Amanzi angaphansi komhlaba awumthombo oyinhloko wamanzi okuphuza cishe ingxenye yabantu abahlala emhlabeni futhi adlulisele amanzi emhlabeni wonke. Naphezu kwalendima ebucayi, umthonga uhlala ungabonakali kakhulu kubenzi bemithetho nakumphakathi, isimo esiye saholela ekubhujisweni kwawo. Ama-Aquifer, ukwakheka okungalingani okungangeni lé komhlaba okugcina nokudlulisa amanzi, kulokhu kuphathwa njengokungalingani. Umphumela uwukungalingani kokukhishwa ngokweqile okusongela ukulondeka kokudla, ukuqina kwezomnotho, nempilo yemvelo. Ukumisa izakhiwo eziqinile nokugcinwa kwemithetho engokomthetho kuyisinyathelo eliyisisekelo sokuqinisekisa ukuthi la madamu angaphansi komhlaba ayaqhubeka esekela izidingo zabantu nezimiso zemvelo zezizukulwane ezizayo.

Iqiniso Le - Hydrogeology: Isizathu Sokuba Aquifer Afune Ukwelashwa Okukhethekile Okungokomthetho

Ama-aquifer awawona amachibi amakhulu angaphansi komhlaba. Awumachibi ayinkimbinkimbi angokomhlaba, kusukela esihlabathini esinezimbotshana nasemajukujukwini kuya ecwilibeni elinamadwala asodongeni. Ukuziphatha kwamanzi angaphakathi kula magumbi kulawulwa yi-hydromy, geology, kanye nekhemistry, hhayi imigqa yempahla edwetshwe phezulu. Lokhu kungokoqobo kudala izinselele ezihlukene zezimiso zomthetho ezakhelwe indawo kanye namalungelo amanzi.

Ama-aquifer angakhonkwani axhunywe ngokuqondile endaweni engaphandle futhi angavuselela ngokushesha emvuleni nasebusweni bamanzi. Ama-aquifer, ngokuphambene, avalwa phakathi kwemifantu yedwala noma ubumba olunganciphiseki. Angaphansi kokucindezelwa nokuvuselelwa kancane kakhulu, ngokuvamile emakhulwini eminyaka noma amakhulu eminyaka. Ama-fossil akhipher, njenge-Ogalla Aquifer e-United States ephakathi noma i-Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System eNyakatho Afrika, aqukethe amanzi anqwabelene phakathi nenkathi yeqhwa edlule. Ngoba zonke izinjongo ezisebenzayo, lezi zinto azizona imithombo emisha, nanoma yiziphi izinqubo zomthetho eziwaphatha njengenzuzo enziwa minyaka yonke.

Uma ukukhishwa kudlula imvuthuluka engokwemvelo, imiphumela iyashesha futhi inzima. Itheku lamanzi liyancipha, lidinga imithombo ejulile nezindleko eziphakeme zokumpompa. Ezindaweni zogu lolwandle, ukumpompa kwamanzi anosawoti kungcolisa amanzi angenasawoti. Ezindaweni ezinezidleke zobumba ezicebile, ukukhishwa ngokweqile kuholela ekuncipheni komhlaba, okunciphisa ngokuphelele izinga lokugcinwa kwe-aquifer. I-San Joaquin Valley eCalifornia iye yancipha ngamamitha angaphezu kwangu-28 kwezinye izindawo, umphumela oqondile wamashumi eminyaka wokwakha okugcinwa kwemithetho okumpontshelwa ukulondolozwa.

Isimiso somthetho kumelwe sidale lezi zenzakalo ezingokoqobo. Kumelwe sihlukanise phakathi kwemithombo evuselelwayo nengavuselelwayo, siqaphele isikhathi esithathayo phakathi kwembangela nomphumela, futhi sithuthukise izindlela zokulawula imithombo ehlukene. Ukwehluleka ukwenza kanjalo kuye kwaphumela kwezinye zezimpi zamanzi ezibiza kakhulu nezingalawuleki enkathini yanamuhla.

Izimfundiso Ezingokomthetho Eziwumhlaba Ophakeme

Ngokomlando, umthetho wamanzi angaphansi komhlaba wavela ngokwahlukana nomthetho wamanzi futhi ngokuvamile wawubuswa ngemfundiso ephelele yokuphatha, noma "umthetho wokuthumba." Lesi simiso sanikeza umnikazi wezwe amalungelo angenamkhawulo okumpompa amanzi ngaphansi kwempahla yawo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ithonya elisemithonjeni eseduze noma e-aquifer ngokwayo. Nakuba kusenjalo ngemikhakha embalwa, lendlela iye yaqashelwa kabanzi njengengavumelani negunya eliqinile. Izimiso zomthetho zanamuhla zivela eqeshiweni eliyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu lezimfundiso.

Amalungelo abantu avamile ezindaweni ezinomswakama lapho amanzi egcwele khona. Lemfundiso inikeza ukuba kusetshenziswe amalungelo anengqondo kumnini-mhlaba oseduze kwezindikimba zamanzi, ngemfuneko yokuthi ukusetshenziswa kwawo akuphazamisani ngokungenangqondo namalungelo abanye abadaluli. Ukusebenzisa lemfundiso emanzini aphansi kunzima ngokwemvelo ngenxa yokuthi imingcele yamanzi angaphansi komhlaba ayibonakali futhi umqondo ka "umehluko" uyakhanya. Amanye amazwe aye azama ukuveza izimiso zokuhlenga ngokuchaza "umphakathi ovamile" wokudipola. kodwa uyaqhubeka uyinselele.

I-Appropriation iyimfundiso evelele entshonalanga ye-United States eyomile. Isebenza ngesimiso sika "kuqala ngesikhathi, okokuqala ngakwesokudla" umsebenzisi ochezukisa amanzi okusebenzisa "ngokunenzuzo" (njengokunisela ngenkasa noma ngokumba) asungula indawo yokuqala engcono kakhulu kusebeli besikhathi esizayo. Ezikhathini zokuswelakala, iziphathi zamalungelo eziphezulu zinelungelo eligcwele ngaphambi kokuba izibambisi zelungelo ezisemgqeni zithole noma ngaliphi naliphi iliphi idoda. Lesimiso sinikeza isiqinisekiso ku-scrediosess kodwa singenazimiso ezingokomlando ukuze silinganisele ingqikithi noma sicabangele impilo ende ye-injini. Umphumela uyena "unyakazodwa, lapho isilinganiso esivamile sabantu abavamile" isilinganiso esiphakathi esiphakathi esiholele isilinganiso esiphakathi.

Amalungelo ahlobene anikeza uhlelo olulinganayo kakhulu. Ngaphansi kwalemfundiso, bonke abanikazi bendawo abangaphezulu bahlanganyela ilungelo elifanayo emanzini angaphansi kwamanzi. Ezikhathini zokuntuleka, isilinganiso esikhona sibekwa ngokwesilinganiso phakathi kwazo. Lokhu kuyisisekelo sokuphatha amanzi angaphansi komhlaba ezifundazweni eziningi, kuhlanganise neCalifornia ne-Nebraska. Igwema ukuthatha konke amandla angaphambili kodwa idinga ingqikithi ye-appropria eqinile egciniwe egciniweni nasemazingeni okukhipha ukuze isebenze kahle.

I-Public Trust Doctrict iyisimiso sasendulo somthetho esithi imithombo ethile yemvelo yeyomphakathi futhi kumelwe ivikelelwe ekusetshenzisweni kwayo. Ngokwesiko iye yasetshenziswa emizileni yamanzi eqinile naselunxwemeni olungaphambili. Ecaleni elisemhlabathini lika 1983, iNkantolo Ephakeme yaseCalifornia yandisa imfundiso yomphakathi ekuvikeleni isithathu esifuya i-Mono Lake, iqaphela ukuthi ukukhishwa kwamanzi kungalimaza imithombo yomphakathi. Izinkantolo kwezinye izindawo, kuhlanganise neHawaii nePennsylvania, ziye zalandela isuth, zisikisela ukuthi le mfundiso ingaba yithuluzi elinamandla lokuvikela umphakathi.

Izimiso zokukhipha nokuqondisa zimelela ukuthambekela kwanamuhla ekuqondiseni amanzi angaphansi. Ngalendlela, izimpikiswano zikahulumeni zivumela ukwakhiwa nokukhishwa okuhle. Imvume ingaphansi kwezimo eziklanyelwe ukuvikela imithombo, njengemingcele yokukhutshwa kwengqikithi yonyaka, izimfuneko zokuvula izithuba, kanye nezibopho zokuhlola. Ukuphumelela kwesimiso sokuvumela kuxhomeke ekhonweni lenhlangano esebenzisayo ukubeka imingcele enengqondo, ukuthobela, nokuzivumelanisa nezimo ezishintshayo.

Imisebenzi Yokuqondisa: Yamazwe Namazwe Okuya Kuwo

Akukho sibonelo esisodwa sokuvikela i-aquifer. Izimiso zomthetho ziyahlukahluka kakhulu kuye ngomlando, izimo zamanzi, kanye nezakhiwo zezombangazwe. Nokho, izindlela ezivamile ziyavela ezibukweni.

Imisebenzi Yesakhelo Yomhlaba Wonke Ye - trapundary Aquifer

Cishe amaphesenti angu-40 abantu emhlabeni ahlala emifuleni enqamula ibhishi, futhi eminingi yalezindawo ixhomeke emanzini ahlangene angaphansi komhlaba. I-UN Watercours Convention ka1997 inikeza uhlelo olubanzi lwezindlela zokusebenzisa imifula yomhlaba wonke, kodwa ukusebenza kwayo emanzini angaphansi komhlaba ekuqaleni kwakungaqondile. I-UNECE Convention eMhlanganweni we-UNICE on the Provizelo and Autemporary Waterpourses ne International Lakes ishoshoshoda kakhulu, ifuna amaqembu ukuba avimbele, alawule, anciphise imiphumela edlulisayo, kuhlanganise nezithiyo ezisemgangathweni nakulingana. Ngo-2012, i-UN - International Law Provision Commentationsss ezithations zoMthetho ka-Transsuberray Acquers, ezinikeza ukubambisana, nokuhlangana kwemininingwane, nokuhlangana kwe-data, nokuhlanganisa.

Esinye sezibonelo ezithuthuke kakhulu zokubusa kwamanzi ahamba emhlabeni yi-Guarani Aquifer Areance Areance, esayiniwe yi-Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, ne-Uruguay ngo-2010. I-Guarani Aquifer ingenye yezinqolobane ezinkulu kakhulu zamanzi angenasawoti emhlabeni, ehlanganisa amakhilomitha-skwele angaphezu kuka-2,2. Isivumelwano simisa uhlelo olungokomthetho lokulawula ukubambisana, kuhlanganise nokuhlola, ukucwaninga, nokushintshisana ngolwazi. Nakuba ukusetshenziswa kwemisebenzi kuye kwancipha, kumelela isinyathelo esibalulekile sokuqaphela ukuthi abaphini abahlohli bezombangazwe abawuhloniphi.

Izindawo zokuthutha izakhiwo zikahulumeni nezombuso

I-European Union’s Water Framed Directive (WFD) ingenye yemithetho yendawo ezungezile efuna kakhulu emhlabeni wonke. Igunyaza ukuhlanganiswa kokuphatha i-fulder, kuhlanganise namanzi angaphansi komhlaba, ngenjongo yokufinyelela "ukulingana okuhle namakhemikhali" kuzo zonke izindikimba zamanzi ngezikhathi ezithile ezimisiwe. I-WFD ifuna ukuba amalungu ezwe asungule imiphakathi, amise izinhloso zendawo ezungezile, futhi asebenzise izinhlelo zokuqondisa i-WFD ngokumisa izinhlelo eziqondile zokuthola izinga lamakhemikhali asemhlabeni nokuhlukanisa ukungcola. Nakuba ukusetshenziswa kwemisebe bekungalingani ngokunqamula amazwe angamalungu, iWFD inikeza isisekelo esiqinile sokuvikela amanzi enhlabathi ekhiqiniswe ekungcoliseni nasengcoliseni.

E-United States, umthetho wamanzi angaphansi komhlaba uye wahlukaniswa ngokomlando phakathi kohulumeni bendawo. Umthetho we-Gonaten Device Water Act ulawula izinga lamanzi asemeyini yomphakathi, kodwa ukuwakhipha kuyindaba engokombuso. Ukufinyelela okulinganiselwe kwe-Decle Water Act enhlabathini yamanzi kuye kwadala igebhu, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokungalawulwa komthombo ongakhonjwayo wokungcola okunjengokwezolimo. Umthetho we-2014 Sustatable Grometer Water Water Act (SGMA) eCalifornia uphawula ukushintshwa okuyisisekelo. Okokuqala, isifundazwe sasidinga izinhlangano zendawo ukuba zenze i-Grateater Suround Avementiveiveive Avetion (S) futhi sithuthukise izinqumo zeze zezelele ezinspide ngokuzimisela ngo-2040 noma 20422, kuye ngokuthi usongo olusendayo lwezentengo yomphakathi, futhi lumelela ukulawulwa kwezentengo engoko yomlando yasendaweni yasendaweni yasendaweni yasendaweni yasekhaya, nakuba kuxhomeke ezimweni enzima.

I-Australia inikeza esinye isifanekiso esinethonya. I-Murray-Darling Basin Plan, eyamiswa ngo-2012, ibekela isilinganiso esiqinile sokukhipha amanzi kuwo wonke umsele, kuhlanganise namanzi angaphansi komhlaba. Icebo liye lahambisana nesimiso sokuhweba ngamanzi esivumela abasebenzisi ukuba bathenge futhi bathengise amalungelo okukhishwa, badala indlela esekelwe emakethe yokudayisa amanzi asetshenziswa kakhulu. Ihlangene nentengo entengo esendaweni ezungezile ebambe imithombo yemvelo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwesimanje kwezekelo senkanyezi, indlela yokuhlela i-Australia ibonisa ukuthi i-oral, ipulani yezindawo ezibanzi, i-meternational, i-sceat comment, nakuba ingekho indlela yokuthola inzuzo yezombangazwe nengxabano yezenhlalo.

INdiya, enendlela enkulu yokukhipha amanzi angaphansi komhlaba, ibhekene nenselele enkulu kakhulu. Isimiso somthetho sezwe esingokomlando esibekwe phambili ngokuthuthuka ngokushesha, kodwa ushintsho olukhulu luhamba kancane. I-Atal Bhujal Yojana (ABY) iyicebo likahulumeni eliyinhloko elikhuthaza ukulawulwa kwamanzi agedlwe phansi, kuhlanganise nokuhlelwa kwezinhlelo zokugada nokumiswa kwezimiso zokuhlola. Indlela iphansi nesigaba, iqaphela ukuthi imiphakathi yendawo isendaweni engcono kakhulu ukuba ilawule ingcebo ehluka ngokuphawulekayo ezimaqeleni zayo ezimfushane. Nakuba lelicebo lisalokhu lisekhona ezingeni layo lasekuqaleni, linikeza isibonelo esikhona kwamanye amazwe ahlala kuwo inselelene yenselele, inselele encikeleleni encipheni.

Izinqubo Ezisebenzayo Zokukhipha

Ngisho nohlelo oluhlelwe kahle kakhulu lomthetho luyohluleka ngaphandle kwamasu asebenzayo emhlabathini. Ukuguqula izimiso zomthetho ukuze zisetshenziswe kudinga ifaktha yamathuluzi okuhlola, ukuqoqa, nokuphoqelela.

I-Definiting Expointive inyathelo lokuqala elinzima. Ngokomlando, abaphathi basebenzisa umqondo "ukukhipha okulondekile" ochazwa njengenani lamanzi angakhishwa ngaphandle kokunciphisa umcebo. Lendlela ayinele ngoba ihluleka ukuchaza imiphumela yendalo ethinta i-ethobol, njengokoma kwemithombo, amaxhaphozi, nemifudlana ehlangene ngokulandelanayo ne-aquifer. Umqondo wanamuhla "uyakwazi ukuveza indawo ezungezile, engokomnotho, kanye nezici zezenhlalo, ukubeka imingcele elondoloza impilo yayo yonke isimiso.

UHlahlelo lokuHlahlela nokuHlola lubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukukhiqizwa okungaguquguquki. Ukuhlelwa kwemali yamanzi kubangela zonke izikhawu (ukuvuleka kwemvula, ukuvuza komsinga, ukuvuza kokwenziwa) nokuphuma kwemisebe (ukukhipha, ukukhipha i-evapollanspiration, ukuphumela ngaphandle kwemifudlana) ukusuka e-aquifer. Ukuhlola njalo amazinga amanzi angaphansi komhlaba, imiqulu, nokukhandlaka kwamanzi kuyadingeka ukuze kushintshwe inqubo yamanzi ngesikhathi esithile. Izimiso ze-GRAPUS ezicushiciweyo ezicuphekayo zisebenza nge-NASAN, njengendlela ye-AERLEC, inikeza umbono ophezulu wezwe lenhlabathi ngokulinganisa isilinganiso senhlabathi se-atmos. Izimiso zezimoto eziculo eliculwayo.

IMaraged Aquifer Refied iyithuluzi elibaluleke kakhulu lokugcina ukulingana kwe-aquifer. I-MAR ihlanganisa ukuthatha ngokuzikhandla amanzi avuthuzayo, abuye abuye abuye abuye abuye angene emanzini angaphezulu futhi iwaqondise emhlabathini ukugcwalisa i-quifer. Lokhu kunganciphisa ukukhucululwa nokuthuthukisa izinga lamanzi. Nokho, i-MAR iphakamisa imibuzo eyinkimbinkimbi engokomthetho. Ngubani owakhe amanzi avuselelwe? Icala lilawulwa kanjani izingozi zezinga lokulawula izinga lamanzi? Imithetho ecacile engokomthetho idingeka ekugcwaliseni inzuzo emikhankanjeni. Eminye imikhankambini, njenge-California ne-Arizona ze-meary, i-procession, i-motionssion.

I-trading yamanzi neMakethe Amanzi ingathuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokuhlelwa. Ngaphansi kwesimiso se-cap-ne-trade, ukukhishwa kwe-quifer kubekwa eqophelweni eliqinile, futhi abasebenzisi babekwayo ngalelo capting. Khona - ke bakhululekile ukuthenga noma ukuthengisa, ukuvumela amanzi ageleze asebenzise izinga eliphakeme ngaphandle kokukhuphuka. I-Murray-Darling Basin i-intshi yenye yezimakethengiso zamanzi ezisebenzayo emhlabeni, kuhlanganise namanzi. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi izimakethengiso zamanzi zingagxilisa imithombo ezandleni zemisebenzi emikhulu yezolimo nokulimaza imiphakathi yasemaphandleni. Ukuhlela nokuqondisa kudingekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuzuza inzuzo ebanzi.

Ukuphoqelela nokuthatha izithuba kungukugcina, futhi ngokuvamile kubuthakathaka kakhulu, isici sohlelo lokusebenza. Ukubhola nokumpompa okungekho mthethweni kusakazeke kakhulu ezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba. Ukubekelela okunempumelelo kudinga inhlanganisela yokuhlola i-tellite, ukuhlola insimu, nezijeziso ezinengqondo ezidlula inzuzo yezomnotho yokungahlangani. I-EU WAter Frameocrated Directiveiveiveive efuna amalungu ezweni ukusungula izijelo ezisebenzayo, ezilinganisayo, nezigwebo ezingekho emthethweni zokuphula umthetho. Ngokujwayezi, ukugcinwa kuyenzeka, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinezithakazeko ezilinganiselwe zikahulumeni noma zezimo zezolimo.

Izinselele Eziphikelelayo Endleleni Eya Ekulondekeni Kwamanzi Angaphansi Komhlaba

Naphezu kwentuthuko enkulu ezimisweni ezingokomthetho nezisebenzayo, ukusetshenziswa kwezindlela kubhekene nezithiyo ezinkulu. Indlela yokuphepha amanzi angaphansi komhlaba ayisona isici esiyinhloko sokuthuthukisa; iyinqubo ephikiswayo yezombangazwe nezenhlalo.

Igebe leData lihlala liyisithiyo esiyisisekelo. Amazwe amaningi awanaso isisekelo sokuhlola isisekelo, kuhlanganise namamitha alungile, izinzwa zezinga lamanzi, nezilinganiso zezinga lamanzi. Ngaphandle kolwazi, akunakwenzeka ukumisa imingcele eqondile yokukhipha, ukulandelela ithonya lezenzo zokuphathwa kwe-athom, noma ukuphoqelelwa. Ukuvala igebe elidinga ukugcinwa okuqhubekayo ekuhloleni imifelandawo, izimiso zokuqondisa ukwaziswa, kanye nobuchwepheshe. Ubuchwepheshe be-Emerging, obunjengemic be-telling, obusekelwe ekuthatheni i-telliteotelling, bunikeza amathuba amashalomu amashandawoza, kodwa awenziswe ukuqoqwa kwemininingwane emisha.

Ukushintsha okungaguquguqukiyo kukhulisa inselele. Ukuphindeka okukhulu kwesomiso kanye nobukhulu kunciphisa ukuvuseleleka kwemvelo, kuyilapho amazinga okushisa aphakeme andisa isidingo sezolimo. Amapulani angokomthetho kumelwe avumelane nezizathu ezicacile zokusho ukuthi amanzi asweleyo akhona kanye nezinqubo zokusebenza phakathi nezikhathi zokuswelakala. Ukungaqiniseki okungokwemvelo ezimweni zesimo sezulu kwenza kube nzima ukumisa imingcele emisiwe. Ukulawula ukuhlohlwaya kokuzinga, okuphatha inqubo yokufunda nokulungisa imithetho esekelwe ekuhloleni idata, kunikeza indlela ethembisayo phambili, kodwa kudinga izinga eliphakeme lekhono lokusebenza kwezentengo yezentengo yezombangazwe.

I-Economy of Water Reformation iyisithiyo esiqhubekayo. Abasebenzisi bezolimo, abasebenzisa amanzi amaningi angaphansi komhlaba ezindaweni eziningi, banamandla aphawulekayo ezombangazwe. Ukusuka kuhulumeni wokuthola inkululeko ngokukhululekile kwenye yezimo ezilawulwa ngokungenakugwenywa kudala abawini nabahluli abahlulwayo. Ukulawula lolushintsho kudinga ukunaka kokulinganisela, imbuyiselo kwabasebenzisi abathintekile, nelungiselelo lobuchwepheshe nemali yokulungisa. I-SGMA ibonelela ubukhulu balempi, njengoba izinhlangano zendawo zizama ukulinganisela imfuneko yabathuthukisi, abasekela indawo ezungezile, nabasebenzisa amanzi asedolobheni.

Umbuso oxhumeneyo ungenye inselele enkulu. Amanzi angaphansi komhlaba awakho eyedwa. Axhunywe emanzini emithonjeni yamanzi engaphezulu, futhi ukukhishwa kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba kungaqeda imifula, imifula, namanzi aphansi anciphileyo. Izisekelo ezingokomthetho eziphatha amanzi angaphansi kwamanzi njengemithombo ehlukene zinephutha. Ukuhlanganiswa kwamanzi angaphezulu namanzi angaphansi komhlaba kuyisayensi, engokomthetho, nenselele yezindawo ezimbalwa eziye zamazwe akhuluma ngayo ngokugcwele.

Ikusasa Lomthetho Owenziwe Ngemithetho Nokubusa

Izisekelo ezingokomthetho zekhulu lama-20 zaziklanyelwe ukuthuthukisa intuthuko nokukhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kwemithombo yamanzi. Izici zekhulu lama-21 kumelwe zihlele ukugcinwa, ukuqina, nokuhleleka. Lolu shintsho ludinga ukucatshangelwa okuyisisekelo kobuhlobo phakathi komthetho, isayensi, nomphakathi.

Ukuthambekela okuthembisayo ukuqhubekela ekuqondiseni imithombo yamanzi (IWRM)[FL:1], ephatha amanzi njengesimiso esisodwa, esihlangeneyo. IWRM idinga amapulani angokomthetho ahlanganisa amanzi angaphansi nangaphansi nangaphansi kokuphathwa kwamanzi, ukubizwa kwamanzi kanye nobungako, futhi ihileleke ekusebenziseni izikhungo ezibanzi zabagcini bamanzi. I-EU WAters Fumeodiocrated Directive and i-Durling Bascin Plan iyizibonelo ze-IWRM, nakuba bobabili beye babhekana nezinselele zokusetshenziswa kwemisebenzi emikhulu.

Ubuchwepheshe buzofeza indima ebaluleke kakhulu. Izimiso zokuhlola isikhathi sangempela, ukuzwa okusekelwe esiphuphuthekini, nokuhlakanipha kokwenziwa kunganikeza ukwaziswa namathuluzi adingekayo ukuze kuqondiswe ngokuvumelana namanzi angaphansi komhlaba. Amamitha asebenzayo angalandela futhi athole ukukhishwa nokungahlangani. Izimiso zokusekela izinqumo zingasiza abaphathi ukuba bahlole ukuthutha phakathi kwezimo ezihlukene. Nokho, ubuchwepheshe bodwa akumelwe bufakwe esigabeni esingokomthetho nesenhlangano esiqinisekisa ukuba ukubonakala, ukulandisa, nokuhlanganyela komphakathi.

Mhlawumbe ushintsho olubaluleke kakhulu ukuqashelwa okukhulayo kokuthi amanzi angaphansi komhlaba awumthombo wethemba lomphakathi, hhayi into okumelwe ibe ngeyomuntu futhi ixhaphazwe ukuze izuziswe. Imfundiso yokuthembana yomphakathi, njengoba isetshenziswa emanzini angaphansi komhlaba, igomela ngokuthi uhulumeni unomthwalo wokuvikela inzuzo yezizukulwane zamanje nezesikhathi esizayo. Lesimiso sinikeza isisekelo esiqinile esingokomthetho sokulinganisela ukukhuphuka, ngisho nalapho ukwenza kanjalo kuvimbela ukusetshenziswa okukhona. Ukwanda kwemfundiso yethemba lomphakathi emanzini angaphansi komhlaba kuyinqubo ephucuzekile nephikiswayo, kodwa imelela inguquko eyisisekelo ekucabangeni okungokomthetho ngamanzi.

Ekugcineni, impumelelo yanoma yisiphi isimiso somthetho ixhomeke ekusebenziseni umthetho wezenhlalo. Imithetho ebekwa ngaphandle kokusekelwa komphakathi cishe ayigunyaziswa noma ihlonishwe. Ukwakha umthetho wezenhlalo kudinga inqubo esobala yokumisa imithetho, amathuba abalulekile okuhlanganyela emphakathini, nokuhlukaniswa ngokufanele kwezindleko nezinzuzo zokuphathwa. Kudinga ukuqaphela ukuthi amanzi angaphansi komhlaba awayona nje into ekwazi ukulawulwa onjiniyela nabameli, kodwa ifa elihlangene nathi nesikhathi esidlule nesomzukusasa.