Isingeniso: Isisekelo Sokwethembana Okungalawuleki

Inqubo yokufaka i-collet iyingxenye yendaba eqenjini lentando yeningi. Isilinganiso sangempela sobuqotho bokhetho sixhomeke kulokho okwenzekayo ngemva kokuba umvoti eshiye indawo yokuvota: ukubala nokuqinisekisa kwayo yonke imishini. Ukuqonda abaqondisi abangemva kwalezi zinqubo kubalulekile ukuze umphakathi uqiniseke, njengoba ngisho nezimiso zokuvota eziqondiswe kahle zingahluleka ngaphandle kokuveza amaphutha, ukunemba, nokuvota. Kusukela ekusebenziseni ngokoqobo ama-computer abhaliwe emishini ye-electromatics kuya emishinini eyinkimbinkimbi yamandla esebenza ngemishini yobuchwepheshe, isinyathelo ngasinye sinikeza amathuba okubala kokubili ukunemba nokunga. Lesiqondiso esinwebayo sandile sihlola izindlela zanamuhla zokuvota, imithetho eqinile eklanywe ukuba ibone amaphutha, kanye nobuchwepheshe obusavelayo obuthembisa ukuqinisa izinqubo zentando yentando yentando yeningi emhlabeni wonke.

Ukubukeza Kwezimiso Zomsindo Nethonya Lazo Ekubaleni

Indlela yokuvota iphonswa ngayo (nesimiso sokuvota esiyisisekelo sokukhetha) ihlela ngokuqondile indlela leyovota okumelwe ibalwe ngayo. Izimiso ezihlukene zidinga izinqubo ezihlukene zokubala, ukulinganisela, kanye nezindlela zokuqinisekisa. Ukuqonda lezi zakhiwo zesisekelo kubaluleke kakhulu ngaphambi kokungena emanzini emininingwaneni yemishini.

Izimiso Ezinkulu Zokudlala

  • Eyokuqala-Past-The Post (FPP): Isetshenziswa emazweni anjenge-United States ne-United Kingdom, i-FPTP ihotela isihlalo kumfundi namavoti amaningi esifundeni esisodwa. Ukubala kuyacaca: ibhola ngalinye libhaliswe umbhalisa oyedwa, nengqikithi ephakeme kakhulu.
  • I-Lover Voting (RCV): Abavoters banezikhombo ngokuthanda. Ukubala kuhilela imijikelezo eminingi; uma kungekho mbhanqwazi ofinyelela kuningi lamavoti okuqala, othatha i-oce ephansi kakhulu ususwa, futhi lawo-bhola adluliselwa kwabalandelayo abalandelayo abathandi. Lenqubo iyaqhubeka kuze kuvele umwini.
  • Iprojekthi yokulinganisa (PR): Ingokombala ezifundeni eziningi, iPR inikezela izihlalo ngokwesilinganiso samavoti atholwa yiqembu ngalinye. Ukubala kungahilela izindlela zezibalo eziyinkimbinkimbi njenge D'Hondt noma iSaint-Laguë ukuguqula amavoti abe izabelo zezindawo eziswayo.
  • qanda i Votting: Abavoti banezivoti eziningi njengalapho kukhona izihlalo zokugcwalisa, futhi bangazabela phakathi kwabazokuvota kakhulu. Ukubala kulula kodwa kungaholela ekugumbuqekeni okukhulu.
  • U Vote (STV) owodwa odluliswayo: Uhlobo lovota olunezigaba eziningi. AmaBallot abalwa esebenzisa inombolo (ngokuvamile i-Droop readquation) futhi amavoti amaningi ayadluliselwa. Lendlela idinga ukuyinkimbinkimbi, ukuhlanganisa.

Ukukhethwa kwesimiso akufuni nje ukubala amavoti ngobunkimbinkimbi kodwa futhi nohlobo lobufakazi obudingekayo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-RCV ne-STV cishe akunakwenzeka ukubala ngokunembile ngesandla ngesilinganiso esikhulu, ukwenza i-scan ye-operal noma izigaxa-nyezi ze-electronics ezibalulekile. ngokungafani, i-FPTP, ingabalwa ngesandla ngokulula okulinganiselwe.

Izindlela Zokubala Imisebe: Kusukela Ephepheni Kuya Emachashazini

Izindlela ezintathu eziyinhloko zilawula ukubala kwamavoti namuhla: ukubala ngesandla, ukubala, nokulungisa imishini ye-electronic (DRE). Ngazinye zinemisebenzi ehlukene, amaphutha, nokuhlola ukuphepha.

Inani lokubala ngokuzenzela

Ukubala ngesandla kuhlala kuyindlela ebonakala kakhulu, ngokuvamile esetshenziselwa okhetho oluncane, amabhola angekho, noma ama-collet alandela uhlelo. Izisebenzi zokhetho .[1] Ngokuvamile amaqembu e-bipartisan − ngokuhlela ngokomzimba nangama-collet amaphepha a-partis. Lenqubo ilandela inqubo eqinile: okokuqala, amabhola ahlelwa ngohlanga noma ngehhovisi; khona-ke, amaqembu amabhola (umz., amaqembu ayishumi noma 50) ayabalwa futhi abhalwe emaphepheni aphezulu. Izisebenzi ezimbili noma ngaphezulu zilandela inqubo eqinile enqubo eyodwa, futhi imiphumela yazo imele ihambisane. Uma zingavumelani, izibalo zesithathu ziyakwenziwa.

Ukubala ngezandla kuhlanganisa ukusebenza okungasheshi futhi kuthatha isikhathi eside, ikakhulukazi uma kunezinga elikhulu. Iphutha lomuntu − njenge zimpawu zokufunda kabi, ukukhathala, noma amaphutha alula ezibalo .[1] I-National Institute of Lavement and Technology (NIST) ibhale ukuthi inani lezandla lithambekele ekutheni linephutha eliphakeme kunamanani adwetshiwe, ikakhulukazi uma imiklamo yebhola iyinkimbinkimbi noma lapho abavoti benza izingcabo ezingaqondakali. Nokho, amanani ezincwadi anikeza ukuhlola okubucayi ekulinganisweni kwemishini futhi akhe ukwethenjwa umphakathi ngokubonakalayo, ukuqondisa komuntu.

Ukubala Isithombe Sokubona

Izimiso zokuhlola i-optical ziyindlela esetshenziswa kakhulu e-United States. Amavoter agcwalisa amabhola ephepha (agcwaliswe nge-oval noma imicibisholo exhunywe) abe esefakwa e-scanner. I-scanner ifunda amaphawu esebenzisa izinzwa zokukhanya futhi iwachaze njengezivota kubahloli abathile noma izilinganiso. Imiphumela ifakwa ngecomputer esenkabeni, ngokuvamile ngesikhathi esingokoqobo njengoba amabhola efakwa endaweni yokuhlola noma phakathi kwehhovisi lokhetho.

Izinzuzo zemishini yokuhlola izibuko zihlanganisa isivinini esiphakeme (izinkulungwane zamabhola zingahlolwa ngehora), irekhodi lephepha elingokoqobo lokuhlola, nekhono lokusingatha imiklamo eyinkimbinkimbi. Nokho, abanawo ukuzivikela kumaphutha. Imishini yokuhlola imishini ye-scanner, i-smamp, noma amachashaza alahlekileyo angabangela umshini ukuba ufunde kabi amabhola. Isifundo ngomshini sazinziswa yi-Voring Foundation[ yathola ukuthi ukuhluleka komshini wokuhlola ukubona kunezilinganiso zemishini yokuvota kwabikwa kukhulu okubikwa kunyakaze kudlule. Ukuhlohla lokhu, ukuhlelwa kwezingozi eziningi, ukuhlelwa kwemiboniso kwemiboniso yemiboniso yemiboniso yemisebe yemisebe.

Imishini ekhipha imishini ngokuqondile (DRE)

Imishini ye-DRE ivumela abavoti ukuba bavote ngokuqondile nge-screencut noma ngenkinobho. Amavote agcinwa ngemishini enkumbulo yomshini futhi ngokuvamile adluliselwe esimisweni sokudlulisa i-tem-tem. Ezinye izilinganiso ze-DRE zihlanganisa i Voter Veritified Paper Apply Rail Trail (VVPAT), irekhodi elibhaliwe elibhaliwe elikwazi ukulibona ngemva kwesibuko sengilazi ngaphambi kokuba ivoti ibhalwe ngokomthetho. Ezindaweni eziningi lapho amavoti ephepha angasetshenziswa khona kuphela, i-DREEs ivamile, ikakhulukazi ku-Rvitay ephethe ukukhubazeka i-pepa okuthola kunzima ukuphatha.

Izinzuzo eziyinhloko ze-DREs ziwukutholakala (zinganikeza ama-collet omsindo, i-printer enkulu, nokumunca-wansi) kanye nemiphumela esheshayo. Nokho, zingachayeka ezingozini ezingathi sína zokuphepha. Ngo-2018, umbiko wezwe laseVirginia wembula ukuthi ezinye i-DRES zazinokuxhumana kwene-social okungasetshenziswa kabi, futhi ingqungquthela engu-2019 ye-DREFCON yabonisa ukuthi i-DE ingacushwa phakathi nemizuzu emini embalwa. Ngaphandle kwe-VVPAT, akukho rekhodi yephepha elithembekile lokuhlola i-software noma ukuhlasela okuyingozi kungaguqula imiphumela ngaphandle kokuthola. Yingakho izinhlangano ezifana ne-[FLCF:0] i-URCMFLD [FLD:1] yonke imikhathi ye-octal itusa ukusetshenziswa yi-DVE, futhi i-VPOCSCSCSCSCSCSCPFFFFFS.

Izinhlelo Zokuqinisekisa: Ukuhlaziya Yonke Imikhakha

Ukubala amavoti ngokunembile kuyingxenye yempi. Ukuqinisekisa kuqinisekisa ukuthi izibalo zilungile, ukuthi akukho mavoti awenezelwayo noma asuswa, nokuthi lenqubo ihlangane nezindinganiso zomthetho. Ubufakazi banamuhla buncike enhlanganiseleni yezilinganiso zokhetho lwangemva kwempi, ukuvalwa kwenani, nokukhishwa kwephepha.

Imigomo yokukhetha yangemva

Inqubo evame kakhulu yokuqinisekisa ukuthi inqubo yokubala ingeye-post - ukhetho, lapho isampula engakhethi yamabhola ibalwa ngesandla futhi iqhathaniswa nemiphumela yomshini. Imiphetho ingaba: [

  • [[FFLT]]] izibalo ezishayelwayo:[[FFFON] [inani] amaphutha anqunyiwe: [[FFFOM]] [FFF:5] [FL:] [5]]] [izindlela ezinqunyiwe] [izilinganiso ezinqunyiwe zezindawo noma amabhola (i-bolot) [iR.] [indlela ehlombe] i-aglotton isetshenziswa kakhulu.[12] inquit izilinganiso ezifanele ukuhleleka izihloko eziningi.[FFFFFFom] ingu izihloko ezihlolwe izihloko ezifanele ukukhonjiwe.[10] Izilinganiso ezifanele ukukhonjiwe izihloko ezingenhla: [fdkse:] Izilinganiso eziwuhluliwe kanye nezinsu: [ense] Izinhlelo ze

    Ukubuyisela isiphambano nokuqinisekisa

    Ngaphambi kokuba kubekwe imiphumela, izikhulu zokhetho zinqamule-odayo-onele kusuka kwimithombo eminingi:

    • [[FLT]] izincwadi zePolg vs. ibhola libalwa:[ Inani labavoti abasayisayinwayo egcekeni liqhathaniswa nenani lamabhola afakwayo. Ama-flotte akhankanyiwe. [[FFULT:] Ayakhushulwa ukubukela izibalo zencwadi.] [[FLT:] [FFFOT] [10] imiqulu] iqoqo elifuthene izihloko ezihlolwayo.[12] Izihloko ezicutshiwe impompo ezicunyiweyo.[10] Izihloko ezicutshiwe impoqo yohlelo oluncane [Fose-uhlu] [FFot] [ense][10] izihloko zemiqu zemisebe] Izihloko ezihlokelelwe izihloko: [FFFosense] izihloko zemist: "fu] umahluhluhlu izibalo

      Imishini yokuhlola iphepha eqinisekisiwe (VVPAT)

      IVVPATs iyithuluzi eliyikholisayo elibalulekile lemishini ye-DRE. Ngemva kokuba umvoti esenza ukukhetha kwakhe esibukweni, umnyathelisi wephepha wenza uhlu olushicilelwe lwevoti (ngokuvamile efihleke ngefasitela lengilazi). Uvoti uqinisekisa ukuthi ukunyathelisa kuvumelana nenhloso yakho ngaphambi kokufaka i-collet. Kusenzeko sokubala noma ukubhalisa, izikhulu zokuvota zingathatha iphepha le VVPAT lilolls ziphinde zilibale ngesandla. Ngaphandle kwe VVVPAT, ayikho indlela yokuqinisekisa irekhodi le-electronic. Njengoba ngo-2024, ama-32 asho ukuthi i-VVPAT ifuna i-DRE, futhi eziningi zikhipha ngaphandle kwe-DREE ngokuphelele ezimisweni zephepha lokuhlola.

      Izinselele Nezinkinga

      Naphezu kwezinqubo eziqinile zokuqinisekisa, ukubala amavoti kubhekene nezinselele eziphikelelayo ezivela emangeni abantu, ukuhluleka kwezobuchwepheshe, nokusongelwa kwokulondeka.

      Iphutha Lomuntu

      Ukubala ngezandla kuyisinyathelo esinephutha elikhulu. Ukuhlola kuye kwabonisa ukuthi ngisho namaqembu aqeqeshiwe aqamba kabi 1-2% yamabhola, ikakhulukazi uma imiklamo yebhola lidida (umz., "umbambo webhola lokulinganisa" eFlorida 2000). Amavoter ngokwawo angenza amaphutha − ashiye amaphawu akhubazekile kakhulu ngenxa yama-scanner, noma asebenzisa kabi inki. Izisebenzi zingase futhi ziqonde ngokungeyiphutha inhloso yevoti, njengokunquma ukuthi igama le-vota ezungezayo liyivoti eqinisekile yini. Ukuhlukanisa izilinganiso zokuklama nokuqeqesha ibhola nokuqeqesha izisebenzi eziningi, kushiye amamaki aphansi kakhulu, kodwa kungawaqediseli amaphutha omuntu.

      Imisebenzi Yezobuchwepheshe

      Imishini ye-Optical scanner iyahluleka. Imishini yokuhlola ingaminyana, ifunde kahle amabhola, noma ibone amaphutha enkumbulo. I-DRE ingaphahla, ibe yiqhwa, noma iveze isitayela esingafanele. Ngo-2022, isifunda sasePennsylvania bika ukuthi imishini ye-DRE edlula amaphesenti ayishumi engasebenzi kahle ngoSuku Lokhetho, ifuna abavoti ukuba basebenzise amabhuloti agciniwe ephepheni. Ukuhluleka okunjalo kungasusa isivoti noma imiphumela. Ukulungisa njalo, ukuhlola kwangaphambi kohlelo, kanye nemishini egciniwe kuyimicimbiso ebalulekile.

      Izingozi Zokulondeka

      Izimiso zokuvota ngogesi zisengozini yokuhlaselwa nge-inthanethi. Abadlali abasongelayo bangazama ukushintsha izincazelo ze-bollat, ukushintsha imiphumela egcinwe enkumbulweni, noma ukushintshwa kwe-injini. Icala elidumile lokuguqula ukhetho lihilela ukuboniswa ngo 2017 engqungqutheleni yobucine lapho umshini we DRE wasetshenziswa khona ekushintsheni amavoti okhetho lokugcona. Nakuba kungekho kuqinisekisiwe kokuhlasela kwe-injini ye-ibhulimi oluyelelene kushintshe umphumela wangempela wokukhetha, impumelelo ekhona. I-Cybersecurity ne Inslastrust Security Agency (CISA) inikeza khona imithombo yokuvota ekhasiyo.[FLT: 1] [FLT]]] ukusiza ekuvinyeni izimiso zabo ezisebenza emoyeni, ukufushaza, ukuhlola nokuhlola.

      Izivubukulo Zobuchwepheshe

      Ukuze babhekane nokulinganiselwa okukhona manje, abacwaningi nezikhulu zokhetho bahlola ubuchwepheshe obusha obungenza ukuba ukuvota kubelwe ngokushesha, kulondeke ngokwengeziwe, futhi kutholakale kalula.

      Ukusakaza Imishini

      I-blockchain(a eyabelwe, i-immutable headger", iye yahlongozwa njengendlela yokuvikela ukudluliswa kwevoti nokugcinwa. Imisebenzi ye-Pilot ikhona eNtshona Virginia nase Utah kubavoti bezempi baphesheya, ibavumela ukuphonsa amabhola nge-blockin-elective ka-bn memouse. Ubuchwepheshe buthembisa ukuqeda ukuhlanganisa, okusho ukuvota kungaqinisekisa kamuva ukuthi ukuvota kwabo kwakubalwa ngaphandle kokwembula ukukhetha kwabo. Nokho, abacuphi baphawula ukuthi i-clechain ayivikeleki ekhonzweni le-vrator's's' okanye umshini wokuvota ngokwawo, futhi i-software ingaqhubeka iholelekile. Izazi eziningi zitusa ukuvinjelwa kwe-ris, indawo yokuvota okuncane kuze kube nokuvikelwa okungcono.

      Ukuchaza Izakhi Zomzimba

      Izimiso ze-biometric − ukusebenzisa iminwe, iscan, noma ukuqaphela ubuso − zingavimbela ukuvota nokuvota okuphindaphindwayo. Amanye amazwe, njengeNdiya, kakade asebenzisa i-biometric eqinisekiswe eziteshini zokuhlola. E-U.S., izinhlelo zomshayeli ziye zahlola ukuhlolwa kweminwe yokuhlola umvoti, kodwa ukukhathazeka kobuso bomuntu siqu kanye namaphutha aphakeme okutholwa kwabantu abathile kuye kwalinganiselwa kakhulu. Ubuchwepheshe busiza kakhulu uma buhlangene nesimiso sokuhlola iphepha ukugcinwa kokusetshenziswa kwemali.

      Ukuqamba okukude nokusebenzisa i-odar

      Kuyi-inthanethi yokuvota engcwele kunezithiyo ezinkulu zabashisekeli abaningi bokhetho, ezinikeza inzuzo ezisebenzini zezempi, izakhamuzi zaphesheya, kanye nabavoti abakhubazekile. I-Estonia iye yasebenzisa i-Internet ngokuphumelela ukuvota kusukela ngo 2005, ngokuqinisekisa okunengxenye ehlukahlukene nokuyithumela ngokuyibhala nge-ekhompuyutha evikela i-colotation ngayinye. Nokho, ukuvota okusakazekile kuyi-Internet enkulu: amacomputer asesengozini yokuchachachachacha, futhi ayikho indlela ethembekile yokuqinisekisa i-bolobolot esendaweni eqhelile. Ikhomsemsesholo ekhompwo yokhetho oluyisivikelo isekela ukucwaninga ngezimiso zokuvota ezikude, kodwa amaphepha angekho asese asese asesekile asesekile manje asengasetshenziswayo.

      Uhlelo lokugcina-ukuya-eSendafica (E2E)

      Izimiso ze-E2E zivumela abavoti ukuba bafake kokubili i-collet futhi kamuva baqinisekise ukuthi yayihlanganisiwe ekuthatheni kokugcina, konke ngaphandle kokwephula amathuba ezindaba zomuntu siqu. Lezizimiso zivame ukusebenzisa ama-lisithi acrypotoshiwe abekwe kuyi-intanethi. Isibonelo esisodwa i-Scanterity[ isimiso, esisetshenziswa kukhetho lwasedolobheni lango 2009 eFlorida. Amavoter aphawula amabhola ephepha ngepeni elikhethekile eliveza ikhodi efihliwe; ikhodi ebekwe kuyi-intanethi ingahlola ukuvota kwawo. Izimiso ze-EE zinganikeza izinga eliphakeme kakhulu lobuqotho, kodwa ziyinkimbinkimbi ukusetshenziswa nokuchazwa kokuvota.

      Isiphetho: Ukubonakala Okucace Kakhulu Njengedwala Lokwethenjwa

      Abavoti abayona nje imininingwane yobuchwepheshe; bayimisuka eqinile lapho ukuthembela komphakathi emiphumeleni yentando yeningi kuhlala khona. Kusukela ekubaleni komthetho wokuqala wephepha kuya kubufakazi obufingqiwe obuphambili besimiso se-E2E, zonke izinyathelo ziklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi intando yabantu iveziwe ngokunembile. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buveza, isimiso esiyisisekelo sihlala sikhona: noma isiphi isimiso sokuvota kumelwe sibe sobala, sihlolwe, futhi sivikeleke kuzo zombili iziphambeko zomuntu nokuhlasela okubi. Izazi zezakhamuzi ezifundisa ngalezi zinqubo zokwenza i-ebollator ziphathwa kanjani, indlela imishini yazo evivinywa ngayo, nendlela imishini ebamba ngayo amaphutha enziwe ngayo ukuba bavikele i-franchine. i-Rhomacelm ayiwona umdlalo okwazi ukuvota abantu.