Izivumelwano zomphakathi zomphakathi zivele njengendlela eyisisekelo yokusingatha ukuswelakala kwamanzi embulungeni yonke. Njengoba ohulumeni emhlabeni wonke belwa nezimiso zokuhamba kwamanzi, ukwanda kwabantu, kanye nemiphumela ekhulayo yesimo sezulu, isidingo semishini emisha yezimali nezokuphatha izakhiwo asizange nanini sibe sicindezela kakhulu. IPPPP inikeza uhlelo lapho ukuqondisa komphakathi nokuziphendulela komphakathi kuhlanganiswa khona nenhloko yezindawo ezizimele, ukusebenza kahle, nobuchwepheshe bobuchwepheshe. Engxenyeni yamanzi, lezi zinhlangothi azikho ngemishini yokwakha izitshalo nezitshalo; zicabanga ukuthi izinkonzo ezibalulekile zingagcinwa ngokuqhubekayo nangokungalingani. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlola okuqinile kwePPPS, ukuthuthukisa ukuthuthuka kwemisebe, ukuhlola, ukuthuthukisa, ukuthuthukisa inzuzo, izinselele, izinselele, nomphumela wangempela womhlaba.

Isimiso Se - PPP Ezindaweni Ezinamafulegi Asemanzini

Isimiso esivamile sezimiso zamanzi ezixhaswa obala futhi ezisetshenziswayo siye saholela ekufinyeleleni okukhulu ekutholeni nasekuzingeniseni kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule. Nokho, izinga lokutshala imali kwamanje nokuzayo lingaphezu kakhulu kwesilinganiso sohulumeni abaningi. I-World Bank ilinganisela ukuthi amanzi embulunga yonke nezimiso zokukhuculula indle kudinga amakhulu ezigidi zezigidi zamaRandi minyaka yonke ukuhlangabezana neMgoqo - sisekelo wezentuthuko 6. Ukulinganisela kokusetshenziswa kwemali, ukuncintisana kwezinto eziza kuqala, nemijikelezo yezombangazwe ngokuvamile kuphumela ekuncipheni okungapheli. I-PPPS ingavala leligemfa ngokuvula inhloko nhloko yenhloko- dolobha nokuveza izivumelwano ezisekelwe ekusebenzeni, izivumelwano ezihambisana nezisusa imiphumela.

Ngaphandle kokusebenzisa imali, amaPPP akhuluma ngokuswela okukhulu kwamakhono akhethekile okuphatha nobuchwepheshe. Abasebenza nabo bomuntu siqu baletha ubuchwepheshe bokuklama, ukwakha, nemisebenzi izinhlangano zomphakathi ezingase zingabi nayo. Lokhu kudluliswa kolwazi lungaholela ekuthuthukiseni ukusebenza ngokuphumelelayo (ukuthuthukisa amanzi angewona ama-renethienue, ukusebenzisa amandla anele ekwelapheni, nokusebenzisa imishini yokuhlola imishini ehlakaniphile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokususa izingozi ezithile (njengokulibala noma izindleko zokulawula) kumngane womuntu siqu, ohulumeni bangafinyelela ukuqiniseka okukhulu nokubaluleka kwemali.

Izibonelo Ezivamile Zemisebenzi Yamanzi

Ama - PPP ahlanganisa izinhlobonhlobo zamalungiselelo okuvumelana, ngalinye elifanelana nezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zomsebenzi, izingozi zokufisa ukudla, kanye nezindawo ezilawulwayo. Ukuqonda lezi zithombe kubalulekile kubantu abafuna ukufakwa ezindizeni ukuze bakhethe isakhiwo esifanele.

Umklamo-wokwakha i-Operate (DBO)

Ngaphansi kwesivumelwano se-DBO, umngane womuntu siqu unomthwalo wemfanelo wokuklama, ukwakha, bese esebenzisa impahla yamanzi (umzk., imboni yokukhipha indle noma indawo yokwelapha imfucumfucu) isikhathi esithile esimisiwe. Ingxenye yomphakathi igcina ubuni futhi ibeke izindinganiso zokusebenza. Lesibonelo sisebenza kahle uma igunya lomphakathi linamandla kodwa lidinga ukusungula nokusebenza kwangasese. Izivumelwano ze-DBO ngokuvamile zihlanganisa ukukhokha okusekelwe evolukeni nasemgangathweni, kwakha izisusa ezinamandla zokusebenza.

Yakha-Isilawuli-Transfer (BOT)

Kuhlelo lwe-BOT, imali yomuntu siqu, ukwakha, nokusebenzisa isakhiwo ukuze kuthathe inkathi yokuvunyelwa, iminyaka engu-20-30, ngemva kwayo ukukhokha kubuyela kuhulumeni. Le misebenzi ivame kakhulu, eyinhloko-nkulu, njengemiklamo emikhulu yokuthutha amanzi noma izakhi zamanzi anamandla. Inzuzo ivela ekukhokheleni izisebenzi noma imali ekhokhwa ngohulumeni (imali ekhokhelwayo). I-BOTT iguqula kokubili ukwakhiwa nokukhokha izingozi engxenyeni yomuntu siqu, idinga izifundo eziphambili zokuthola amanzi noma izimali ezigciniwe.

I - “conces ”

Izivumelwano zinikeza umqondisi ozimele ilungelo lokuphatha nokusebenzisa yonke indawo yamanzi noma indawo echazwe isikhathi eside. Osebenzisa imishini unomthwalo wokutshala imali, wokunakekela, nokuhambisa inkonzo, ukuzuza imali evela kubaphathi be-staff. Ingxenye yomphakathi igcina ubucukubhede futhi ibe nempahla. Izivumelwano ziye zasetshenziswa kakhulu emazweni anjengeFrance, iSpain, namazwe amaningana aseLatin America. Zidinga amandla anamandla okulawula ukuvikela abathengi nokuqinisekisa izivumelwano zokutshala imali.

Izinkinga Zezifo

Ngaphansi kwemvume, umngane ozimele usebenza futhi alondoloze isimiso esikhona, kuyilapho ingxenye yomphakathi igcina imithwalo yemfanelo yokutshala imali. Lokhu ngokuvamile kuyitshe elithatha inyathelo lokuya kumaPPP, kuvumela ohulumeni ukuba bathuthukise ukusebenza kahle ngaphambi kokubopha izakhiwo ezinkulu. Izivumelwano ze-Lrease zivamile ezomnotho ezishintshayo lapho ukuqiniseka kwengxenye yomuntu siqu kusakhula khona.

Izinzuzo Eziyinhloko Zeziphethu Ezakhiweni Zamanzi

Izinzuzo zePPP zidlulela ngalé kokuhlanganiswa kwenhloko - dolobha yomuntu siqu. Uma ihlelwe kahle, yakha umjikelezo omuhle wenkonzo ethuthukisiwe, ukulondolozwa kwezimali, nokwethenjwa umphakathi.

Ukuthumba Abantu

Ama-PPP adonsa abanikazi bezimali zempesheni nezinkampani zomshuwalense, ezifuna inzuzo eqinile, ephithizelayo efana nempahla yamanzi. Lokhu kunciphisa umthwalo wemali owenziwe ngokushesha kohulumeni futhi kuvumela ukuba banike imali yomphakathi esweleyo ezinye izinto eziza kuqala njengezinhlelo zezenhlalo noma ukusabela okuphuthumayo. Ezimweni eziningi, ama-PPPPS aye asheshisa ukuhlangana kwamanzi emiphakathini engagciniwe, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezingekho sisekelo, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezisezindaweni ezisezincane.

Ukusebenza Kakhulu Nokungaguquki

Abasebenzisi bomuntu ngabanye bancishiselwa ekunciphiseni izindleko, banciphise ukulahlekelwa amanzi, futhi bathuthukise impumelelo yamandla ngenxa yokuthi inzuzo yabo ixhomeke ekusebenzeni. Ngokwesibonelo, i-PPP eSenegal inciphe amanzi anganciphisi kusukela ku-30% kuya ku-15% phakathi neshumi leminyaka, ikhulula imiqulu emikhulu kubathengi abakhokhelwayo. Izimo ezinjengokuhlolwa okukude, ukulawulwa, nezimiso zokushaya izimoto zisetshenziswa kalula uma umngane womuntu siqu ethwala izindleko futhi evuna izinzuzo.

Ingozi Yokuthutha Nokuthutha

Izindleko zokwakha zivamile emikhankasweni emikhulu yezezisekelo. I-PPP yabela iqembu lezi zingozi ezingcono kakhulu ukuzisebenzisa. Ingxenye ezimele ithatha izingozi zokwakha nokufuna imfuno (izindawo ezivunyelwe), kuyilapho isigaba somphakathi sigcina inqubo yokulawula nezokulawula izingozi zezombangazwe. Uma ilinganisela, iholela ekuhleleni izakhiwo ezingokoqobo futhi inciphisa amathuba okubhuntshisa izindleko ezikhona ezikhungethe ukusetshenziswa kwemali.

Ukufika Kwabantwana Ngokushesha

Ngenxa yokuthi abangane bomphakathi bakhokhelwa kuphela lapho inzuzo isetshenziswa futhi kuhlangatshezwana nezindinganiso zomsebenzi, banezisusa ezinamandla zokuqeda imisebenzi ngesikhathi noma ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Imisebenzi eminingi yamanzi ePPP ikhishwe ngesivinini esikhulu kunemisebenzi yomphakathi efana naleyo, njengoba kufakazelwa yizikhungo zokususa ukungcola e-Australia futhi ukwelashwa ngamanzi angcolile kusebenza eNdiya.

Izinselele Ezibucayi Nokuvinjelwa Okuyingozi

Naphezu kwesithembiso sawo, amaPPP asemanzini awalona ikhambi.

Umklamo Oyinkimbinkimbi

Izivumelwano zePPP aziphelele ngokwemvelo . Zingeke zibone kusengaphambili zonke izenzakalo zesikhathi esizayo. Izivumelwano eziklanywe ngokungelutho zingaholela ekulungiseni okubizayo, izingxabano, noma ukuhluleka kwenkonzo. Izimo eziyinhloko zihlanganisa izinqubo ezingacacile zokulungisa i-pajing, izijeziso ezanele zokungalungi, nezinombolo ezingaqondakali ngokusebenza nge-applia. I-Mitigge idinga izivumelwano ezivamile, izimboni ezingokomthetho nezinezinqubo ezikhona zemali. [[FL:0] I-World Bank PPP Center Center [[FL:1] inikeza iziqondiso ezibanzi ezingoko ekwakhelweni izivumelwano zemisebenzi yamanzi.

Ukungabi Nangozi Nengozi Yezombangazwe

Amanzi ayisici esibucayi kwezombangazwe. Ukuze alulame futhi ahehe izindleko zokwethula, amajaji kumelwe abekwe emazingeni asebenza ngokufihla, ukulungisa, nezindleko zokufa. Nokho, ukukhushulwa kwemibhoshongo eshibhile kungabangela izinxushunxushu emphakathini, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwemikhaya engenisa imali ephansi. Ohulumeni bavame ukumelana nokuhamba ngezinyawo okungathandeki kwezombangazwe, ukwenza ukulingana phakathi kwezivumelwano naleyo ekhona. Lokhu kungaholela ezimpikiswaneni, izivumelwano, noma izivumelwano zokuqeda. Amasu ahlanganisa ukukhubaza izakhiwo zomphakathi kancane kancane kancane, usebenzise izakhiwo ze-garrivementat (izikhawu) ezingathandwayo zezezombangazwe, futhi bamise izinqumo zokuzilawula ngokweze zezombangazwe. [FLD:][FU.[0] CD CD ku-Mapanetic procence [FFoctivessions]

Ukuba Nesimiso Sokuqondisa Nokuqondisa

Amandla amakhulu omphakathi okulawula nokuqondisa ukusebenza kwePPP kubalulekile. Ngaphandle kwawo, abasebenzisi abangabodwa bangasika amakhonhlo noma bahluleke ukukhonza izindawo ezinzima zokufinyelela. Amazwe amaningi asathuthuka antula ubuchwepheshe, imali, kanye nobuchwepheshe obungokomthetho obudingekayo ukuze axhumane futhi aqondise amaPPPP ngokuphumelelayo. Ukwakha amandla okuqondisa ngokuqeqesha, ngokuhlinza, nokusebenzisa usizo lobuchwepheshe lwangaphandle kuyimfuneko yePPPPP. Izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke ezifana [[FLT]] Umbuso Wamanzi unikeza imithombo yemithombo yamanzi eqinisa ukubusa kwamanzi.

Ukulingana Nokutholakala Komphakathi

Kunengozi yokuthi iPPPP ifaka abathengi basemadolobheni abangenisa imali ephambili emaphandleni nasemiphakathini empofu. Izibopho ezihlangene zokwandisa inkonzo kumelwe zichazwe futhi ziqikelelwe. Ukuhlanganyela komphakathi ekuklameni izakhiwo nasekubekeni i-paps kungasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi amaPPPP awenezelele kuyo yonke indawo. Amanye amaPPP eLatin America aye ahlanganisa izikhungo eziphezulu ezisuka kubantu abasebenzisa izimboni kuya kubathengi abahlala khona, agcine imali ekhona kuyilapho andisa intengo.

Ukuhlola Izifo Emhlabeni Wonke: Izifundo Ezifundiwe

Ukuhlola amaPPP angokoqobo kwembula izimo eziphumelela ngaphansi kwazo noma ezihlulekayo. Izenzakalo ezilandelayo zibonisa izifundo eziyinhloko.

IManila, ePhilippines

Ngo-1997, i-Metropolitan Waterpotics and Sewerage System (MWSS) yanikeza izivumelwano ezimbili zeminyaka engu-25 kubasebenzisi abazimele baseMpumalanga neNtshona Metro Manila. Ngemva kwezinselele zokuqala . Kuhlanganise nokuncishiswa kwemali kanye nesivumelwano sokulungisa inqubo ezihlangeneyo kuthuthuke kakhulu ukutholakala kwamanzi. Ukuhlobana kwasuka ku 58% kuya ku-95% yomphakathi, amanzi angawehla kakhulu, futhi izinga lokusebenza lithuthuke kakhulu. Impumelelo kuthiwa ibangelwa yi-revaldarator enamandla ezimeleyo, inqubo yokulungisa ukunyuka kokwehla, kanye nezimpawu zebhentshi. Abagxeki baphawula ukuthi ukuncintisana kwamanzi kwanda ngokuphawulekayo, kodwa ukuthengwa kwezindawo ezingaphezulu kwama-97 endaweni yokuthengisa, ngokuvamile kuthuthukile.

São Paulo, eBrazil

Nakuba i-São Paulo ihlala iyindawo esetshenziswa kakhulu yamanzi emphakathi, isifundazwe sasebenzisa amaPPP ukuze kwenziwe imisebenzi ethile, njenge-Cantareira System yokwanda nokwelashwa kwamanzi angcolile. Isibonelo esiphawulekayo yiPPP yesimiso somkhiqizo wamanzi sase-São Lourenço, esandisa ukukhiqizwa kwezindawo eziyizigidi. Lo msebenzi wanikezelwa ngesikhathi futhi ngaphansi kwemali, ngenxa yokuhlelwa kwemisebenzi ecacile nengozi esebenzayo. Nokho, phakathi nonyaka ka-2014-2015 wesomiso, isimiso sibhekene nokucindezela kokusebenza, siqokomisa ukuthi i-PPPPS ayinakho ukuthatha indawo yezokuphatha imithombo yamanzi kanye nezidingo ezidingwayo ezingaphezulu. Isifundo: PPPPS kumelwe ifakwe ekuhleleni okungaphezulu.

i-Senegal

I-PPP ye-Senegal yokunikeza amanzi asemadolobheni − i-rect/affermage moder", ivame ukukhonjwa njengempumelelo e-Afrika engaphansi kwe-Saharan. Izwe lalondoloza ukuba nempahla kanye nomthwalo wokutshala imali, kuyilapho umqondisi ozimele walawula imisebenzi nokulungisa. Amatariff ayenamende, izisulu zokwenza umsebenzi wahlangana, futhi izinga lamanzi lathuthukiswa. Ukukhokhwa kwe-Daka eDakaraka kwanwebeka kakhulu, futhi inzuzo yasetshenziswa ngokwezimali. Izici eziyinhloko kwakuyisibopho sezombangazwe, ukufezwa kancane kancane, kanye nesivumelwano esingokwesivumelwano esingokwezinsiba izakhiwo ezilinganiselwe ngokuqondisa umphakathi. [[FLT:] I-UN Uhlelo luye lwaveza lokhu njengokuzijwayelwa kwendlela.

Ukwehluleka Nezimpikiswano

Akuwona wonke amaPPPP aphumelele. Emadolobheni anjenge-Cochabamba (Bolivia) neBuenos Aires (Artentina), ukuvunyelwana okungahleliwe kahle kwaholela ekuthatheni izikhonkwane ze-stapper, izimpikiswano zenkonzo, futhi ekugcineni isivumelwano sokuchithwa. Icala leCochabamba (1999-1999-60 000) lihilela isivumelwano esanikeza amalungelo akhethekile futhi savumela ukwanda okukhulu kwemidanti, ukubhebhebhethela okukhulu nokuvukelwa kwemithetho yecala ekulawuleni umphakathi. Isifundo sisobala: I-PPPPPS kumelwe ibe sobala, ngokuhlola okunenjongo nokuqondisa komphakathi. Ngaphandle kokuthenga umphakathi kanye nokuvikela komphakathi, ngisho nezivumelwano zomsindo zingahluleka.

Imikhuba Engcono Kakhulu Yokuhlela Ama - PPP Aphumelelayo

Njengoba itholakala kokuhlangenwe nakho kwembulunga yonke, kuye kwavela izindlela eziningana ezingcono kakhulu zokuklama nokusebenzisa amaPPP asetshenziswa amanzi asiza umphakathi ukuba uthakazelise.

Yakha Imisebenzi Eqinile Engokomthetho Neyokuqondisa

Imithetho ecacile echaza ukuthengwa kwe-PPP, ukugcinwa kwesivumelwano, ukumiswa kwezivumelwano, ukubekwa kwesinqumo, nokubekwa kwemithetho ye-paff kuyisisekelo. I-accompant enobuchwepheshe negunya lokumisa izigwegwe nokuqondisa ukusebenza komsebenzi kunganciphisa izinqumo futhi kwakhe ukuthembana. Amazwe amaningi aye amisa imithetho enikezelwe yePPP ukuze alandele izinqubo zobuchwepheshe.

Qinisekisa ukuthi ukwelapha okucace gca nokuxubanayo

I-open, ukuncintisana kunciphisa inkohlakalo futhi kuqinisekisa ukubaluleka kwemali. Ukuhlelwa kwemali kwangaphambi kwemali kuye ngobuchwepheshe nangekhono lemali, izincwadi ezisemthethweni, nokuvunywa kwasobala kwesivumelwano (ngokuvikela komshoshaphansi okufanele) kuyasiza ekuthuthukiseni ukwethembana. Izicelo ezikhuthazayo kufanele zisingathwe ngokucophelela ukuze kugwenywe izingxabano zesithakazelo.

Gxila ekucacisweni okusekelwe ekukhishweni

Izilinganiso ezifunekayo kufanele zichaze imiphumela efiselekayo(umz., imingcele yamanzi eqinile, ukuqhubeka kwenkonzo, izisulu zokuhlanganisa − kunokufaka kusengaphambili. Lokhu kwenza abangane bomshado bavumelane nokubhala ngokushayelela kuyilapho bebabeka isibopho sokulandisa ngemiphumela. Izimpawu ezicacile ezibonisa ukusebenza nezinqubo eziqinisekisiwe zokubika ziyabucayi.

Umklamo Oyingozi Ngokufanelekile Nokulungisa Imishini

Izingozi kufanele zabelwe iqembu elikwazi ukuwalawula kangcono. Ohulumeni kufanele balondoloze izingozi zokuzilawula nezombangazwe, kuyilapho abangane bomshado bethatha izingozi zokwakha, zokusebenza, nezokufuna. Izinhlangano kumelwe zihlanganise izindlela zokulungisa ushintsho olusekelwe ekuncipheni kwamandla emali, ukushintsha kwemali, kanye nezinqubo zokubuyisela izindleko ngaphansi kwezimo ezingavamile.

Ababambi Bemali Futhi Bavikele Abathengi

Ukuxhumana komphakathi phakathi nomklamo wokwakha, ukuhlelwa kwezindawo ezibonisa imingcele, kanye nezinqubo zokukhononda kwabathengi nokulungisa imishanguzo kubalulekile. Amajaji ezenhlalo noma izimali zokuxhasa inzuzo zingaqinisekisa ukutholakala kwemali emikhayeni ethola imali ephansi. IPPP kufanele ihlanganise izibopho ezicacile zokwandisa inkonzo ezindaweni ezingagcinwanga, kanye nezijeziso zokungahlangani.

Yakha Ikhono Lomphakathi Lokwakha Ihlelo

Ohulumeni kumelwe bafake imali ekuqeqesheni nasekulondolozeni izisebenzi ezinekhono ukuze baxhumane, baqondise, futhi baqondise amaPPPP. Izindawo ezinikezelwe zePPP ezisebenza ngezimali noma ngemisebenzi yezezemisebenzi yezemisebenzi ziye zaphumelela emazweni amaningi. Usizo lobuchwepheshe oluvela kubantu abasebenza amazwe ngamazwe lungaveza izikhala zokulinganisa amabhuloho phakathi nesigaba sokuqala.

Ikusasa Lezinhlayiya Zamanzi

Uma ubheka phambili, amaPPP angenza indima enkulu kakhulu njengezinselele zamanzi. Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kubangela isidingo esiqinile sezakhiwo eziqinile − njengokususa amanzi, ukuwasebenzisa futhi, nokulawula amanzi anamandla okuhlasela amanzi (adinga amakhono abalulekile enhloko kanye nochwepheshe). I-PPPP ingasheshisa ukusetshenziswa kwalezi zindlela zobuchwepheshe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukunyuka kwemiphakathi yamanzi ehlakaniphile, amawele amanani, kanye nokuvuzwa kwe-AII-drene kunikeza amathuba amasha ama-proces abalulekile engxenye yobuchwepheshe ye-PPPPPplas.

Amathuluzi amasha axhasa imali, kuhlanganise nezibopho eziluhlaza kanye nezimali ezihlangene, ahlanganiswa nezakhiwo zePPP ukuze kukhange abanikazi bemali futhi kuncishiswe izindleko zenhloko- dolobha. Ukuthambekela kwezivumelwano "zokwenziwa okusekelwe" ezivuzayo njengokuncishiswa kwamanzi noma ukuphumelela okungcono kwamandla kuyakhula. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kunokuqashelwa okwandayo ukuthi iPPPPPs kumele ihlanganiswe futhi ilondolozwe. World Bank Water Prective nezinye izinhlangano zentuthuko zithuthukisa "izinto ezivumelanisayo iPPPPS" ukuthi ukuqina kwesimo sezulu, ubulili, i-ective, nenzuzo yomphakathi.

Njengoba umphakathi wembulunga yonke ulwela ukufinyelela isilinganiso sawo wonke amanzi ahlanzekile nenhlanzeko ngo-2030, amaPPP ayohlala eyithuluzi elibalulekile, nakuba lingaphelele. Impumelelo yawo iyoxhomeka ekufuneni kwezombangazwe, ebuqothweni bezinhlangano, nasokuzimisela ukubeka isithakazelo somphakathi esisekelweni sazo zonke izivumelwano. Ngokufunda ekuphumeleleni nasekwehlulekeni kwesikhathi esidlule, ababambi bemigomo yokuklama izinhlangano ezinikeza abantu neplanethi ngempela.

Isiphetho

Ubudlelwane bomphakathi bunikeza indlela ethembisayo yokusingatha izidingo zamanzi emhlabeni ngokuhlanganisa ukuqondisa komphakathi nenhloko - dolobha nempumelelo yomuntu siqu. Uma kuhlelwa futhi kulawulwa, kungasheshi ukutshala imali, ukuthuthukisa izinga lenkonzo, nokunwetshwa. Kodwa akusona isithakazelo sokubusa komphakathi okunamandla. Impumelelo enkulu yePPPPP yileyo ekhanyayo, egcwele, futhi efakwe ekwakhekeni kwesimiso sokuphatha amanzi. Kuhulumeni, imiphakathi, nabezomnotho wamuntu siqu ngokufanayo, inselele ukusungula inhlonipho ngokuhlonipha inani elingokwenhlalo lamanzi lapho kuhlanganiswa amandla entengiselwane. Ngokwenziwa okunengqondo, iPPPPPS ingaba yinjini enamandla yokuthuthukisa amanzi asebenzayo ngekhulu lama-21.