Ukuqonda Imishini Elawulayo

Izinqubo ezilawulayo amathuluzi okuhlela, izisekelo zomthetho, kanye nezikhungo ezisetshenziswayo ekuhloleni, ekuhloleni, nasekulungiseni izenzo zabantu nezinhlangano eziphethe amandla omphakathi noma enkampani. Injongo yazo eyinhloko iwukuvimbela ukuziphatha okubi, ukuqaphela ukuphulwa, nokuphoqelelwa kwecala. Ngaphandle kokuqondisa okuqinile, ngisho nezakhiwo eziphethe kahle ezingabuswayo zingakhubeka, zingafinyela, zingaba nokungagcunuli, futhi zixhaphaze. Ukuqondisa okuphumelelayo akuwona umsebenzi owodwa kodwa ulwembukwa kwe-ihlola i-$legislative , ukuhlola okuzimele, ukubukeza kokwahlulela, ukuthatha isinyathelo sokwahlulela, nokulawula kwangaphakathi, nokuphatha ndawonye.

Lezi zinqubo zisebenza emazingeni amaningi: phakathi kwezinhlangano (izinhlangano ze-internal expondential unit), ngaphesheya kwamagatsha kahulumeni (ukuhlukaniselwa kwemibuso), nangabo bonke abaphethe (i-media, umphakathi womphakathi, izindikimba zomhlaba wonke). Umklamo wendlela ngayinye yokusebenza kumelwe ulinganise ukuzimela nokubambisana, amandla, nokusebenza kahle, nokufihla imfihlo kanye nokubona. Uma kuhlangene ngokufanelekile, inqubo yokwengamela yakha ukwethemba umphakathi, inciphisa ukonakala, futhi ithuthukise ukwenza izinqumo ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi labo abaphethe bangaziphendulela ngezenzo zabo.

Umtapo womtholalwazi wokuhlola

  • [[INTLA:0] Monitoching – ukuqashelwa okuqhubekayo kwemisebenzi yokuhlola ukwehluka ezindinganisweni noma emithethweni.
  • i-valuation - Ukuhlolwa kwendlela yokwenza, imiphumela, kanye nokulalela izinhloso.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukubuyisela [[[QLT:1] - Ukunikeza isiqondiso sezenzo zokulungisa noma intuthuko yenkambiso.
  • [ Ukukhipha [ – ijeziso elifaka isijeziso noma ukufuna ukulungisa uma kwephulwa okuqinisekisiwe.
  • Ukwehla [ - ukwenza ukwaziswa kutholakale kubagcini-mathiriyeli nakumphakathi ukuze kuhlolwe.

Umsebenzi ngamunye ubalulekile. Ngaphandle kokugadwa, ukuphulwa kwemithetho akubonwa. Ngaphandle kokuhlola, izifundo azifundiwe. Ngaphandle kwemvume, ukulandisa akunanzuzo.

Izinhlobo Zomshini Olawulayo

Izindlela zokulawula zingahlukaniswa ngemvelaphi yazo, izinga, nendlela. Izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu zihlanganisa izindikimba ze-statory (isibonelo, ojenene, amahhovisi okuhlola amapulangwe), ama-fiscal amanani, ukubukeza kokwahlulela, ukuzwa komphakathi, nezinhlelo zokufukula impepho. Isimiso sezokuqondisa i-mouse esizinzile sihlanganisa izinhlobo eziningi zokugwema izindawo ezingabonakali nokunikeza ababonisi ngokwabo imishini.

  • [ Izindikimba ezilawulayo - Izinhlangano ezikhethekile eziphoqelela ukuba imithetho ibekwe ezingxenyeni ezithile (izentengiselwano, impilo, indawo ezungezile).
  • Izinhlangano ezicubungulayo -Izinhlangano ezihlola izitatimende zemali, ukuthobela, kanye nokusebenza kwezinhlelo zikahulumeni.
  • [ Ukubukeza kwe-judicial – izinkantolo ezihlola ubungokomthetho bezenzo zokuphatha nomthetho.
  • Imithetho yokulandisa [ – Imishini eyenza ukuba ukuphathwa kwezakhamuzi, njengenkululeko yemithetho yokwaziswa nokuvula imihlangano.
  • [ Isivikelo sewattle withleer [ - - Izivikelo ezingokomthetho nokubika imikhondo yabantu abadalula ububi.
  • [ ama-Internal --Policies kanye nezinqubo ezisemihlanganweni ukusingatha izingozi nokuqinisekisa ubuqotho.

Akukho uhlobo olulodwa olwanele. Ngokwesibonelo, indikimba enamandla engalawuliwe kahle yokwahlulela ingabhekana nezinselele ekuqikelweni kwesinqumo sayo; izinhlelo zokufutha ikhwelo ngaphandle kokusetshenziswa kwezimpawu zokuvimbela ukushaya ikhwela azivamile ukusetshenziswa. Izimiso zokungenela ziqinisana futhi zibangele ukumelana nokugwema.

Indima Yemizimba Eqondisayo

Izindikimba zomphakathi noma eziwumphakathi ziyizinhlangano ezinikwe amandla okwengamela imithetho, izindinganiso, nezimiso zokuziphatha endaweni ethile. Zimisa imithetho, ukuhlolwa, ama-layisensi, futhi zibeke izijeziso. Lezi zindikimba ezidumile zihlanganisa i-Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), i-Malial Authority (FCA) e-UK, kanye neziphathimandla zezezokuvikela ukwaziswa zesizwe ngaphansi kwe-GDPR.

Abaqondisi kumelwe balinganisele ukugcinwa kwemithetho kanye nokusekela ukusungulwa kwemboni nokuncintisana. Badinga futhi ukuzimela okwanele ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe nasekuthunjweni kwemboni. [ECD] ukutusa kwesimiso sokuqondisa [ kugcizelela ukuthi abalawuli abaphumelelayo basobala, banesibopho, futhi basekela ubufakazi ezinqumweni zabo.

Umtapo womtholalwazi weZipho eziqondisayo

  • [[UMTL:0] Ukwenza [ - Ukuthuthukisa nokuvuselela izindinganiso ezinemininingwane esebenzisa imiyalo emikhulu yemithetho.
  • Ukuguqula kanye ne-crective – Ukuhlela ongase asebenze endaweni elawulwayo.
  • [[[UMTH:0] Ukuhlola nokuhlola [[UMTL:1] – Ukuphathwa ngokuhambela okungahambisani nokuhlola, ukuhlola ukwaziswa, nokuhlola ukuqinisekisa ukulalela.
  • Impoqo – I-Universitioning osolwayo ophulwayo, ukukhipha amafa, ukukhipha ilayisense, noma ukubhekisela emacaleni okuqulwa kwecala.
  • .Giuidance nemfundo[ - - Usizo luqonda izibopho zazo futhi lusebenzise nemikhuba emihle kakhulu.

Ngokwesibonelo, i - European Medicines Agency (EMA) ayibukezi nje kuphela izindlela zokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa kodwa futhi ihlola nezimpawu zokuphepha zangemva kokwaziswa, iziqondiso zokuhlola, nokuhlela ukuhlola emazweni angamalungu.

Imikhankaso Nokuhlola

Izinhlelo ziyizivivinyo ezihlelekile zamarekhodi, izinqubo, nemiphumela ephikisana nezimiso ezimisiwe. Zihlukaniswe ngokwesiko zaba zinhlobo ezintathu: ukuhlola ngokwezimali (ukuvumelana kwe-akhawunti), ukuphenya (ukulalela imithetho nezimiso), kanye nokuhlola ukusebenza (ikhono, ukusebenza kahle, nokusebenza). Ukuhlolwa kuqhubekela phambili ngokuhlola ithonya elibanzi nokubaluleka kwezinhlelo, ngokuvamile kusetshenziswa izindlela ezixubile ezihlanganisa izingxoxo, ukuhlola, kanye nezinhlolo zezendaba.

Izinhlangano eziphezulu zokuhlola amanani emali (SAIs), njenge Office (GAO) kaHulumeni kaHulumeni (U-U.S.) neNkantolo yaseYurophu yabaphathi bezincwadi, zisebenza ubude bengalo kusuka kumphathi ophethe futhi zinikeze isiqinisekiso esizimele kumaphalamende nasezakhamuzini. Amakhasi asikhathi sonke avimbela ukuthatha imali ngokungafanele, ukukhwabanisa, nokuthuthukisa intuthuko ekudlulisweni kwenkonzo. International Organization of Supper Actificity Institutions [[FLTRAY:1]] imisa izindinganiso zokuphindwa kwembulunga yonke ezikhuthaza ukuma okungaguquguquka nokunga.

Okwenza Kube Nendaba Ukuphicava

  • ukugcinwa kwemali [ - - Imiphetho ibeka izikhulu zomphakathi icala ngendlela ezisebenzisa ngayo imithombo yemali negunya.
  • [ Imvume[ – Imibiko eshicilelwe yokuhlola izibalo ivumela izakhamuzi nemithombo yezindaba ukuba zibone ukuthi izinqumo zenziwa kanjani futhi imali isetshenziswa kanjani.
  • Ukulungisa – ukusikisela okuvela ekuhloleni umsebenzi kungaholela ezinqubweni ezilungisiwe nasemiphumeleni engcono.
  • [ I-Deterance – Ithuba nje lokuhlola ukubheka linciphisa amathuba okungahambi kahle.

Nokho, ukubheka izibalo kunamandla alinganayo nokulandela kwazo. Ngokuvamile, ukutusa kokuhlola akunakwa noma kubambezeleka. Ukuqinisa amakomiti aqondisa iphalamende nokufuna ukusabela komphakathi ekuhloleni okutholiwe kungavala leligebe.

Izinyathelo Zokulandisa Komphakathi

Imithetho yokulandisa yomphakathi iyizindlela ezibeka izakhamuzi, umphakathi, nemithombo yezindaba ngokuqondile esimweni sobubonisi. Zibusa ngentando yeningi ngokwenza ukwaziswa kutholakale futhi ngokwakha izindlela zokuhlanganyela nokukhononda. Izibonelo zihlanganisa inkululeko yemithetho yokwaziswa, ukuhlelwa kwemithetho, ukuqulwa kwamacala omphakathi, imithetho yezakhamuzi, kanye nokuncintiswa kwezenhlalo.

Emazweni amaningi, ukukwazi ukuthola imithetho yokwaziswa sekuyisisekelo sokulandisa. Bavumela izintatheli, abacwaningi, nabashisekeli ukuba bacele amarekhodi kahulumeni futhi badalule ukonakala, udoti, noma ukungawuqondi kahle. Ukuhlanganyela ekusebenziseni imali, ukuphayona ePorto Alegre, eBrazil, kwenza izakhamuzi zivote ngemali esetshenziswa kuqala kamasipala, zithonye ngokuqondile indlela izimali zomphakathi ezisetshenziswa ngayo. Izinyathelo ezinjalo zakha ukwethembana nokuthuthukisa izinga lemisebenzi kahulumeni emphakathini odingayo.

Inhlangano iseke yaphikisa ukuthi inqubo yokuziphendulela komphakathi iphakathi kwamathuluzi okulwa nokonakala aphumelela kakhulu ngoba aqondisa kahle futhi anciphisa izindleko zokuhlola. Amapulatifomu amanani ("afana nokuthola amatheku e-inthanethi kanye namabhodi emali ebhajekile ekhona) anweba lezimiso emhlabeni wonke.

Izibonelo Zokulandisa Komphakathi

  • Inkululeko yolwazi zEnzo[ – amalungelo angokomthetho ukuze izakhamuzi zicele amarekhodi ezindikimba zomphakathi.
  • Ikhasi elikhangisa amabhodi – amaKomiti abukeza izimiso futhi anikeze umfakela kanye nezikhulu.
  • [ Izindlebe ze-Public - Imihlangano e-Formal lapho amalungu omphakathi angazwakalisa khona ukukhathazeka ngemithetho ehlongozwayo noma imisebenzi.
  • Ama-university [ - Izinqumo zomphakathi zezinhlelo zomphakathi, ezivame kakhulu emaphandleni asemaphandleni aseNdiya aqinisekisa uhlelo lwemisebenzi.
  • [[Umthetho:0] uvula izinyathelo zokuhlela uhlelo lokuhlela imali- ukwenza amabhukwana ohlelo lokuhlela atholakale, afundeke ngomshini, futhi aqondeke kalula.

Izivikelo Zokuvuthela

Abahlaseli bangabantu ababika imisebenzi engekho emthethweni, engekho emthethweni, noma eyingozi enhlanganweni. Bavame ukuphindisela kakhulu (ukuziphindisela), ukuhlukunyezwa, ukubhula, noma isenzo esingokomthetho) okuyisizathu sokuba kubaluleke izivikelo eziqinile ezingokomthetho. Ama-plugray aphumelelayo ahlanganisa iziteshi eziyimfihlo zokubika, ukuthumba, izindlela zokuvimbela ukuphindisela, kanye namakhambi anjengokubuyiselwa noma ukukhokhwa.

Emaqenjini omphakathi, abafuyi bempempe baye bavumbulula amahlazo amakhulu: i-Watergate-up, iPentagon Papers, kanye namaPanama, phakathi kwezinye eziningi. Engxenyeni engasese, abafuyi bekhweli beye baveza ukukhwabanisa ekuhlolweni kwemithi, ukubhakasha kwezimali, nokuphucwa kwendawo ezungezile. [[FLT: 0] Inhlangano ye-Whistole pheaner [[[FLT] I-FLTY:1] iphawula ukuthi i-EUWhistole pulercerdificer, yamukelwa ngo-2019, idinga amalungu ezwe ukuba asungule iminyango ephephile yokubika nokuvikela i-Priversss kuworkers kuzo zombili izigaba zomphakathi.

Nokho, isivikelo esingokomthetho sodwa asinele. Ukushintsha kwempucuko kuyadingeka ukuze abafuyi bempempe babhekwe njengabavikeli bobuqotho kunokuba babe amambuka. Izinhlangano zingathuthukisa impucuko enjalo ngokubonisa isibopho sobuholi ekuziphatheni okuhle nangokubheka ukubika ngokushesha njengethuba lokulungisa inkambo ngaphambi kokuba umonakalo ukhule.

Izingxenye Eziyinhloko Zesivikelo Esiphumelelayo

  • [ Ukuzithethelela nokungawaziwa ukubika iziteshi – ama-panel alondekile, ama-ombudsman, noma ama-partum.
  • Acacise izincazelo ezingokomthetho – Ofanelekela ukufutha ikhwelo, ukuthi lunjani ulwazi oluvikelweyo, futhi ubani okufanele atshelwe imibiko.
  • [ Imibono emelene nokuphindisela[ - Imithetho eyenza kube okungekho ngokomthetho ukushisa, ukulahla, noma ngandlela-thile ukujezisa umshayi wekhwelo.
  • Izivumelwano kanye nenkokhelo – Access to buyiselwa, iholo, izindleko zomthetho, kanye nomonakalo uma kwenzeka ukuphindisela.
  • [ Imikhankaso yokuqaphelisa abantu [ - Imfundo mayelana namalungelo nezinqubo zokukhuthaza ukubika.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela

Ukubukeza kokwahlulela kunika izinkantolo amandla okuhlola ubuqotho bomthetho nomthetho-mthetho wezenzo ezithathwa izindikimba zikahulumeni. Kuqinisekisa ukuthi izikhulu zomphakathi aziweqeli igunya lazo elingokomthetho futhi izinqumo zazo zihlonipha amalungelo ayisisekelo nokulunga komthetho. Eziningi zentando yeningi, ukubukezwa komthetho kuyisisekelo somthetho, ukunikeza i-exakelo emandleni omthetho nasemagunyeni aphethe.

Izinga lokuhlola kokwahlulela liyahluka ngokwezwe. E-United States, izinkantolo zingashaya imithetho ephula umthetho. EUnited Kingdom, ngaphansi kwesimiso sobukhosi basephalamende, izinkantolo zihlola amaprocess okwenza izinqumo kunokuphatha [ ukucukuthwa kwemithetho, ukusebenzisa izindinganiso ezinjengobuhlakani nokulingana. Imithetho yomthetho kahulumeni eYurophu ngokuvamile inikezela izinkantolo zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo ezisingatha ukubukezwa okungaqondakali komthetho.

Ukubukeza kokwahlulela kufeza futhi umsebenzi wokwengamela umthetho wokuphatha: abantu ngabanye nezinhlangano bangabekela inselele, ukukhipha izinqumo eziqondisayo, noma izenzo zokuphoqelela. Lenqubo iphoqelela izinhlangano ukuba ziqondise ukucabanga kwazo, zilandele izinqubo ezimisiwe, futhi zihloniphe ubufakazi. Ngokwenza kanjalo, kuvimbela ukubusa okuzenzekelayo noma okuguquguqukayo.

Izinzuzo Zokubukeza Kokwahlulela

  • Imisa umthetho [ - iqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izenzo zikahulumeni zinesisekelo esingokomthetho futhi azinawo amandla omthetho.
  • ivikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye[ - Inikeza ikhambi uma isenzo sikahulumeni siphazamisa inkululeko ngaphandle kokuzithethelela okufanele.
  • [ Iziphakamiso zokulandisa [ - Amagunya abaphathi ukuze bathethelele izinqumo zabo futhi balungise amaphutha.
  • imisa ukulingana kwesinqumo sokulinganisa okukhulu - - Ukwazi ukuthi umsebenzi wabo ungabukezwa, abaphathi bacophelela kakhulu ekuqoqeni ubufakazi nasekusebenziseni imithetho.

Noma kunjalo, ukubukeza kokwahlulela kungaba okuthatha kancane, okubizayo, futhi okungafinyeleleki ezakhamuzini eziningi. Izimiso zosizo ezingokomthetho nezinqubo ezilandelanayo emacaleni amancane kungasiza ekuxazululeni lemingcele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinkantolo kumelwe ziqaphe ukuphanjwa kwezindawo zokukhetha izinqumo okufanele zishiywe ezikhungweni ezikhethiwe.

Izinselele Ekwengameleni Imishini

Ngisho nezinqubo zobuqondisi ezihlelwe kahle zibhekene nezithiyo ezinkulu. Ukungenela kwezombangazwe kungenye yezimo ezigcwele kakhulu: izishayamthetho noma izikhulu zingase ziphazamise izimiso ngokusika imali, ngokumisa abaxhasi bemali, noma ngokungayinaki imiphumela. Ukuvinjelwa kwemitapo kuyalimaza ngokufanayo; amahhovisi okuhlola amanani angaphansi kwemali angakwazi ukwenza ngokuhlola okungalawuleki, futhi izinkantolo ezigcwele kakhulu zibhekene neziphakamiso ezibambezelela ubulungisa.

Ezinye izinselele zihlanganisa ukungahlangani okunganele phakathi kwezindikimba zobubonisi (okuholela ekuzenzeni amakhophi noma ezikhala), ukumelana nokubonakala okungaphakathi kwezinhlangano, nokungaqapheli komphakathi ukuthi ungahileleka kanjani ezinqubweni zokulandisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuqondisa ngokwako kungabanjwa izithakazelo ezihloselwe ukulawula u-$"i-application-pane-pane" lapho abaqondisi besebenza khona kamuva ezimbonini abazilawulayo.

Ukusingatha lezinselele kudinga ukusekela okuqhubekayo kwezombangazwe, ukuxhasa ngokwezimali, izikhungo zokuzimela, nokufunda. Izinhlangano zomphakathi nezinhlangano zomhlaba wonke zinendima eyinhloko ekukhuthazeni izinguquko nentuthuko. I-World Bank’s Governance Global Practice [[[FL: 1] isebenza namazwe ukuze aqinise ukuqondisa umphakathi ngosizo lobuchwepheshe nangokwakha amakhono.

Izingozi Ezivamile Ezimisweni Yokuqondisa Imikhumbi

  • I-[ – lapho izindikimba zobubonisi ziba nozwela noma zilawulwa yizinto ezizilawulayo.
  • I-Fragtion – ama-authom amaningi anemiyalo engenayo noma engacacile eholela ezikhalani.
  • Imali yokulandela ukulandelela [ – ukutusa okuvela kukuhlolwa noma ukuphenywa akunakwa ngaphandle kwemiphumela.
  • ukukhululeka okunganele – ababonisi abamiswe noma basuswe ngokuthanda yilabo ababahlolayo.
  • UBureaucratic interia - - izinqubo zokwengamela ziba yindawo ebanzi kakhulu futhi ziphuthe izimpikiswano ezingaphansi.

Ukushintsha Ukuthambekela Ekubuseni

Ubuchwepheshe bubuye bubonise indlela ukuphathwa kwe-alytics kanye nokuhlakanipha kokwenziwa (I) kusetshenziselwa ukuzwa amaqhinga okukhohlisa, izingxabano zesithakazelo, nokungatholi nzuzo. Ngokwesibonelo, iHhovisi le-Brazil le-Comptor General lisebenzisa imishini yokufunda ukuqapha ukuthengiselana komphakathi okungaqiniseki. Ubuchwepheshe be-blockchain bunganikeza amathuba okugcina amaketanga ezinto ezigciniwe nezimiso zokuvota, ukunciphisa ingozi yokuguqula.

Ukuphathwa kwezakhamuzi nakho kusehlela nge-minute digitation. Ama-state avula ulwazi avumela noma ubani ukuba akopishe futhi ahlaziye ama-memone. Izinhlelo ezihambayo zivumela ukubika kwangempela kokuhluleka kwenkonzo noma ukonakala. Izembulo zezentengiselwano zezokuxhumana zikhanyisa izambulo zempepho futhi zibeke izikhulu icala cishe esikhathini sangempela. Kodwa ukuqondisa kwezemishini kuphakamisa izinselele ezintsha . . "/prificatary, izibalo, ukuhlukanisa ulwazi, ulwazi olungaqondile, nesidingo sokuveza i-algorinth.

Ukubambisana kwezizwe zonke kungenye indlela. Ukungakhokhi intela enqamule isiphambano, ukuthuthwa kwemali, nobugebengu bendawo ezungezile kudinga ukuqondisa okufanayo njenge-Financial Action Task Force (FATF) ne-Piffer Instrive Induction Irenative (ETI). Lemiphakathi imise izindinganiso zembulunga yonke futhi ivumela ukubukezwa kontanga phakathi kwezizwe.

Ukuze zihlale ziphumelela, izinhlangano zokwengamela kumelwe zizivumelanise nalolu shintsho ngokufaka amakhono emishini, ukuvuselela izinqubo zomthetho, nokufaka abasekeli bezomthetho abasha.

Isiphetho

Izinqubo zokulawula akuzona izinto ezingenziwa ngokuzithandela ukuze ziqondiswe; zibalulekile ekusebenziseni ngokomthetho nasekusebenzeni kwazo. Kusukela ekuhleleni nasekuhloleni imali kuya ekuhlolweni kwempepho nasekuhlolweni kokwahlulela, isitho ngasinye sifeza indima ehlukile ekulondolozeni izindinganiso zezimiso zokuhle nokuziphendulela. Nokho, ukuba khona kwalezi zindlela akwanele. Kumelwe zisetshenziswe ngokwanele, zizimele, futhi zihlale zijwayele ukuhlanganisa izingozi nobuchwepheshe. Izakhamuzi, izikhulu, izikhulu, nomphakathi kumelwe zisebenzise futhi zivikele la mathuluzi. Uma umqondisi esebenzela kahle, wakha ukwethemba umphakathi, ukuvimbela ukuxhashazwa, futhi uqinisekisa ukuthi amandla asetshenziswa ngokubona nangoko. Ukuqondisa kungumthwalo owedwa, ukuqaphayo, nokuzinikela konke okukhona.