswe kahle. Abanye abashisekeli benguquko basekela ukuthatha indawo yokhetho lokwahlulela ngezimiso ezifanele lapho abakhokhi abathatha imishini yokuhlela imishini kanye nababusi bemisa izinkinobho zabameleli abaqeqeshiwe. Abaxhasi baphikisa lendlela banganciphisa ithonya lemali nezombangazwe kuyilapho beqinisekisa ukuthi abahluleli abafanelekayo bafinyelela ebhentshini.

Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi izimiso zokumisa zimane zishintshe ithonya lezombangazwe kubabusi namalungu abomashi, okungase kunciphise ukulandisa kwentando yeningi ngaphandle kokuqeda ukucatshangelwa kwezombangazwe. Baphikisa ngokuthi ukhetho olubonisayo, naphezu kwamaphutha abo, lunikeza ukugunyazwa okungaphezu kombuso wentando yeningi kunalawo akhona ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yeminyango evalekile.

Umkhankaso Wezimali Wokushintsha

Iziphakamiso eziningi zenguquko zigxile ekunciphiseni ithonya lemali okhethweni lokwahlulela ngemingcele yokhetho, ngezimali zomphakathi, noma ngokwethulwa izimfuneko eziphambili zokwambulwa. Izwe lingasenze okwengeziwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi okhetho lokwahlulela alililulazi ikhono lenkantolo lokufeza indima yabo ebalulekile esimisweni sethu sentando yeningi. Lokho kuhlanganisa ukuqinisa imithetho yezimiso zomthetho ngakho abahluleli abazwa amacala ahilela abasekeli abakhulu nabahluleli abakhetha imibandela eyodwa ukuze banganqumi izindaba ngokhetho lwabo olulandelayo oluzayo.

Izinhlelo zezimali zomphakathi zinganciphisa ukuncika kwabazohlolwa empahleni ekhethekile kuyilapho zenza abazobhapathizwa abafanelekayo ngaphandle kokuxhumana nabacebile ukuba benze imikhankaso yokuncintisana. Izimfuneko zokuthola ukwaziswa ezikhushuliwe zazingasiza abavoti ukuba baqonde ukuthi obani abakhokhela imikhankaso yokwahlulela nalokho labo baxhasi bezimali abangakulindela ukuba nabo bakwenze.

Ukumangalela Nemithetho Ephakeme

Ukuqinisa izimfuneko zokumangalela kungadingida izimpikiswano zamajaji eziphathelene namacala aqulwayo ahilela abasekeli bawo abakhulu bomkhankaso. Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zathatha imithetho efuna ukuba amajaji athathe icala emacaleni ahilela amaqembu noma abameli abanikela ngaphezu kwemikhankaso ethile emikhankasweni yabo. Nakuba imithetho enjalo ingeke iziqede zonke izingxabano zesithakazelo, inikeza isivikelo esithile ekubonakaleni ukuthi ubulungisa buyadayiswa.

Imithetho ekhushuliwe yezimiso zokuqondisa umkhankaso wokwahlulela ingasiza futhi ekulondolozeni umthetho wokwahlulela.

Imingcele Yenkulumo Nokuzigcina Uyikhumbula

Abanye abashisekeli bezinguquko bahlongoza amagama amade abahluleli alandelwa umhlalaphansi ophoqelelwe kunokuba bathathe umhlala-phansi. Lendlela inganikeza amajaji izikhathi ezithe xaxa zokunquma izigwebo ngaphandle kokucindezela kokukhetha ngenkathi kuqinisekiswa amathuba okuziphendulela ngentando yeningi. Abanye basekela ukhetho olugciniwe kunokuba bancintisane nokhetho, bephikisa ngokuthi amavoti anciphisa ubushiqela kuyilapho elondoloza umvoti.

Icebo ngalinye lenguquko lihilela ukuhweba phakathi kwezindinganiso ezincintisanayo nezindlela eziwusizo. Indlela engcono kakhulu yokuzihlela cishe iyahlukahluka ezindaweni ezisezikhundleni zezombangazwe ezisekelwe emasikweni endawo, emalungiselelweni akhona, nezinkinga ezithile izinguquko ezihloselwe ukuzixazulula.

Umongo Obanzi: Izinkantolo Embusweni Wentando Yeningi WaseMelika

Ukuqonda indlela izinkantolo zokukhetha ezithonya ngayo izinkantolo kudinga ukwazisa indima ebanzi yejaji embusweni wentando yeningi waseMelika. Izinkantolo zifeza imisebenzi eminingi ezenza zihluke emagatsheni ezombangazwe kuyilapho ziwahlanganisa nokubusa kwentando yeningi.

Izinkantolo Ezivikela Amalungelo

Indima yokwahlulela ebalulekile ihlanganisa ukuvikela amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo, ikakhulukazi amalungelo eqembu elincane namaqembu angathandwayo okungenzeka antula amandla ezombangazwe emagatsheni akhethiwe. Lendima ephikisanayo idinga ukuzimela kokwahlulela, njengoba ukuvikela amalungelo angathandwa ngokuvamile kusho ukubusa ngokumelene nokuthandwa kweningi.

Umbango phakathi kokuvikela amalungelo nokuhlonipha ukwenza izinqumo zentando yeningi ukhona kuwo wonke umthetho waseMelika ongokomthetho. Amafilosofi okwahlulela ahlukene axazulula lokhu kucindezeleka ngokuhlukile, okwenza ukukhetha kokwahlulela kube nomthelela ekukhetheni indlela izinkantolo ezilinganisela ngayo lezizimfuneko eziphikisanayo.

Izinkantolo Ezizibopha Izimpikiswano

Ngaphandle kwamacala angokomthetho, izinkantolo zixazulula izimpikiswano eziningi ezihilela izivumelwano, impahla, izintambo zomdlandla, nokuquliswa komthetho wobugebengu. Lempi yesinqumo idinga amajaji aqonda umthetho, awusebenzise kahle, futhi ayale inhlonipho evela kubaqondisi nasemphakathini. Izindlela zokukhetha inkantolo zokukhetha zithinta ukuthi izinkantolo zikhanga abafanelekayo futhi zilondoloze ukuthembela komphakathi ekungakhethi kwabo.

Ukucwaninga ngemfanelo yokwahlulela kusikisela ukuthi izindlela zokukhetha zibalulekile kule misebenzi. Ucwaningo luthola ukuthi ukukhetha okufanelekile kuveza umsebenzi wokwahlulela ophakeme kakhulu kunokhetho olulandelwayo lubonisa ukuthi indlela esikhetha ngayo abahluleli ithinta ukusebenza kwabo ekuxazululeni izingxabano nasekuthuthukiseni imfundiso engokomthetho.

Izinkantolo Njengobenzi Bemithetho

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngamabomu noma cha, izinkantolo zenza inkambiso ngezincazelo zazo zolimi nomthetho-sisekelo. Uma izinkantolo zichaza ulimi oludidayo, zigcwalisa izikhala ezihlelweni zomthetho, noma zisebenzisa izimiso zomthetho ezisezimweni ezintsha, ngokungenakugwenywa zenza ukukhetha okuthinta imiphumela yesimiso. Lendima yokwenza isimiso idala ukungezwani nezimiso zentando yeningi, njengoba amajaji angazikhethi ngokusemthethweni noma ngokungaqondile ethinta izigidi zabantu.

Izinga izinkantolo okufanele zingene kulo ekwenzeni imithetho kusaphikiswana ngalo. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi izinkantolo kufanele zichaze imithetho ngokulinganiselwe futhi zithathe amagatsha akhethiwe ngemibuzo yezomthetho, kuyilapho amanye ephikisa ngokuthi ukubopha ngokuqinile kokwahlulela kuyadingeka ukuze kuqikelelwe izindinganiso zomthetho-sisekelo futhi kuhlolwe ubuqili bukahulumeni. Lemibono ephikisanayo imemezela izimpikiswano ngokukhethwa kokwahlulela kanye nendima efanele yokukhetha ekukhetheni amajaji.

Isiphetho: Amandla Nomthwalo Wemfanelo Wabavori

Igatsha lakho lokwahlulela lithonya kakhulu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngokuhlanganyela ngokuqondile okhethweni lokwahlulela noma ngethonya elingaqondile ngemijaho kamongameli neyoMkhandlu enquma ukumiswa kokwahlulela kukahulumeni.

Ngokuhlola abahluleli, ukuqonda ifilosofi yokwahlulela, ukulandela izimali zomkhankaso, nokwazisa indima eyingqayizivele yezinkantolo ekubuseni kwentando yeningi, abavoti bangasebenzisa amandla abo okukhetha ngokuphumelelayo futhi bagcine izikhulu zokwahlulela zinecala kuyilapho zilondoloza ukuzimela okudingekayo ngenxa yobulungisa obungakhethi.

Izinselele ezibhekene nokukhethwa kokwahlulela − ukubheka izindleko zomkhankaso, ukwanda kokuhlukanisa, ukukhathazeka ngokungakhethi, funa ukunakwa okuqhubekayo ngabavoti, abakhi bezimiso, nochwepheshe bezomthetho. Imizamo yokulungisa kumelwe ilinganise izindinganiso eziphikisanayo zokuzimela nokuziphendulela kuyilapho iqinisekisa ukuthi izinkantolo zingafeza imisebenzi yazo ebalulekile esimisweni somthetho-sisekelo wethu.

Ekugcineni, imfanelo nokufaneleka kwezinkantolo zethu kuxhomeke olwazini, izakhamuzi eziboshelwe ukuqaphela ukubaluleka kokukhethwa ngokwahlulela futhi zihlanganyele ngokucabangela ezinqubweni zokukhetha ezimisa inkantolo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukuvota okhethweni lokwahlulela, ukukhetha amongameli nabasizi abazomisa amajaji ohulumeni, noma ukusekela izinguquko zokuthuthukisa ukukhethwa kokwahlulela, wonke umvoti ufeza indima ekunqumeni ukuthi ubani ochaza imithetho yethu nokuthi isebenza kanjani ubulungisa.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngokukhethwa kokwahlulela nezimiso zenkantolo, vakashela imithombo yezehlulelo zezemfundo . iQuerts Educational Resources, Brennan Center for Justice[, imithombo yokwahlulela yezehlulelo , iSikhungo sezwe seNkantolo yeNkantolo yeNkantolo yeNkantolo yeSizwe seNkanto , kanye newebhusayithi yegatsha lezwe lakho yokwahlulela ngokwaziswa ngezimiso zenkantolo zendawo nokhetho lokwahlulela.