Ukuqonda Isikhathi Sokufika

Inketho yezikhathi zokwehla iwumthetho odinga ukuba abantu bahlale endlini phakathi namahora amisiwe. Ngokuvamile, imithetho yezikhathi yewashi iphoqelelwa kubantwana, kodwa ingasebenza nakubantu abadala ezimweni ezithile, njengaphakathi nezikhathi eziphuthumayo. Umgomo oyinhloko wokwehla kwezikhathi uwukunciphisa ubugebengu futhi uqinisekise ukulondeka komphakathi. Nokho, ukuphumelela nokulunga kwezikhathi zokwethulwa kuye kwaba yizindaba zempikiswano enkulu phakathi kwabenzi bemithetho, ochwepheshe bezomthetho, nabameleli bomphakathi.

Umlando Wemivubukulo

Izindawo zomthetho zisetshenziswa kuwo wonke umlando, ngokuvamile ngezikhathi zesiyaluyalu noma zempi. Igama elithi "curfew" ngokwalo livela kwelakudala lesiFulentshi "ikhovu-feu," elisho "umlilo ofihlayo," uphawu lokucima umlilo ebusuku.

  • IYurophu ephakathi: i-Creenfows yaphoqelelwa ukuba ivimbele ubugebengu futhi inciphise ingozi yomlilo ngemva kobumnyama. Ukudlala intsimbi kungabonisa isikhathi sokufihla umlilo nokuhlala endlini.
  • [ IMpi Yezwe II:[ Amadolobha amaningi ayethatha imithetho emisiwe yezakhamuzi ukuze zivikeleke ekuhlaseleni kwezindiza futhi anciphise imisebenzi engasiza amabutho ayisitha. Imithetho ye-Blackout yayihambisana nalezikhathi zokwehla kwemithetho.
  • Izikhathi zanamuhla: Izikhathi zenkathi zivame ukumiswa ngenxa yezibhelu, ukuphazamisa kwezakhamuzi, noma izinhlekelele ezingokwemvelo. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi nezikhathi zobu - 2020 zokubhikisha ngemva kokufa kukaGeorge Floyd, amadolobha amaningi ase-U.S. amisa imithetho eminingi yokunqanda ubudlova nokucekela phansi.
  • Ukusabela kwe-pandemic:[ phakathi nobhadane lwe-COVID-19, amazwe amaningana abeka imithetho emisiwe ukuze anciphise imibuthano yomphakathi futhi anciphise ukudluliswa kwamagciwane, njengezikhathi zokwethulwa kwemithetho eFrance nase-Italy.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwamanje Kwama - document

Namuhla, imithetho yezikhathi isetshenziswa ngezikhathi ezihlukahlukene, ngayinye inezinhloso ezihlukile nokucatshangelwa okungokomthetho:

  • [[FLT: 0] Imithetho yewashi: Amadolobha amaningi ase-U.S. abekela izingane imithetho yamuva, ngokuvamile phakathi kwe 10 p.m. nesihlanu ekuseni, ukuze kuvinjelwe ubuhlongandlebe, ukuhlukumeza, nokungasheshi. Ukukhomba kusuka ezixwayisweni kuya ekukhokheleni noma ekusebenzeni komphakathi okuphoqelelwe abazali.
  • [ Imithetho ebekelwe ukunqamuka: Ohulumeni bendawo bangamisa izikhathi zokwehla phakathi nezinhlekelele zemvelo (umk., iziphepho, imililo yelanga lelanga) ukuze benze imisebenzi yokutakula ikwazi ukwenza kube lula, kuvimbele ukuphanga, futhi kuvikele abaphendula kuqala.
  • Imithetho yemithetho yezempilo: ingasetshenziswa ukulinganisela imibuthano phakathi nezinkinga zempilo, njengezifo eziwumqedazwe. Ngokuvamile le mithetho ihlasela amabhizinisi angewona amabhizinisi abalulekile futhi ibekelwe imingcele phakathi namahora athile.
  • [ Imithetho yewashi yezindawo ezithile: Amanye amadolobha aye abeka imithetho yezikhathi zokwehla kubantu abadala ezifundeni zokuzijabulisa ezimisiwe ukuze kuncishiswe ubudlova obuhlobene notshwala, nakuba lokhu kuyivela kancane futhi kuvame ukubekelwa inselele enkantolo.

Ukuhlola Icala: Izikhathi Zokuphothula Izikhathi Zokuphothula

Ukuhlola izibonelo zezwe langempela kuyasiza ekuboniseni imiphumela eshintshashintshayo yezikhathi ezimisiwe:

  • , Texas (isikhathi esibekiwe): Kuwo 1990, u-Dallas wasebenzisa isikhathi esiqinile sobuntwana. Ukuhlola kwe-University of Texas kwathola ukuthi isikhathi sezikhathi sokufika sezingane sanciphisa ukuboshwa kwezingane phakathi namahora okufika ngesikhathi ngezikhathi zonyaka nge-8%, kodwa amazinga obugebengu obuncane awanciphangaphawulekayo. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi isikhathi sokwethulwa ekhaya sathinta intsha encane kakhulu.
  • INew Orleans, Louisiana (isikhathi sokubuya ngemva kweKhatrina): Ngemva kweSiphepho uKatrina, u-8 p.m. ukubekwa kwezikhathi kwabekwa ukuze kuvimbele ukuphanga nokuvikela izisebenzi zokwakha kabusha. Nakuba kwakuphumelela ekubuyiseleni uhlelo, isikhathi samandla ezakhamuzi okubuyela emakhaya azo nokuziphatha okuvamile, ukudweba ukugxekwa kwenkululeko yomphakathi emaqenjinini.
  • Umqedazwe we-European wemithetho yezikhathi (2020-2021): i-screen yeFrance engu-8 p.m. ukuhla kwezikhathi phakathi nobhadane lwe-COVID-19 kwabonisa ukwehla kwamashumi amabili% ekudluliseleni kwegciwane emasontweni amabili okuqala, ngokweSiko se-Pasteur Institute. Nokho, lomthetho wezikhathi waholela nasekwenyuseni izingxabano zempilo ngokwengqondo nezenzo zobudlova zasekhaya, okuqokomisa ukuhweba phakathi kwempilo yomphakathi nenhlalakahle yabantu.

Ithonya Lemithetho Yezokwehla

Ukuqonda lemiphumela kubalulekile ekuhloleni ukuphumelela kwayo nokuqiniseka kwayo kusetshenziswa ngokulinganayo.

Imiphumela Emihle

Abasekeli bemithetho yokufika ngesikhathi baveza izinzuzo eziningana:

  • Ukunciphisa amazinga obugebengu: Izikhulu zingavimbela umsebenzi wobugebengu phakathi namahora obusuku, ikakhulukazi ubugebengu bempahla nokucekela phansi. Ukuhlikihla kwezifundiso ezingu-40 zeCochrane Colvantiumation yathola ukuthi imithetho yezikhathi zokwehla kwesilinganiso ebugebengwini bezingane phakathi namahora okufika ngesikhathi.
  • Ukuphepha okungaboniswa izingane: Izindawo zokuhlenga zingavikela intsha ezingozini ezifana nezingozi, ubudlova, noma ukuxhashazwa. Ngokwesibonelo, ukufa kwezimoto kwehla phakathi kwentsha phakathi namahora okufika ngesikhathi emadolobheni aphoqelela imingcele eqinile yokushayela ebusuku.
  • Ithemba lomphakathi eliqondiswe ngokomthetho: Lapho imithetho yewashi iphoqelelwa ngokulinganayo nangokubonakala gca, ingathuthukisa umuzwa wokuphepha phakathi kwezakhamuzi. Ukuhlolwa emadolobheni akhethiwe kubonisa ukuthi ama-60% abantu abadala asekela imithetho yobusha, akholelwa ukuthi ayasiza ekulondolozeni ukuhleleka.
  • Inyenyeza umsebenzi wamaphoyisa owenziwe ngamahora aphezulu: ngokulinganisela inani labantu emgwaqweni phakathi namahora asebusuku, imithetho yezikhathi zomthetho ingavumela ukugcinwa komthetho ukuba kwabiwe imithombo yemali ngokuphumelelayo.

Imiphumela Emibi

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukufika ngesikhathi kungaholela emiphumeleni eminingana engathandeki:

  • Ukubekwa kwenkululeko yomuntu siqu: Imithetho ingaphazamisa amalungelo omuntu ngamunye nenkululeko, ikakhulukazi izingane ezingase zibe nezizathu ezingokomthetho zokuphuma (umz., umsebenzi, imisebenzi yesikole). Izinselele ezingokomthetho zivame ukucaphuna ukuphucwa kweSichibiyelo sokuqala (inkululeko yokuhlangana) neSichibiyelo sesine (ukufuna nokuthatheka okunengqondo).
  • Imiphumela eguquguqukayo emiphakathini encishisiwe: Ithonya elinamandla lingase lithinte kakhulu inani labantu abathile. Ukuhlolwa ko 2020 eYunivesithi yaseCalifornia kwathola ukuthi intsha emnyama neyaseSpaniya ingu-30% ecishe ikhonjwe ngokwephulwa kwesikhathi kunobentsha abamhlophe, ngisho nangemva kokulawula izici zezezomnotho.
  • Izizathu ezingokokushukuma kwemizwa: Imithetho ingaholela ezimpini phakathi komthetho ophoqelelwe namalungu omphakathi, ikakhulukazi uma ukugcinwa kwemithetho kubhekwa njengesiphakamiso esinzima. Izenzakalo eziphezulu zemidlalo yeqophelo eliphezulu, njengokubulala i-Trayvon Martin (nakuba kungahlobene ngqo nekhawulo-washi), igcizelela indlela ukupholisa ebusuku okungakhula ngayo.
  • Umuzwa ongamanga wokulondeka: Ucwaningo lusikisela ukuthi imithetho yezikhathi zomthetho ingamane ishintshele ubugebengu kwezinye izikhathi noma kwezinye izindawo, kunokuba inciphise ubugebengu bonke. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlola ePhiladelphia kwathola ukuthi ukuboshwa kwezingane kwanda phakathi namahora ngaphambi nje kobudala nangemva kobudala.

Izinselele Ezingokomthetho Nezomthetho - sisekelo

Imithetho yecala iye yabekelwa inselele ezinkantolo kulo lonke elase-United States. INkantolo Ephakeme ayikasikhiphanga isinqumo esiqinisekile ngezikhathi zokwethulwa kwezingane, ishiyela izifundazwe ukuba zichaze ukulinganisela phakathi kokuphepha komphakathi namalungelo abantu ngabanye. Icala eliyinhloko lihlanganisa:

  • Bykofsky v. Igatsha le Middletown (1975): Inkantolo kahulumeni yasekela umthetho wezikhathi zezingane, inquma ukuthi idolobha lalinesithakazelo esishukumisayo sokuvikela izingane ebugebengwini bakusihlwa.
  • Schleifer v. City of Charlottesville (1998: Isifunda Sesine sagumbuqela umthetho wenqamu yezingane edolobheni lonke, sithola ukuthi wawubanzi kakhulu futhi awunazo izinto ezingokomthetho.
  • Quib v. City of New York (2020): Phakathi neCHOVAD-19, inkantolo yombuso waseNew York yasekela isikhathi esiphuthumayo somthetho we-atmosfera, ibhekisela ekufuneni kwempilo yomphakathi. Nokho, inkantolo yaphawula ukuthi umthetho wesikhathi kumelwe ulungiswe ngokulinganiselwe futhi uhlolwe njalo.

Ukuchazwa Kwemisebe Yezwi

Imithetho yomsindo iyimithetho elawula izinga lomsindo ovunyelwe kwezinye izindawo ngezikhathi ezithile. Lemithetho ihlose ukuvikela izinga lokuphila kwezakhamuzi futhi ilondoloze ukuthula phakathi kwemiphakathi. Ngokungafani nezikhathi zokwehla kwemithetho, ezivimbela ukuhamba, imithetho yomsindo ihlasela imithombo yomsindo − medwa kakhulu, umculo onomsindo, ukwakha, amagxoxoho, noma imishini yezemboni.

Isizinda Somlando Sezinhlansi Ze - msindo

Umqondo wokulawula umsindo usukela emakhulwini eminyaka adlule. Izenzakalo eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

Izinhlobo Zomsindo

Izimiso zomsindo ziyahlukahluka kakhulu ngokomthetho, kodwa ngokuvamile zinezigaba eziningana:

  • Umsindo owehlayo: imithetho elinganisela amazinga omsindo ezindawo zokuhlala phakathi namahora athile, ngokuvamile ngemva kwe 10 p.m. nangaphambi kwe 7 ekuseni. amazinga angenayo amadecibel avame ukuba phakathi kuka-50 no-60 dB ezindaweni ezithulile.
  • [[NT.0] Umsindo ongathiwayo: Imithetho elawula umsindo wamabhizinisi, njengemigoqo, izindawo zokudlela, nendawo yokuzijabulisa. Lokhu kungahlanganisa izimfuneko zokuvimbela umsindo, imingcele ekhulisiwe yesikhathi somculo, kanye nemvume yokusebenzisa imibandela ethile.
  • Umsindo wokwakha: Imingcele yokwakha phakathi nobusuku. Amadolobha amaningi avumela ukwakhiwa kuphela kusukela ngo 7 ekuseni kuya ku6 ntambama, nemingcele eqinile ngezimpelasonto namaholide.
  • Umsindo weVehicle: Izimiso zokulawula ugesi, ukubhoboza, nokuvala injini. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Vhicle Code yaseCalifornia ivimbela amazinga omsindo angaphezulu kuka-95 dB ngezithuthuthu ne-dB engu-80 yezimoto.
  • Umsindo ongathiwa [: Imitshingo ehlasela izinja, amaqhude akhalayo, noma eminye imisindo yezilwane ephazamisa ukuthula. Abanikazi bangabhekana nenhlawulo ngemva kokukhononda ngokuphindaphindiwe.

Umsindo Olinganisayo: Isilinganiso Sezinga Elilinganiselwe

Imithetho yomsindo ivame ukuchaza izinga lomsindo elivumelekile, elilinganiselwa kuma-decibel (dB). Ukuqonda lemingcele kuyisihluthulelo sokugcinwa kwamanani. Izindawo ezivamile zihlanganisa:

  • [[UMTH:0]30 dB:[ umtapo othulile noma ingxoxo ehlebeziwe.
  • [ dB:[ imvula ephakathi noma isiqandisi esisekhaya.
  • [[UMTH:0] 60 dB:[ Ingxoxo ejwayelekile noma umculo wesizinda.
  • [[UMTL:0] u-dB:[ Ukuhlanza i-Vacuum noma izimoto ezimatasa (ngokuvamile isilinganiso sezindawo zokuhlala ebusuku).
  • dB:[[[FLT] Izimoto ezisindayo, isitolo sokudla esinomsindo (singavunyelwa emini ezifundeni zezentengiselwano).

Imiphumela Yomsindo

Imithetho yomsindo ingaba nemiphumela ephawulekayo emiphakathini, ithinte izakhamuzi, amabhizinisi, nempilo yomphakathi.

Imiphumela Emihle

Izinzuzo zemithetho yomsindo zihlanganisa:

Imiphumela Emibi

Nokho, izimiso zomsindo zingaba nezithiyo:

  • Imiphumela yezentengiselwano: Izimiso zomsindo eziqinile zingavimbela imisebenzi yebhizinisi, ikakhulukazi ezifundeni zasebusuku. Izindawo zokuphumula nezinkanti zingalahlekelwa inzuzo uma kumelwe zivale ngaphambi kwamahora aphakeme, futhi izindawo zekhonsathi zingalwa kanzima ukuhlangabezana nemingcele ye-decibel. ELondon, “Isimiso sokushintsha” sathathwa ukuvikela amabhizinisi ekukhonoleni.
  • Izizathu ezithelelayo zengxabano:[ Izingxabano zivame ukuvela phakathi komakhelwane ngenxa yezikhalo zomsindo, ngezinye izikhathi zibhebhethekela ekuthatheni isinyathelo esingokomthetho. Ezindaweni eziminyene zasemadolobheni, ukuqiniswa kwamandla okungacacile kungaphazamisa ubuhlobo bomphakathi.
  • Izinselele zokuphoqelela: Ukufaka imithetho yomsindo kunzima kakhulu. Izilinganiso zomsindo zidinga imishini elungiswe kahle nezisebenzi eziqeqeshiwe; ukukhononda ngokuvamile kuxhomeke ezingosini eziseceleni. Iminyango yamaphoyisa enwetshiwe inganciphisa izingcingo zomsindo, kuholele ekukhungathekeni.
  • Ukuxabana okungokomthetho: Imithetho yengxoko ingaphikisana nemikhuba yamasiko. Ngokwesibonelo, eminye imiphakathi yenza imikhosi engokwenkolo noma imikhosi ehilela umculo okhuliswe kakhulu kuze kube sebusuku. Ukulinganisela indlela engokwesiko nolawulo lomsindo kuyinselele eqhubekayo.

Amathuluzi Okuphoqelela Nokuvuselela

Ohulumeni bathuthukisa izindlela ezihlakaniphile zokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa komsindo:

  • Izimiso zokuhlola umsindo ezizenzekelayo: Amadolobha anjenge Paris ne New York afake izinzwa zomsindo ezindaweni zokuzijabulisa ezimatasa ezibangela ukucaphuka uma imikhawulo ye decibel yeqile. Lokhu kunciphisa isidingo sokungenela kwamaphoyisa.
  • Izinhlelo zokuzihlela: Ezinye izigodi zinikeza ukuxoxisana komphakathi ngezingxabano zomsindo, ezingaphumelela kakhulu kunenhlawulo. Uhlelo lwe-San Francisco Community Boards lubika izinga lempumelelo le-70% ekuxazululeni izikhalo zomsindo ngengxoxo.
  • [ Izinkokhiso ezikhokhelwe: Ukugwema izijeziso ezinzima zezaphulamthetho zesikhathi sokuqala, amadolobha amaningi asebenzisa izikhokhelo eziphothulelwe. Ngokwesibonelo, ukwephulwa kokuqala kungaphumela esixwayisweni, kuyilapho izono eziphindaphindiwe zingaholela ekunyuseni inkokhelo noma ukushintshwa kwelayisensi.

Ukuqhathanisa Izikhathi Zokuhlalwa Nezimpondo Eziningi

Nakuba kokubili imithetho yomsindo nemithetho yomsindo kuzimisele ukuthuthukisa ukuhleleka komphakathi, kuyahluka ngokwezinga, ukugcinwa kwemithetho, kanye nokuthintana kwezenhlalo. Ukuqhathanisa ngapha nangapha kuqokomisa ukudayisa:

  • :[ i-Curbets ezihlasela umuntu ngamunye ohambayo; imithetho yomsindo ihlasela imisebenzi ethile (umk., umculo, ukwakhiwa).
  • Ubunzima bokunyanzelwa: Izindawo zokweqa zidinga abaqaphi abasesilinganisweni somgwaqo, abangasiza ekusebenziseni inzuzo futhi bathambekele ekukhetheni. Imithetho yomsindo ixhomeke ezilinganisweni zobuchwepheshe, ezingashintshashintsha.
  • [ Inkululeko: Izindawo zokwethula zingaba nenselele enkulu njengezemithetho ngoba zivimbela ukunyakaza. Imithetho ixhaswe uma ingekho kakhulu noma ingenawo amasu.
  • [ ukwamukela imishado:[ Abantu abahlala emakhaya ngokuvamile babhekana nokuphikiswa yintsha namaqembu alwela amalungelo omphakathi, kanti imithetho yomsindo isekelwa izakhamuzi ezifuna ukuthula($_____abanikazi bamabhizinisi bangamelana nayo.

Izindlela Ezihlukile Nemikhuba Emihle Kakhulu

Ngenxa yemiphumela ehlukahlukene yazo zombili lezi zimiso, imiphakathi eminingi ifuna ezinye izindlela ezingasibekeli imingcele:

  • Kumthetho wezikhathi zokwehla: Ukungenela okuhloselwe ukuthatha isinyathelo njenge-“zikhungo zezikhathi zobuntwana” ezinikeza imisebenzi yakusihlwa kunesijeziso; noma“ imithetho yecala langaphakathi" enika abagcini icala ngaphandle kokwenza izingane zibe yizigebengu.
  • [ Ngemithetho yomsindo: Izimali ezivikela amabhizinisi, amahora ethule ngokuzithandela ezifundeni zokuzijabulisa, noma “izinqumo zemali” ezivumela izinga elithile eligcwele ledecibel ngesonto.
  • Ukuthembisana komsindo: Izakhamuzi ezijikelezayo namabhizinisi emithetho yokulungisa zingandisa ukuthobela nokunciphisa izindleko zokugcinwa kwamandla. Ngokwesibonelo, idolobha lase Austin, eTexas, lasebenzisa izimemezelo zomphakathi nokuhlola ukuklama umthetho womsindo olinganisela impucuko yomculo nezidingo zokuhlala.

Isiphetho

Imithetho yomthetho nemithetho yomsindo zingamathuluzi abalulekile okugcina ukuhleleka nokuthuthukisa izinga lokuphila emiphakathini. Nakuba zingaba nemiphumela emihle nembi, ukusetshenziswa kwazo kudinga ukucabangela nokulinganisela. Abaphathi-mapali kumelwe bahlole izinzuzo zokuphepha nokuthula ezingozini zokuphazamisa inkululeko yomuntu siqu namandla ezomnotho. Ukuqinisekisa ukugcinwa okulinganayo . Ngokulandela iziqondiso ezibonisayo, ukufakwa komphakathi, namasu ahlukile okusiza lezimiso zifeze injongo yazo ngaphandle kokubangela umonakalo olindelekile. Abafundisi nabafundi kufanele bahileleke ezingxoxweni eziqondisweni eziqondisweni zomuntu siqu kanye namandla ezomnotho, baqaphele ukuthi izimiso ezingcono kakhulu zivumelana nezidingo eziyingqayizivele zomphakathi.