Imelelwa njengenye yezinsika ezibaluleke kakhulu zokubusa kwentando yeningi. Iqinisekisa ukuthi okuthandwayo, izithakazelo, kanye nezinzuzo zomphakathi kushintshelwa ezinqumweni zezombangazwe. Esimweni sawo esihle, ukumelelwa kuhlanganisa izakhamuzi nohulumeni wazo, kwenza umbuso uphendule futhi ube nesibopho. Lesihloko esenezelwe sihlola izisekelo ezicatshangelwayo zobumende, izibonelo zawo ezihlukahlukene, izinselele eziphikelelayo ezibhekene nazo, kanye nezinyathelo zedemocracy ezingathathwa ukuze ziqinise lokhu kuhlangana okubalulekile phakathi kwabantu namandla.

Izisekelo Zokumelela

Ukumelela akuyona into esungulweyo yanamuhla, kodwa incazelo yayo iye yavela emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka. E-Athene yasendulo, intando yeningi yayiqondile — izakhamuzi zazivota ngemithetho ngokwazo ngaphandle kokuxhumana. Njengoba amanani ezakhamuzi anda futhi indawo inwetshwa, ukuthatha iqhaza ngokuqondile kwaba okungasizi. Ngakho, umqondo we wokumelela [ uvela njengekhambiso elisebenzayo: izakhamuzi zikhetha abantu ukuba benze izinqumo. I-sholomsholo walabo abangenakukwazi ukwenza izinqumo. I-politiki ye-Hanna Pitkin echazwa ngokudume njenge- eyaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi ukwenziwa kwamanje ngomqondo othile ongekho ngokoqobo.[FLT:][FLD] [12:]]

Intando yeningi yanamuhla isekelwe esimisweni sokuthi igunya elingokomthetho lisuka evumeni yababuswayo. Leso sivumelwano sivezwa ngokuyinhloko ngokhetho. Nokho, ukumelela kuhilela okungaphezu kokunqoba nje amavoti. Kuhlanganisa umsebenzi oqhubekayo wobuqaba, ukucabangela, nokusabela. Ummeleli kulindeleke ukuba aqhubekisele phambili izithakazelo zabameleli bawo kuyilapho enza izahlulelo ezilungile. Ukulinganisela okubucayi kuye kwaphikiswana nongqondo abaqondisi besayensi yezombangazwe abavela ku-Edmund Burke ku-say.

Imicu emibili emikhulu yemibono ibusa izingxoxo zokumelelwa: isifanekiso esizimele kanye [FLT] nesibonelo sokukhomba esikhonjisiwe [. Izihambeli zizibona njengezikhulumeli zezici zazo, zilandela izifiso zazo eziqondile ngangokunokwenzeka. Abathembisi, ngokungafani, bakholelwa ukuthi bakhethwa ukuba basebenzise ukwahlulela kwabo siqu nobuchwepheshe, ngisho noma lokho kusho ukusuka ezifinyelelweni zesikhashana zikavoti. Abameleli abaningi bangempela emhlabeni basebenza endaweni ethile phakathi kwalezi zigxobo, futhi ukushukuma okubili kuyisicici esinempilo sokuphila kobuntando bentando yeningi.

Ukuqonda lezi sisekelo kubucayi ngoba ukumelela akuyona into engavamile. Kuvumelana nezinguquko emphakathini, kwezobuchwepheshe nakwezombangazwe. Njengoba sihlola izindlela nezinselele zokumelela, kumelwe sikhumbule ukuthi umgomo oyinhloko uwukwakha isimiso lapho isakhamuzi ngasinye sinomuzwa wokuthi izwi laso linethuba elifanele lokuzwakala.

Okwenza Ukumelela Kube Yizindaba

Ukumelela akuyona nje i-procedromement engcono — kuyisidingo sokuziphatha nesenzuzo kwi-democracy enkulu. Ngaphandle kokumelelwa, amandla ezombangazwe angagxila kubantu abambalwa abaphezulu, futhi izakhamuzi ezivamile azinandlela yokuhlela imithetho ebusa ukuphila kwazo. Ukumelela kusakaza amandla, kukhuthaza ukuhlanganyela, futhi kunikeza indlela yokwenza abaholi ukuba balandise.

Enye yemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu yokumelela ingu ukukhuthaza ukuthembisana komphakathi. Uma abantu bekholelwa ukuthi izindaba zabo zokuvota nokuthi banommeleli olalelayo, basengozini kakhulu yokuhlanganyela ekuphileni kwezombangazwe — hhayi ngokuvota kuphela kodwa ngokuya emahholo edolobha, ngokuxhumana nezikhulu, nokujoyina izinhlangano zomphakathi. Lokhu kuqinisa ukufaneleka kwesimiso sonke.

Isibonakaliso futhi esibonisa ukulandisa [. Izikhulu eziqashelweyo ziyazi ukuthi ziyophinde zibhekane nabavoti eminyakeni embalwa. Lelothemba lidala isisusa sokusabela ezinkathazweni zomphakathi, ukugwema inkohlakalo, nokuveza imiphumela ephathekayo. Okhetho oluvamile luyinqubo yokulandisa okubonakalayo kakhulu, kodwa futhi lusikisela ukuxhumana okuqhubekayo phakathi kwabameleli nama-contitue. Amakomiti, izizwa, nokuhlola komphakathi kuyingxenye yalenqubo.

Emiphakathini ehlukahlukene, ukumelela kukhuthaza ukuvaleka kwemithetho. Uma izishaya-mthetho zihlanganisa amalungu ezinhlanga, ubuzwe, ubulili, kanye nenkolo ehlukene, izimiso ezizivezayo zibonakala kakhulu kokuhlangenwe nakho okugcwele nezidingo kubantu. Ukucwaninga kuveza njalo ukuthi izishaya-mthetho ezihlukahlukene ziveza imiphumela engcono — ngokwesibonelo, ezindaweni ezifana nezokunakekelwa kwempilo, imfundo, namalungelo omphakathi.

Okokugcina, ukumelela kwakha ukuthembela kuhulumeni. Ukwethemba kuyimali yentando yeningi; uma izakhamuzi ziba yize, ziba abagxekayo, abafuna ukuthatha iziqu, futhi zithambekele ekufuneni izikhalo zobuphoqelelo. Ukumelela okuphumelelayo — lapho abantu bezizwa bebonwa futhi bezwiwe — kuyikhambi elinamandla lokukhucululwa kwentando yeningi. Amazwe anezinga eliphakeme lokumele athambekele ekujabulele ukuqina okukhulu kwezombangazwe nokwaneliseka ngentando yeningi.

Izinhlobo zommelelo

Imibuso yomhlaba wonke iye yathatha izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuguqula amavoti ezihlalweni. Ukukhethwa kwesimiso sokhetho kunquma ukuthi siyini isimo sokumelela. Ukuqonda lezi zimiso kuyasiza ekuchazeni ukuthi kungani ezinye imibuso yentando yeningi iveza ohulumeni abahlangene kuyilapho ezinye ziveza izici ezinkulu — nokuthi kungani amanye amazwi ephakeme kunezinye.

Ukumelelwa okuqondile

Izakhamuzi zimelela ngokuqondile izakhamuzi ngokuvota ezicelweni zezimiso kunokuba zikhethe abazozifunayo. Lesisimo singenzeka kakhulu emiphakathini emincane noma nge-parestendium ezindaweni ezinkulu. ISwitzerland iyisibonelo esiyinhloko sezwe elisebenzisa idemokrasi ngokuqondise kakhulu kuwo womabili amazinga esizwe nawamagalelo. Izakhamuzi zaseSwitzerland zivota izikhathi eziningana ngonyaka ngezindaba ezisukela ekukhokheleni intela ekufudukeni. Nakuba izikhulu zezakhamuzi zinamandla okulawula ngokuqondile, zingaba nezithikade ziyinkimbinkimbi, futhi zingantula isikhathi noma ulwazi lokwenza izinqumo eziqondiswe kahle kuyo yonke into. Ngaphezu kwalokho, idemokhrasi ngezinye izikhathi ingasetshenziswa ukulahla amalungelo amancane uma imibono eminingi ingagunyaziwe yizinhlangano ezimeleli.

Intando Yeningi Engaqondile Noma Eyimelelayo

Ukumelelwa okungaqondile — ngokuvamile okubizwa ngokuthi ukubusa ngentando yeningi — kuyindlela evame kakhulu emhlabeni. Izakhamuzi ezikhetha abameleli bendlu yomthetho, futhi labo abameleli bazenzele imithetho ngamabomu. Lesimiso sivumela ukumiswa okukhethekile: abameleli bangagxila ezimisweni, ekujuleni kwezindaba zokutadisha, futhi baxoxe ngokuhlehliswa. i-United Kingdom, Canada, iNdiya, kanye namanye amazwe amaningi asebenza ngaphansi kwalesibonelo. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ingadala igebe phakathi kwabameleli nabameleli, ikakhulukazi uma okhetho bebanjwa njalo noma uma abameleli bethunjwa yizithakazelo ezikhethekile. Nokho, ukhetho oluvamile nomphakathi oqinile ungasiza abameleli abasabelayo.

Ukumelelwa KwaleliGama

I-Propotionel imisa izihlalo zomthetho ezisekelwe engxenyeni yamavoti eqembu ngalinye lezombangazwe eliyamukela. Uma iqembu liwina amaphesenti angu-30 evoti, lithola cishe amaphesenti angu-30 ezihlalo. Lesi simiso sisetshenziswa eJalimane, e-New Zealand, eNingizimu Afrika, kanye nezinye izikhulu ze-democracy. I-PR ithambekele ekuvezeni izishaya-mthetho eziningi ezihlukene kanye nohulumeni abahlangene. Abasekeli bayo bathi inikeza ukubonakaliswa okunembile okungcono kokuthandwa yi-vota futhi iqinisekisa ukuthi amaqembu amancane — kuhlanganise nalawo amele imiphakathi — anezwi. Abagxeki baphawula ukuthi i-PR ingenza kube nzima kakhulu ukwakha ohulumeni abaqinile. Noma kunjalo, ukucwaninga kubonisa ukuthi izimiso zePR ngokuvamile ziveza ukwaneliseka okukhulu futhi ziveza impumelelo enkulu kakhulu.

Umbukiso Oyinhloko

Izimiso zezikhulu ze-Majoritarians, njengezokuqala-ukubekwa kwe-post (FPTP), izihlalo eziya kulowo ozovota kakhulu esifundeni ngasinye, ngisho noma lokho kungaphansi kwenani elikhulu. I-United States ne-United Kingdom ziyizibonelo eziphawulekayo. Lesimiso sivame ukwenza ohulumeni abahlukene ababodwa, abakwazi ukuma beqinile futhi banqume. Nokho, futhi, ngokulandelana okuthi bamelele amaqembu amancane futhi bangaholela “evoti” kulabo abasekela abalahlekelwa yi-. FPPP sithambekele ekuthandeni izimiso ezimbili eziyingxenye futhi singaphumela ekuzuzeni kohulumeni okungaphezu kwengxenye yevoti ethandwayo. Ukungalinganiswa okuvamile kwezimiso eziphambili kuyinto edinga ukubukeka.

Izinselele Ezibhekene Nomfanekiso

Naphezu kwendima yayo eyisisekelo, ukumelelwa kwemibuso eminingi yentando yeningi kuphansi kakhulu. Izakhamuzi emazweni amaningi zibika ukuthi zizizwa zihlukanisiwe nezimiso zazo zezombangazwe, futhi ukuthembela ezikhulwini ezikhethiwe kuye kwehla.

Ukunganaki Nokudumazeka Kwezinto Ezithandwayo

I-Voter revertemp iye yehla embusweni wentando yeningi omisiwe, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwezizukulwane ezisha. E-United States, okhethweni lwaphakathi nenkathi abalelwa ku-40-50% amashumi eminyaka ngaphambi kokuphakama kancane eminyakeni yamuva. Ukubuya kusho ukuthi uvota akumeleli inani labantu njengeqembu. Abangavoti bathambekele ekubeni abasha, abampofu, futhi abangafundile kakhulu — ngakho ngenxa yalokho izithakazelo zabo azikho ezicini eziningi: inkolelo yokuthi ukuvota akunayo into ekhona, futhi imingcele yokubhalisa. Imizamo yokwandisa, njengomvoti oziyo nokuvota okuzinzileyo (njengase-Australia), ingasiza, kodwa ifuna ukuba kube khona ukumele kwezombangazwe.

Gerrymandering

UGerrymandering — ukudwetshwa kwamavota omkhakha wesifunda ukuze abonise isigaba esisodwa — kuphazamisa ukumelela. Ngokupakisha abasekeli beqembu eliphikisayo bangene ezifundeni ezimbalwa noma bewahlakaze ngobuncane phakathi kweziningi, abadwebi bamabalazwe bangaqinisekisa ukuthi iqembu labo lithola izihlalo eziningi kunengxenye yalo yokuvota kungayithethelela. E-United States, bobabili baye basebenzisa i-germannder ukuhlomela ukuqinisa amandla. I-Brennan Center yeJaji ifakazele indlela i-gerrymperdering elulaza ngayo okhethweni abanciphisanayo futhi inciphisa ukulandisa kwayo. Imizamo yokuguqula izivumelwano, njengemisebenzi ezimele yokuvota abameleli nemithetho ethembekile, inikeza amakhambiza okunga kodwa ibhekene amandla okulawulayo kodwa izithiyo ezingokomthetho.

Ukucindezelwa Nokudangala Kwezinto Ezingavamile

Ebuthweni lentando yeningi, amaqembu athile abhekene nemingcele ehleliwe yokuvota. Imithetho edinga ukumiswa okuqinile kwezithombe, ukususwa kwamabhuloho, ukuncishiswa kwamahora okuvota angaphambili, nokuncishiswa kwe-fesili kuthinta ngokungenakuqhathaniswa yonke imiphakathi emincane, izakhamuzi ezithola imali encane, nentsha. IKomiti yamaLungu ehlangene Amalungelo Abantu izwakalisa ngokuphindaphindiwe ukukhathazeka ngokucindezelwa kwevoti eUnited States. Ukuncishiswa kwemithetho ye-democrank akugcini kuphela e-U. Amazwe anezimfuneko eziqinile zokuhlala, izinqubo zokubhalisa eziyinkimbinkimbi, noma imithetho eyodwa enzima futhi ikhiphe izigaba ezinkulu zabantu. Le mikhuba iveza idemocrali ekhuluma ngephini eliphelele.

Ukudluliselwa Kwamaqembu Angeniswayo

Ngisho noma zonke izakhamuzi zingavota, izishaya - mthetho ngokuvamile ziyahluleka ukubonisa izinhlobonhlobo zenani labantu. Abesifazane bakha cishe ingxenye yenani labantu emhlabeni kodwa banezihlalo zephalamende ezingaphansi kwamaphesenti angu-30 emhlabeni wonke, ngokwe-Inter-Parliamentary Union. Izigaba zezinhlanga nezingamaqembu ezingaphansi ngokufanayo emazweni amaningi. Ngokwesibonelo, iPhalamende lase-UK limhlophe ngokungenakulinganiswa futhi liyikholisa besilisa. Lokhu kuntula izihlalo ezichazayo ngenxa yokuthi zithinta imibandela ehlelwa yiziphi izigaba ezimisiwe nayindlela eziklanywe ngayo. Izilinganiso zezinhlanga nezihlalo ezigciniwe, nezingasese eziviwe zitho zeqembu ziye zamukelwa emazweni amaningi ukuze zithuthuke ngokushesha. Ngokwesibonelo, iRwanda, manje i-palphalamentine ephakathi kwenani elingaphezu kwelama-60%, ngenxa yemithetho ye-bukhompumende.

Izindlela Eziya Ekufanekisweni Okungcono

Ukusingatha izinselele zokumelelwa kudinga inhlanganisela yezinguquko ezingokweziqu, imfundo yomphakathi, kanye nokushintsha kwempucuko. Nakuba kungekho sixazululo esiyisiliva, amasu amaningana aye abonisa isithembiso sokuqinisa ukuhlobana kwezakhamuzi nabameleli bazo.

Izinguquko Ezibalulekile

Ukusuka kusuka kumphathi wezikhulu kuya ku-ontace with contactal noma kumaqembu axubeneyo ezimiso zokhetho kungathuthukisa kakhulu ukumelela ngokulunga. Amazwe anjenge-New Zealand athatha isimiso sohlelo oluxubile lwezingxenye ngo-1996 futhi abona ukwahlukahlukahluka kwemithetho yephalamende nokwaneliseka okuphakeme. Ukuvota okukhudlwana okusetshenziswa kwamanye amazwe ase-Australia nasemadolobheni ase-U.S., kuvumela abavoti ukuba baveze izintando zabo ngokugcwele futhi banciphise imiphumela yokuphanga. Noma iziphi izinguquko zokhetho kumelwe zivumelane ne-mongosi ethile yezombangazwe, kodwa isimiso sisala: isimiso sokhetho kufanele siguqule amavotisi ezihlalweni ngokunembile nangokuphelele ngangokunokwenzeka.

Izinyathelo Zokulungisa Isikhumba Ezizimele Nezokulwa Nezinga

Ukuze kulwiwe nomthetho, izifundazwe eziningi e-U.S. ziye zamisa imishini yokuzimela ezimele. Imizamo enjengaleyo yaseCalifornia naseMichigan iye yaveza amabalazwe anokuncintisana okukhulu futhi abonisa kangcono ukuziphatha komvoti. Izinkantolo futhi ziye zangenela, ngemithetho ethile ethi ayihambisani nemithetho esemthethweni. Izinguquko zesikhathi esizayo zingahlanganisa ukunamathela ekwakheni iziqondiso ezihlangeneyo nasekubonakaleni okungcono kakhulu kwenqubo yokudweba kwebalazwe.

Izinyathelo Zemfundo Yamandla Nezokusungula Imfundo

Ukuthuthukisa imfundo ingasingatha kokubili ukunganaki nokunganeliseki. Isikole esifundisa indlela uhulumeni esebenza ngayo, ukuthi kungani izindaba zokuvota, nendlela yokubhalisa zingakha ukuthembisana kokuphila konke. Izinhlangano ezinjengeNhlangano yabesifazane ne-Guardian (nendawo yayo elawulwa ngentando yeningi yase-US) zinikeza ukwaziswa okungahlangani. Amathuluzi asiza abavoti ukuba bathole indawo yokuvota, ukuqonda izinyathelo zokuvota, kanye nokucwaninga nakho kuye kwaphumelela ekutholeni imvume eyandayo.

Ama - candidate Ahlukahlukene Akhuthazayo Nabahlaseli Abayimidanti

Amaqembu ezombangazwe angenza okwengeziwe ekutholeni, ekuqeqesheni, nasekusekeleni abazonikezwa emaqenjini angaphansi. Izimali ezinikezelwe, izinhlelo zobuqeqeshi, nezisulu zeqembu ezihlukahlukene ziye zasetshenziswa ngokuphumelelayo emazweni anjenge Canada neUnited Kingdom. Izindlu zomthetho zangaphakathi, iziphakamiso ezimbalwa nabesifazane abasebenzisa imishini yokuqasha i-coucious zingaphakamisa futhi ziqinisekise ukuthi imibono ehlukahlukene iyazwakala lapho kwenziwa imithetho. Lamaqembu avame ukwakha izivumelwano eziphambanayo ezinhlangothini ezithinta imiphakathi yawo.

Ukuqinisa Amalungelo Nokutholakala Kwamalungelo

Izinguquko ezenza ukuvota kube lula — njengokubhalisa okuzenzekelayo, ukubhalisa usuku olulodwa, ukuvota kwasekuqaleni, nokuthumela iposi — ziye zaboniswa ukuthi zanda ukuvota phakathi kwamaqembu amanani abantu. Izinhlangano zezempango njenge Brennan Center ne-American Civil Liberesties Union ziyaqhubeka ziqhubezela izinguquko. Nokho, izinguquko ezinjalo zivame ukuphikiswa ngokwezombangazwe; ukuvikela amalungelo okuvota kudinga ukuthatha isinyathelo esiqhubekayo nokuqapha okungokomthetho.

Ubuchwepheshe Obungalawuleki Obungahlanganyela

Ubuchwepheshe bungasiza futhi buvimbele ukumelelwa. I-Online platform ingasiza ekuxhumaneni okuqondile phakathi kwabameleli nabameleli, ukwenza amahholo asedolobheni angalinganiselwe yizwe. Amanye amazwe aye azama ukuchaza izibalo nokuhlela imali, lapho izakhamuzi zivota ukuthi zingazinika kanjani izimali zomphakathi. Nokho, ubuchwepheshe bukhulisa ukukhathazeka futhi ngokungaqondi kahle, ukuthungatha, nokungena okungalingani. Ama-Democracrac aqinisekisa ukuthi amathuluzi emishini engokobuchwepheshe anele, kunokuba athathe indawo, imisele yakudala yokuthwebula.

Isiphetho

Ukumelela akusona isici esizimele sentando yeningi — kungubuhlobo obuphilayo okumelwe buhlaziywe, bulungiswe, futhi buvikelwe. Okungcono kakhulu, ukumelelwa kuqinisekisa ukuthi amazwi amaningi omphakathi azwakala, amandla ayonesibopho sokulandisa, futhi lokho kubusa kubonisa okuhle okuvamile. Okubi kakhulu, kungaba umcimbi oyize, obuswa abantu abangaphakathi futhi bahlukanisiwe nabantu abavamile.

Izinselele zokunganaki kovoti, ukunganaki, ukudideka, nokungameleki kubalulekile, kodwa azinakunqotshwa. Ngezinguquko ezicatshangelwe kahle zokhetho, imfundo yomphakathi, imizamo yokuguqula ukuhola kwezombangazwe, nesivikelo samalungelo okuvota, idemokratial ingaqinisa izibopho zokumelela. Umsebenzi awuqediwe, ngoba isizukulwane ngasinye kumelwe sihlaziye lokho okukushoyo ukumelelwa. Enkathini yokudlondlobala kwemithetho yempala nokungathembani, ukutshala inzuzo engcono nengamelelini egcwele, ukuvikela okungcono kakhulu kwezindlela zokuvikela idemokrasi ngokwayo.