Enkathini lapho ukubhalwa kwezimiso zemishini kufana nokushiwoyo, ukungezwani phakathi kokuqapha kukahulumeni namalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu kuye kwaba yindaba echazayo esikhathini sethu. Ohulumeni emhlabeni wonke baye bawandisa kancane kancane amandla abo okuhlola, ngokuvamile bebhekisela ezimfunekweni zokuphepha zesizwe, kuyilapho izakhamuzi nenkululeko yomphakathi zigodla ekungeneni ekungeneni ekuzinzeni komuntu siqu. Lesi sihloko sihlola imingcele engokomthetho, ezobuchwepheshe, nezomphakathi ekuqasheleni, isivikelo esitholakalayo samalungelo ezakhamuzini, kanye nendawo ehlanganisa izingxoxo ezizothinta izingxoxo zesikhathi esizayo.

Umlando Wokwanda Kukahulumeni

I-suveillance ayiyona into esungulwe namuhla; izimpande zayo zaqala emakhulwini eminyaka adlule. Ohulumeni bakuqala basebenzisa izimemezelo, ukuvinjelwa kweposi, nokuhlola okungokoqobo ukuze bahlole ukungavumelani. Ikhulu lamashumi amabili leminyaka laletha imishini yokuthungatha nokuphanga, kodwa inguquko yobuchwepheshe yaguqula ukuqapha kwaba ibhizinisi elikhulu, elizihambelayo. Ukuqonda le nguquko kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukulingana okuyinkimbinkimbi kwanamuhla phakathi kokulondeka nenkululeko.

Ukusuka Kuma - canetap Kuya Eqoqweni Lemethava

E-United States, izimpi ezingokomthetho zokumpompela ucingo zaqala ngo-1928 icala i-Olstead v. United States, lapho iNkantolo Ephakeme yanquma khona ukuthi ukuthumba akuyikho ukuphenya ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo sesine. Lesinqumo sapheliswa ngo-19679 ka-Katz v. United States[, eyasungula ukuthi iSiphendulo sesine sivikela abantu, futhi asidala “ukulindela okunengqondo kwendawo yomuntu siqu”. Lesi simiso silokhu sisemgangatho ukuze sicushe umthetho namuhla.

Inkathi yangemva kwe-99/11 yaphawula ukushintshwa kokuzamazama komhlaba. I-USA PARIOTT Act, yadlula ngo-2001 yandisa kakhulu ikhono likahulumeni lokuqoqa amarekhodi ebhizinisi, ukuziphatha, nokuthola izimpawu zokuxhumana okugciniwe. Izinhlelo ezinjengeqoqo le-NSA’s metameters, elambulwa uEdward Snowden ngo-2013, labonisa izinga lokuhlola kwanamuhla: izigidi zamarekhodi ocingo, ama-imeyili, kanye ne-inthanethi ye-intanethi zakhukhulwa ngaphandle kokusola okungatshalwa. Lesambulo sabangela izimpikiswano zomhlaba wonke mayelana nemingcele yokuhlola nokukhukhuleka kwezindaba zomuntu.

Imisebenzi Yokusebenza Engokomthetho Ebusayo

Imithetho ehlukene, izinqumo zasenkantolo, kanye nezimiso zokwengamela zizama ukuqapha uhulumeni lapho ulondoloza amathuluzi okuvikela izwe. Ukuphumelela kwalezi zinqubo kuyahlukahluka kakhulu ngokwezwe futhi kuvivinywa njalo ukushintsha kwezobuchwepheshe.

E - United States: ISichibiyelo Sesine NoMthetho Wokuqopha Imithetho

ISichibiyelo Sesine soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. senqabela ukuphenya okungenangqondo nokuquleka futhi sidinga izimvume ezisekelwa yizizathu okungenzeka ukuthi zibangelwa yisizathu. Nokho, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqopha okuhlukile, njengemfundiso ekhethekile” (umz., izikhombo zokuhlola okungalawuleki) nemfundiso yesithathu yengxenye, ephethe ukuthi ukwaziswa kwahlanganyela ngokuzithandela nengxenye yesithathu (njengenkampani yocingo) ayilindele lutho olunengqondo. Le nkantolo yeSikhathi igxekwe kakhulu ngenkathi yobuchwepheshe, njengoba izinkampani eziningi zemininingwane yomuntu siqu ziphathwa yizinhlangano.

Izimiso eziyinhloko zikahulumeni zihlanganisa:

  • Izigwegwe zobuhlakani ezingaphandle ze-Surveillance Act (FISA) – zamiswa ngo-1978, i-FISA yakha inkantolo eyimfihlo (iNkantolo ye-FISA) ukuze igunyaze ukuhlasela kwemibuso yangaphandle noma izithunywa. Iziphendulo zangemva kuka-9/11 zandisa izinga lazo, kuhlanganise ne-Catemporial 215 (amarekhodi ebhizinisi) ne-Refekthi 702 (ifaka i-U.S.). Imizamo yokuguqula inguquko, njenge-USA Intex Act ka-US ka-2015, yaphetha iqoqo le-metametam-metalog kodwa yashiya iziphathimandla ezinkulu ze-metamfotam zingakhoxekile.
  • USUSA PARIOTT Act - - I-arheke enwetshiwe ngaphansi kwe-FISA nomthetho wobugebengu, kuhlanganise nemvume yokufuna ezweni lonke nesaziso sokwephuza (“i-sneak nokulunguza”) izimpawu. Amanye amalungiselelo okushona kwelanga ngo-2020, kodwa amanye ayaqhubeka esebenza.
  • Erectronic Communications Act (ECPA) - Ukulawula ukunqandwa kwezokuxhumana ngogesi nokwaziswa okugciniwe. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi kuphelelwe isikhathi, ikakhulukazi mayelana ne-imeyili egcinwe izinsuku ezingaphezu kwe-180 (manje elungiswe yi-CLOUD Act).

Izindlela zokulawula zihlanganisa i-Asbes and Civil Liberes Overst Board (PCLOB), abahloli jikelele namakomiti enhlangano. Nokho ukubonakala kahle kuselinganiselwe: imibono eminingi ye-FISA Court ihlukaniswa, futhi uhulumeni uvame ukuphikisa ngokufihla imfihlo emikhankasweni yokuhlola.

I - European Union: I - GDPR Ne - Charter of Fundamental Rights

I-EU ithatha indlela esekelwe kakhulu kumalungelo. I-General Data Protection Regation (GDPR), ephumelela ngo-2018, ibeka imithetho eqinile ekuhlelweni kokwaziswa, kuhlanganise nokugcinwa komthetho kanye nezinhlangano zobuhlakani (nakuba amazwe angamalungu awakwazi ukuvikela isizwe). I-EU Charter of Fundamental Rights iqaphela imfihlo (Article 7) kanye nesivikelo semininingwane (i-Artlectle 8) njengamalungelo ayisisekelo. INkantolo ye-Europe Yobulungisa iye yalulaza iziqondiso zokugcinwa kwemininingwane ne-EU-S - Sucreal Isivikelo sokuhlola imibandela engokomthetho, iphawula ukuqondisa okuqinile.

Ngokwesibonelo, iNkantolo Yomthetho - sisekelo yaseJalimane iye yakhipha izinyathelo zokuhlola ezigcwele, ezidinga ukulinganisela nemvume yokwahlulela.

E - United Kingdom: Amandla Okuhlola Athatha Isinyathelo

I-UK’Spenication Powers Act 2016 (IPA) ingomunye wemithetho yokuhlola ebanzi kakhulu ezweni lentando yeningi. Idinga abasekeli benkonzo ye-Internet ukuze bagcine umlando wezinyanga ezingu-12, ivumela ukuphazamisa kwemicikilisho eminingi kanye nemishini (ukupheka), futhi yenza “isitshixo esiphindwe kabili” sokugunyaza: imvume yomphathi kahulumeni nekhomishane yokwahlulela. Abagxeki baphikisa i-IPA inikeza amandla aphakeme kakhulu futhi ayinazo izivikelo ezanele. Umthetho uye wabhekana nezinselele ezingokomthetho emaqenjinini ezindaba zomuntu siqu futhi uye wabukezwa yi-Is Inventigativery Powers Tribunal.

Ezinye Izinsolo: Umsebenzi Wembulunga Yonke

  • Canada – iCharter of Rights and Freedoms ivikela imfihlo; iNkantolo ePhakeme idinga imvume zokungena kolwazi lwezikhokhelo nemeta-mita yolwembu lwe-inthanethi.
  • [ Australia – I-Tetract (Izimo ne-access) Act ka-2018 yoMyalelo noMthetho we-Accesswork iphoqelela izinkampani zobuchwepheshe ukuba zinikeze usizo futhi zinciphise ukufihlwa kwe-template.
  • – The National Intelligence Law and Social Credit System ivumela ukuqapha okukhulu, okunezivikelo ezingokomthetho ezincane kakhulu ezakhamuzini. Amalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu awaqashelwa njengezesisekelo.
  • Indiya – I-Aadhaar biometric system ye-Adometric system ye-Bll ye-Tech (esaqhubeka ikhona manje) iphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngokuqapha okukhulu nokungaqondisi okuzimele.

Lokhu kuhlukahluka kubonisa ukuthi nakuba amanye amazwe esebenzisa izindlela zokuvikela imfihlo, amanye abeka ukuqapha kuqala ngaphandle kokuzibamba.

Izinselele Zokuba Nezindaba Zomuntu Siqu Enkathini Yokuxhumana Kwamanani

Naphezu kwezinqubo zomthetho, izinselele ezinkulu zisaqhubeka. ubuchwepheshe budlula umthetho, futhi amakhono okuhlola aye aba abiza kancane, asakazeke kakhulu futhi kunzima ukuwabona.

Intuthuko Yobuchwepheshe

Manje amathuluzi okuhlola ahlanganisa:

  • Ubuhlakani obuzenzekelayo - Ukuqashelwa kobufazi, amaphoyisa abikezelayo, nokuhlaziywa kokwaziswa okuzenzekelayo kungahlola izigidi zobuso noma imiyalezo ngesikhathi sangempela. Izimiso ezifana nezimiso ze-China zokuqaphela ubuso noma ukusebenzisa kwe-US i-AI ekuhloleni inqubo yezokuxhumana ziphakamisa izinkathazo ezifanele.
  • I-data Brokerage - Izinhlangano zikaHulumeni zithenga imininingwane yendawo, amarekhodi, kanye nokwaziswa okuthengwayo kokwaziswa komuntu siqu kommese wezente, ngokuvamile ngaphandle kwemvume. Lokhu kugwema isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo, njengoba kubonakala enkantolo ePhakeme ka-2018 Carbatebb v. United States, okwakudinga isiqinisekiso semininingwane yezethulo lomlando we-data yegumbi le-okisi.
  • Ukufunda ngeminyango ye-backoodion - ukugcinwa komthetho kuya phambili ku- “ngaphandle kokufinyelela” ekudluliseleni okuyimfihlo, kodwa ochwepheshe bezokuvikela baxwayisa ngokuthi ukufinyeza ukuvulwa kwe-Apple vs. FBI ithatha indawo phezu kwe-iPhofuter ye-San Bernardo iyisibonelo esiyinhloko.
  • [ I-Internet of Izinto (IOT) - Imishini yasekhaya ehlakaniphile, izinqola ezikwazi ukuthatha ijubane, nezimoto zikhipha imifudlana yokwaziswa eqhubekayo engafinyelelwa noma ivinjwe ohulumeni.

Igebe Lokwahlulela Nemithetho

Izinkantolo zivame ukulwa ukusebenzisa izimfundiso ezindala ebuchwepheshini obusha. Ngokwesibonelo, imfundiso yesithathu, isho ukuthi ukwaziswa okuphethwe abantu besithathu (njenge-ISP noma amafu) kungase kungatholi isivikelo esigcwele seSine Sezikhawulo seMiphetho. Okwamanje, izinkantolo zomshoshaphansi njenge-FISA Court esebenza ngenqubo elinganiselwe; uhulumeni uwukuphela kweqembu elikhona phakathi nempi, futhi izinqumo aziveziwa kakhulu. Umqondisi we-Congregational angazilingani, futhi ezinye izinhlelo zokuhlola (njengengxenye engu-702) zigunyaziwe ngenkulumo - mpikiswano encane.

Ukuqaphela Umphakathi Nezenzo Zomphakathi

Izambulo zeSnowden kwakuyinkathi esheshiwe yokuqaphela umphakathi. Kusukela lapho, izinhlangano ezinjenge- Expronic Foundation (EFF), i-American Civil Liberesties Union (ACLU), kanye ne-Amficly International iye yahola imikhankaso, i-ligation, nemfundo yomphakathi. Izenzakalo ezinkulu zihlanganisa:

  • Amacala aphumelelayo abekela i-NSA ukuqapha (umz., [[FLT: 0]] Capper v.Amnesty International ekumeni; ACLU v. Clapper kwimita-meta-mininingwane emikhulu).
  • Imithetho yezinga likahulumeni, njengeConsumer Ancy Act yaseCalifornia (CCPA).
  • Ukuzuza kwezizwe zonke amalungelo angoko manani, kuhlanganise ne Necesary neProportigate Principles.

Ucwaningo olwenziwa ngo - 2022 ePew Research lwathola ukuthi abantu abaningi baseMelika bakholelwa ukuthi abanawo amandla okulawula imininingwane yabo, kodwa bayingcosana kuphela abathatha izinyathelo zokuvikela izinto ezingokoqobo.

Imikhuba Emihle Kakhulu Yokuvikela Amalungelo Akho Ezindaba Zomuntu Siqu

Abantu bangathatha izinyathelo eziphuthumayo ukuze banciphise ukugada kwabo, nakuba kungekho ndlela yokukwenza okungakunqandeki, ukuhlanganisa imikhuba eminingana kuthuthukisa kakhulu ukuba umuntu eyimfihlo.

Ukuhlanzeka Kwamanani Namathuluzi

  • Ukutshelwa kokuxhumana[ - Sebenzisa ukuphela-ukuthumela okubhalwe ngekhowudi njenge-Signal noma i-App (ngezinhlelo eziyimfihlo). Yenza ukufihlwa kwediski ezisetshenziswayo.
  • [[NT.0] Inethiwekhi yokwethulela umlomo we-VPN - U-Awenawe we-PDP angafihla ikheli lakho futhi afihlwe ngokuphikiselana, nakuba ingakwenzi ungaziwa. Khetha amashalosha angayi-data yokungena.
  • Ukuzifunela izinto zomuntu siqu – Sebenzisa iziphequlo ezinezici eziqinile zemfihlo (Firefox, Brave) kanye nezithasiselo ezinjengo uqambi, i-Amfihlo Badger, ne-HTTPS Yonke indawo. Cabangela i-Tor isiyaluzi semisebenzi esheshayo.
  • Abaphathi bephasiwedi[ – Ngokuzenza futhi ugcine umngenisi-bizo onamandla; sebenzisa isiqiniseko esiqinile sesici ezimbili (ngokuzenzakalelayo noma esisekelwe-kwi-SMS, hhayi nge-SMS).
  • Imininingwane ye-limit Ukuhlanganyela[ – ukubukeza izimvume ze-app, gwema ukulandelela indawo ngaphandle kokwesidingo, futhi ukhethe phakathi kwezinhlu ze-data (umz., kudlule izinkonzo ezinjengo-Delete Me).

Yazi Amalungelo Akho Angokomthetho

Ukuqonda ukuthi ukugcinwa komthetho kungafuna ukwaziswa kwakho kukusiza ukuba uphendule ngokufanele. E-US, ngokuvamile unelungelo lokuthula, ungavumi ukuseshwa (ngaphandle kokuba benomthetho), futhi ucele ummeli. Uma bethintana namanxusa kahulumeni, kungokuhlakaniphile ukungasho lutho ngaphandle kokunikeza isigqebhezana. ACLU’s Known Rights Your ikhasi[

Ukuhlanganyela Ekulungeni

Izinhlangano ezilwela amalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu, njenge-EFF kanye ne-ACLU. Izikhulu ezikhethiwe ukuzwakalisa ukukhathazeka ngomthetho wokuhlola. Abavoti abafuna abafuna ukunikezwa inkululeko yomphakathi.

Ikusasa Lokudla Nelokuba Wedwa

Intuthuko ehlukahlukene okungenzeka ibangele ukuba kuncishiswe amathuba ezindaba zomuntu siqu noma ukugxambukela kakhulu ekungeneni kobuchwepheshe, umthetho nomphakathi.

Izindlela Zokumelana Nezobuchwepheshe

  • [[NTL:0] Ulwazi lweZero lubonisa[ - Vumela ukuqinisekiswa kolwazi ngaphandle kokwembula ukwaziswa ngokwakho, okwenza kugcine izihlolo ze-openthics kanye nentengiselwano.
  • Ukubhala okuyimfihlo – ivumela ukubala emniningwaneni efihliwe, ngakho ohulumeni bangahlela ukwaziswa ngaphandle kokuthola okuqukethwe okungapheli.
  • [[UMTL:0] Inethiwekhi ze-Decentralized - Blockchain kanye nohlelo lontanga-lunganciphisa ukuncika kwizisebenzi eziphakathi eziyizisulu ezilula zokuqapha.

Izinguquko Ezingokomthetho Ziseduze

  • E-US, imizamo yokuguqula i-Part 702 (ukuhlola kwangaphandle) ibhekene nempikiswano yokuthi kudinga yini imvume yokuseshwa kwamaMelika. INKULUVULULYUSA [Umthetho wokubhala [2023-2024]) ihlanganisa ukubonakala nokuthuthukisa kodwa inqanda izimfuneko ezigunyaziwe.
  • E - EU, i - ePrivacy Regation (esalindele) iyothatha indawo ye - Privcy Directive eseyiphelelwe isikhathi futhi ihambisane ne - GDPR ukuze ikwazi ukuxhumana ngemishini.
  • Kumhlaba wonke, umhlangano [[QT:0] wemfihlo yembulunga yonke kanye nomthetho wobuzwe waseYurophu [ uhloselwe ukubopha izindinganiso zamazwe ngamazwe zokuqapha.

Indima Ekhulayo Yomphakathi Wangaphakathi

Imfihlo ye-athom iye yavuthwa yaba amandla amakhulu. Ukugunyaza izigijimi, ukusekela ukumiswa kwemithetho, nemikhankaso yokuqaphelisa umphakathi kuye kwazuza inzuzo, njengokuphela kweqoqo lemitapo yemitapo eminingi nokubika okunamandla kakhulu kwezinhlangano zobuchwepheshe. Umngcele olandelayo uhlanganisa ukucela inselele ekuqashelweni kobuso, ukulinganisela ukuthengwa kokwaziswa ngokugcinwa komthetho, nokugcinwa kwemithetho yokulandisa.

Ingozi Yomncintiswano Wezikhali Osezinkulu

Njengoba ukufinyeza kwamathuluzi emfihlo kutholakala kakhulu, abanye ohulumeni bangafuna amandla amaningi okuvimbela, anjengezingosi eziphoqelelwe noma ukuhlola ikhasimende. Ngokwesibonelo, i-UK’s Online Safety Bill, ihlanganisa amalungiselelo angaphoqelela amapulatifomu ukuba ahlole imiyalezo efihliwe yokusetshenziswa kabi kwengane, asongela ukufinyelelwa kwesiphelo kubo bonke abasebenzisi. Ukulinganisela ukuphepha komphakathi nemfihlo kuhlala kuphikisana.

Ikusasa alinqunywa kusengaphambili, ukuqagela, ukuphikisana komphakathi ngolwazi, nezinselele eziqinile zomthetho kuyonquma ukuthi ukuqapha kunwetshwa noma kubuyiselwe ezimisweni zentando yeningi namalungelo abantu.

Isiphetho

Imingcele yokuqapha kukahulumeni ayimiswa; ihlala iphikiswana ezinkantolo, izishaya - mthetho, nasemaqenjini omphakathi. Nakuba izimiso zomthetho ezinjengesiHlanzi sesine ne-GDPR zinikeza isivikelo esibalulekile, zibhekana nokucindezela okuqhubekayo kokusungulwa kwezobuchwepheshe nokusetshenziswa kwezokuphepha. Izakhamuzi zinelungelo nomthwalo wokuqonda lezindaba kanye nomthwalo wemfanelo wokusekela imingcele ethinta imfihlo. Ngokuhlala zinolwazi, ukusebenzisa amathuluzi okuvikelayo, nokuthatha izinqubo zedemokhrasi, zingasiza ekuklameni ikusasa lapho ukulondeka kungenakho ngezindleko zenkululeko eyisisekelo. Ukulinganisela kubucayi, kodwa kufanelekile ukulwela.