Imfundo yama-pics iyingxenye ebalulekile yezifundo zethu zemfundo, inikeza abafundi ulwazi namakhono adingekayo ukuze baqonde isimo nomsebenzi kahulumeni. Ngokufunda ngomphakathi, abafundi bangahlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo ezindaweni zabo futhi bahlanganyele enqubweni yentando yeningi. Lemfundo idlula ulwazi lwemfundo yezincwadi, ihlomisela abantu abanekhono lokuhlaziya izimiso zezombangazwe, ukuhlaziya izimiso, nokusekela empilweni yentando yeningi emele. Enkathini yokwanda kobunkimbinkimbinkimbini bezombangazwe nokwaziswa kwamanani, izifundo zezakhamuzi eziphambili zibaluleke kakhulu ukudlula ngaphambili ekusekeleni ulwazi nezakhamuzi ezikhuthele ezisezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane.

Iyini Imfundo Yezigaba?

Imfundo ye-Covic ihlanganisa ukuhlolwa kwamalungelo nemithwalo yemfanelo yezakhamuzi, ukusebenza kukahulumeni, nokubaluleka kokuthembisana komphakathi. Ihlose ukulungiselela abafundi ukuba bafundiswe futhi bahlanganyele ngentshiseko embusweni wabo wentando yeningi. Imfundo ihlanganisa ukuqonda indlela imithetho ehlelwa ngayo, indlela abaholi abakhethwa ngayo, indlela isimiso somphakathi esibunjwa ngayo, nendlela abantu ngabanye abangasekela ngayo ushintsho. Imfundo yanamuhla ihlanganisa nokufunda imithombo yezindaba, ukucabanga okugxeka ngemithombo yezombangazwe, nekhono lokuhlanganyela ngenhlonipho ngemibono ehlukene.

Ngokomlando, imfundo yomphakathi eUnited States yayiyisisekelo semfundo yomphakathi, eklanyelwe ukuthuthukisa ukuma komphakathi futhi ilungiselele abafuduki ukuba batholwe ngokwemvelo. Nokho, phakathi namashumi ambalwa eminyaka adlule, isikhathi sokufundiswa esinikezelwe emphakathini siye sancipha, ngokuvamile sigcwele isigaba sokuhlola okubalulekile ekufundeni nakwezezibalo. Izinhlangano ezinjenge isikhungo semfundo ye-CUB nesigaba sokuhlola izakhiwo izilinganiso ezihleliwe ezivamile ziye zasebenza ukuvuselela indaba ngokunikeza izinkonzo zesihle nezinhlelo ezikhokhelayo. Injongo yokugcina ihlala ingumzamo wokuhlakulela izakhamuzi eziqonda izimiso ze-democracy.

Ukubaluleka Kokuqonda Ukuhlelwa Kukahulumeni

Ukuqonda isakhiwo sikahulumeni kubalulekile ngenxa yezizathu eziningana, kwakha isisekelo izakhamuzi ezingazakhela kuso ukuhlanganyela okuphumelelayo futhi zenze abaholi bazo balandise.

  • Ukwazi izakhiwo zikahulumeni kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zenze izinqumo ezinolwazi phakathi nokhetho. Abaqondisi abakuqonda ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso nezindima ezithile zegatsha ngalinye bahlonyiselwe kangcono ukuhlola izimo zabazokuya emicimbini enjengokumiswa komthetho noma izinto eziza kuqala.
  • Ukukhokha icala: [ Ukuqonda indlela imisebenzi kahulumeni esebenzayo yenza izakhamuzi zibone ukuthi izikhulu zinecala. Uma izakhamuzi zazi ukuthi yiliphi izinga likahulumeni eliphatha imfundo, ukuphepha komphakathi, noma umthetho wendawo ezungezile, zingaqondisa noma zikhononde egunyeni elilungile, ziqinise ukuqondisa kwentando yeningi.
  • Isenzo sokuthatha Ingxenye: Ukuqaphela izinqubo zikahulumeni kukhuthaza ukuhlanganyela komphakathi nokuqapha. Izakhamuzi eziqonda inqubo yomthetho zingayamukela ngokuphumelelayo intela, zifakazele ekulaleleni, noma zihlele ukusabela komphakathi ezimisweni ezihlongozwe.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, isimo sikahulumeni sokuqonda sisiza abantu ukuba basebenzise izinkonzo zomphakathi, ekufuneni imvume yokuthola izinzuzo zomphakathi. Kunciphisa futhi ukuchayeka ekwazini okunganembile, njengoba izakhamuzi zingasho ukuthi uhulumeni ungenzani noma ngeke akwenze ngokusekelwe emingceleni yomthetho-sisekelo nasemingceleni elawulayo.

Izingxenye Eziyinhloko Zokwakhiwa Kukahulumeni

Isakhiwo sikahulumeni ngokuvamile sinamagatsha amathathu ayinhloko, umklamo osekelwe esimisweni sokuhlukanisa imibuso eshiwo izazi zefilosofi zezombangazwe njengoMontesquieu futhi efakwe eMthethweni - sisekelo waseU.S.

  • Igatsha elisebenzayo: Icala lokumisa imithetho nokuqondisa imisebenzi kahulumeni.
  • [[[Umthetho:0] Igatsha elisemthethweni: Isibopho sokwakha imithetho nokumelela izithakazelo zabantu.
  • [[UMTH:0] Igatsha eliphethe i- Jodicial: Isibopho sokuchaza imithetho nokuqinisekisa ubulungisa.

Kuhulumeni, lamagatsha angomongameli, uKhongolo, neNkantolo ePhakeme. Ohulumeni boMbuso bahlobisa lesi sakhiwo nababusi, izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni, nezinkantolo zikahulumeni, nakuba iziqu nemibuso ethile ihlukahluka. Ohulumeni bendawo, njengezindawo zomphakathi, njengezibalo zemeya noma isikhulu somkhandlu, bangathola izimiso ezithuthukisa ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso emphakathini.

Igatsha Eliphethe

Igatsha eliphethe liqondiswa nguMongameli ophethe isigaba sikahulumeni nangababusi esigabeni sikahulumeni. Leligatsha lihlanganisa iminyango nezinhlangano ezihlukahlukene ezisebenzisa imithetho nezimiso. UMongameli usebenza njengenhloko yombuso nomphathi-mphathi wamabutho ahlomile, ephethe imibuso ehlanganisa ukumiswa komthetho, ukumisa amajaji angokomthetho namalungu ekhathekhathemethi, kanye nokuqhuba umthetho wangaphandle. Umbuso wezwe, ohlanganisa iminyango ye-khabethe engu-15 nezinhlangano ezizimele ezifana ne-Evironment Protection Agency ne-NASA, ukhipha i-suku lonke lomthetho kahulumeni wezimiso zikahulumeni.

Kulelozinga likahulumeni, ababusi banegunya elifanayo ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni, ukugcinwa komthetho, nakwezokuphathwa kwesimo esiphuthumayo. Ukuphumelela kwegatsha eliphethe lixhomeke emakhonweni alo okuxhumanisa izinhlangano, ukumisa umthetho oyinkimbinkimbi, nokuthatha isinyathelo ezinkingeni. Imfundo isiza abafundi ukuba baqonde izinga lamandla okuqondisa futhi baqaphele indlela izimiso zokuphatha ezithinta ngayo ukuphila kwansuku zonke, kusukela ezindinganisweni zokuphepha zokuhamba nokuhamba emoyeni.

Igatsha Elingokomthetho

Igatsha lemithetho lakhiwa yizindlu ezimbili: iSigele nendlu yabameleli ezingeni likahulumeni. Ohulumeni bakhona futhi banamalungu abo siqu, angase abe yi-uncameral (i-Nebraska) noma i-bidaral. UKhongolo lunomthwalo wemfanelo wokwenza imithetho, ukumemezela impi, ukuphakamisa inzuzo ngentela, nokuqondisa igatsha eliphethe. Indlu yabameleli ihlela izihlalo ezisekelwe emphakathini, namalungu akhonza izintambo ezimbili, kuyilapho iSishaya-gelethi sinikeza isilinganiso esilinganayo sezwe ngalinye ngemithetho yeminyaka eyisithupha.

Inqubo yomthetho ihlanganisa ukuqulwa kwezindaba zamakomiti, izimpikiswano zaphansi, namavoti kuzo zombili izikhambi ngaphambi kokuba kuthunyelwe isikweleti kuMongameli. Izakhamuzi zingayithonya lenqubo ngokuthinta abameleli bazo, ngokuhlanganyela emahholo edolobha, noma ngokufaka ubufakazi ekuqulweni kwekomiti. Ukuqonda igatsha lemithetho kubaluleke kakhulu ngokuqaphela indlela isimiso somphakathi esibunjwe ngayo ngokuyekethisa, amandla okulawula, nokulawula. I-Library of Congresssion kanye neHhovisi Lokunyathelisa Lombuso linikeza imithombo emikhulu ye-intanethi yemithetho ye-operation kanye nokufunda ngomlando we-computerration.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela

Igatsha lokwahlulela lichaza imithetho futhi lihlanganisa izilinganiso ezihlukahlukene zezinkantolo, kuhlanganise neNkantolo Ephakeme, enesiphetho sokugcina ezincazelweni ezingokomthetho. Leligatsha liqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho isetshenziswa ngokufanelekile nangokulunga, ukubukeza amacala angase ahlanganise imibuzo engokomthetho, imithetho kahulumeni, noma izimpikiswano phakathi kwemibuso. Isimiso senkantolo sihlanganisa izinkantolo zesifunda (izinkantolo zenkantolo), izinkantolo zesifunda zokudlulisa amacala, neNkantolo Ephakeme. Inkantolo yoMbuso isingatha amacala amaningi angokomthetho, kuhlanganise nezindaba zobugebengu, izindaba zomkhaya, nezimpikiswano zesivumelwano.

Isimiso sokuhlola kokwahlulela, esimiswe ecalani uMarbury v. Madison, sivumela izinkantolo ukuba zikhiphe imithetho ephula uMthetho-sisekelo. Imfundo isiza abafundi ukuba baqonde indlela izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme ezibumba ngayo ukuphila kwaseMelika, kusukela emalungelweni omphakathi kuya ekuvoteni. Ibuye iqokomise indima yamajaji njengabagwebi abangakhethi kunokuba abamisi bemithetho, ihlukanise incazelo yokwahlulela ekusunguleni umthetho.

Imisebenzi kaHulumeni

Ohulumeni bafeza imisebenzi eminingana ebalulekile yokulondoloza ukuhleleka nokuthuthukisa inhlalakahle yezakhamuzi.

  • [[QUT:0] Uhlelo olugcinayo:[ Ohulumeni bamisa imithetho yokulondoloza ukuthula nokuhleleka phakathi komphakathi. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukugcinwa komthetho wobugebengu, ukuzivikela kwesizwe, nokuphathwa kwesimo esiphuthumayo. Amaphoyisa, izinkantolo, nezimiso zokulungisa zisebenza ukuvimbela ubugebengu nokuxazulula izingxabano.
  • Ishoshoding Services Public Services:[ Ohulumeni banikeza izinkonzo ezibalulekile njengemfundo, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, nesisekelo sesisekelo semisebenzi. Izikole zomphakathi, imigwaqo emikhulu, izinhlelo zamanzi, nezinhlangano zezempilo zomphakathi zixhaswe ngezimali ngentela futhi zisiza okuhle okuvamile.
  • [ Ohulumeni abavikela amalungelo: bavikela amalungelo nenkululeko yabantu ngemithetho nangezimiso. IBhili lamaLungelo liqinisekisa inkululeko yokukhuluma, yenkolo, nenhlangano, kuyilapho imithetho elinganayo yokuvikela ivikela ekucwaseni.
  • Ukufaka i-General Welfare:[ Ohulumeni basebenza ukuthuthukisa izinga lokuphila kwabo bonke abezakhamuzi. Lokhu kuhlanganisa amanetha okuphepha ngokwenhlalo njenge-Social Security and Medicare, umthetho wezomnotho wokuqinisekisa izimakethe ezilungile, kanye nesivikelo sendawo ezungezile emoyeni ohlanzekile nasemanzini.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ohulumeni benza imisebenzi yezomnotho enjengokuqondisa isimiso semali, ukuqondisa ezentengiselwano, nokuqoqa izintela ukuze kuthengwe izimpahla zomphakathi. Uhulumeni uphethe futhi ukusebenzelana kwezizwe zangaphandle, ukuxoxa, nokunikeza usizo kwamanye amazwe. Ngokuvamile ohulumeni bamazwe kanye nohulumeni bendawo bahola ekusebenziseni izinhlelo, ezomphakathi, kanye nokuthuthukisa umphakathi. Ukuqonda lemisebenzi kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zihlole ukuphumelela kwezinhlelo zikahulumeni futhi zisekele izinguquko zezimiso ezivumelana nezindinganiso zazo.

Indima Yezakhamuzi Kuhulumeni

Isivumelwano somthetho sibalulekile ekusebenziseni idemokrasi esebenzayo. Izakhamuzi zinelungelo nomthwalo wemfanelo wokuhlanganyela kuhulumeni ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene. Impilo yentando yeningi ixhomeke ekuthatheni isinyathelo ngokuzikhandla, ngokufunda nganoma iziphi izilinganiso.

  • Ukuvota: Enye yezindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu izakhamuzi ezingathonya ngazo uhulumeni ngokuvota. Lokhu kuhlanganisa uhulumeni, umbuso, nokhetho lwendawo kumahhovisi aphethe, omthetho, namahhovisi okwahlulela. Ukuvota kunwetshwa futhi ezinyatheloni zokuthatha i-collet kanye nasema-arendrums, lapho izakhamuzi zinquma ngokuqondile ngemibuzo yenqubo.
  • Izakhamuzi zingasekela izindaba ezizikhathalelayo ngokuthintana nabameleli bazo noma ngokuhlanganyela emikhankasweni. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukubhala izincwadi, ukuya emahholo edolobha, ukuhlangana namaqembu enzalo, noma ukugijimela ehhovisi ngokwalo. Izindawo zokufaka izicelo zivikelwe.
  • Ukuhlanganisa okuhlangene: ukuhlanganyela ezinhlanganweni zendawo kanye nezindlela zokuthatha isinyathelo zisiza ekuqiniseni imiphakathi futhi zithuthukise umthwalo wemfanelo womphakathi. Umsebenzi wokuzithandela, izinxulumani zomakhelwane, amabhodi esikole, kanye namaqenjini omphakathi konke kuneqhaza emfucumfucu yentando yeningi yendawo.

Ngaphandle kwalezi zindlela ezivamile, ubugada bezokusebenza buye bavela njengendawo entsha yokuhlanganisa izakhamuzi. Izakhamuzi zingasebenzisa imithombo yezokuxhumana ukuze zihlele izinhlangano, zidlulisele ukwaziswa kukahulumeni ngezicelo ezivulekile, futhi zihlanganyele ekuhloleni i-intanethi. Nokho, ukubhalisa izinombolo kudinga ukufunda nokufunda izinto ezithembekile ezisekelwe kukwaziswa okunganembile. Imfundo yama-Cvicts manje ihlanganisa izifundo zokuhlola ulwazi olukuyi - Internet, ukuqonda ukucwasana, nokuvikela imfihlo.

Izinselele Emfundweni Yamaqembu Ezincwadi

Ukusingatha lezi zinselele kubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi izizukulwane ezizayo zikulungele ukuhlanganyela ngentando yeningi, naphezu kokubaluleka kwazo, imfundo yomphakathi ibhekene nezinselele eziningana eziphazamisa ukuphumelela kwayo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukucindezela okuhleliwe ngokuvamile kwenza izifundo zezenhlalo zingabi nanzuzo, kuhlanganise nezakhamuzi. Ukuhlolwa kwezemfundo yezemfundo (NAEP) kubonise amanani azimele, cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezine yabathuthukisi be-alderthitut. Lezibalo zigcizelela isidingo esiphuthumayo sentuthuko yezimiso.

Izinqubo Zemfundo Ephumelelayo

Ukuze banqobe lezi zinselele, othisha bangasebenzisa amasu amaningana enza ukuba abantu bafunde, bahileleke ngokwengeziwe futhi bathinteke.

  • [ Ukufunda okungaguquguquki: Ukulingisa, izimpikiswano, nokudlala indima kungenza ukuba umphakathi uhlanganyele ngokwengeziwe. Izinhlelo ezinjenge-iCPIC zinikeza imidlalo ku-ingosi lapho abafundi benza khona njengabahluleli beNkantolo Ephakeme noma amalungu eSishaya-Mkhandlwini, okwenza imiqondo efiphele ibonakale. Ukuhlola neModel United Nations kwakha futhi amakhono asebenzayo.
  • Izisebenziso zangempela: izifundo ezihlangene nezenzakalo zamanje kanye nezimo zezwe ezingokoqobo zisiza abafundi ukuba babone ukubaluleka komphakathi. Othisha bangasebenzisa izihloko zezindaba, imibiko kahulumeni, kanye nezindaba zendawo ukuze babonise ukuthi uhulumeni ukuthinta kanjani ukuphila kwansuku zonke. Imisebenzi yokufundela inkonzo, njengokuvota imposiso noma ukucoceka komphakathi, ukuhlanganisa nezenzo zomfanekiso.
  • Ubudlelwane obuhlangene:[ Ukuhlangana nezinhlangano zendawo kungathuthukisa imfundo yomphakathi futhi kunikeze abafundi okuhlangenwe nakho kwezandla. Izinhlangano zemikhandlu yamadolobha, izinkantolo, izinzuzo, kanye nezimemezelo zezindaba zivumela abafundi ukuba bahambele phambili ezikhulwini zomphakathi, noma baveze amaphephandaba ezakhamuzi.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukuhlanganisa kwe-media Literacy: Abafundi abafundisa ukuhlaziya ngokuhluzekisa ukwaziswa kwezombangazwe kubalulekile. Izifundo zokuhlukanisa ubandlululo, ukuqinisekisa imithombo, nokuqonda inkulumo - ze zihlomisela abafundi ukuba babe nesabelo sesizwe esinolwazi ngenkathi yobuchwepheshe. Imivuzo evela ezinhlanganweni ezinjenge News Literacy Project []

Intuthuko yochwepheshe kuthisha futhi ibalulekile. Izinhlelo zokuqeqesha ezigxile ekuchazeni izinkulumo zomphakathi, ekusingatheni izimpikiswano, nasekusebenziseni izindlela ezisekelwe ekubuzeni zingathuthukisa imfundo. Izwe lingagunyaza izifundo zomphakathi ezinikezelwe futhi linike izimali zokuthatha uhambo lokuya ezakhiweni zikahulumeni noma izenzakalo zomphakathi. Ngokusekela izinhlangano ezisezifundweni zemfundo, izikole zingaqinisa izindinganiso zentando yeningi emlandweni, isiNgisi, ngisho nezifunda zesayensi.

Isiphetho

Imfundo yama-Covic ibalulekile ekuthuthukiseni izakhamuzi ezinolwazi futhi ezithembisene ukumiswa. Ukuqonda isakhiwo nomsebenzi kahulumeni kunika abantu amandla okuhlanganyela ngentshiseko embusweni wabo wentando yeningi. Kusukela kumagatsha amathathu kahulumeni kuya emsebenzini womphakathi wenkonzo yomphakathi, lolu lwazi lunikeza amathuluzi adingekayo ukuze kumelelwe ushintsho, lugcine abaholi belandisa, futhi lwakhe imiphakathi eqinile. Ngokusingatha izinselele ngokuqoqwa kwemithombo yemali, ngokuthuthukisa uhlelo lwezifundo, namacebo amasha okufundisa, angayithuthukisa imfundo yezezenhlalakahle yezizukulwane ezizayo. Imfundo edumile engokwentando yeningi, nemfundo yezemfundo yezakhamuzi ihlala iyithuluzi lethu eliphumelela kakhulu lokufinyelela leyo njongo.