Imithetho engabonakali ilawula isimilo nokubaluleka kwezindawo ezise-United States. Lemithetho kahulumeni yendawo inquma ukuthi yini engakhiwa lapho / noma ikhaya lomkhaya owodwa, isakhiwo sendlu, isitolo, noma ifektri. Nakuba ukubhaka kungabonakala njengethuluzi lokulawula elomile, ithonya layo ezindinganisweni zempahla, ikhokhathi lomphakathi, ngisho nokulingana kwezenhlalo kukhulu. Kuba abanikazi bamakhaya, abalindele ukuthenga, nabathengi bezindawo zangempela, ukuqonda okubalulekile ekwenzeni izinqumo zokuhluzeka mayelana nendawo yokuhlala nendawo yokutshala.

Iyini Imithetho Ekhohlisayo?

Imithetho yokuzihlela iyimithetho emiswe ohulumeni bendawo (izindawo, izinombolo, amalolishi, noma amalokishi alawula ukuthuthuka nokusetshenziswa kwendawo esebusweni bawo. Lemithetho ihlukanisa isifunda sezindawo ngokwezindawo ezihlukahlukene, ngasinye sinemisebenzi yaso evunyelwe, izilinganiso, imingcele yobunzima, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngisho nezimfuneko ezingokomthetho. Isisekelo esingokomthetho sokuhlala e-United States sisebusweni bamaphoyisa, esivumela ohulumeni ukuba balawule impahla ezimele ukuze bavikele impilo yomphakathi, ukulondeka, nenhlalakahle yayo. Inkanganiso ephakeme yeNkantolo yecala ye-Eucclid. [FLT] v. Ambler query quence cent [[FLT]]] [1926]]) isekela umbuso we-mondmental , i-meoralbian evimbela ukukhula nokukhuliswa kwe-ocentine.

Izindawo ezivamile zihlanganisa indawo yokuhlala (umkhaya owodwa, umkhaya ohlukahlukene), ezohwebo, ezezimboni, nezolimo. Izindawo eziningi zihlanganisa izindawo ezixubene nezindawo ezihlelwayo, intuthuko ehleliwe, nezifunda ezilayishwayo ukuze kulondolozwe noma kuvikelwe indawo ezungezile. Isigaba ngasinye sinezimfuneko eziningi kakhulu zesilinganiso sempahla, ukunqamuka kwebanga lokwakhiwa kwezindawo, izilinganiso zokupaka, nemisebenzi evunyelwe. Lemithetho ihlanganiswa ezindaweni zendawo ezikhona futhi ihambisana nebalazwe elibonisa imingcele yezindawo ezihlalayo.

Injongo Yemithetho Yokuzikhohlisa

Izinjongo eziyinhloko zemithetho yokwakha ziye zavela kuleli khulu leminyaka elidlule, kodwa izinhloso eziningana eziyisisekelo azishintshi:

  • Izwe lisebenzisa ukuhlelwa -Zoning ivimbela ukusetshenziswa okungahambelaniyo ekubeni sendaweni eseduze nenye. Isitshalo esikhulu sezezimboni akumelwe sisebenze eduze kwesikole, futhi i-nightclub akufanele ihlale eduze komgwaqo othulile wokuhlala. Ngokuhlukanisa, inciphisa izingxabano futhi ivikele izinga lokuphila.
  • Inani lentengo yesivikelo - Izindawo eziphoqelelwe ziqinisekisa ukuthi indawo eseduze isebenzisa izakhiwo ezikhona aziwacindezeli amanani empahla. Ngokwesibonelo, indawo egcwele noma indawo yokulahla imfucumfucu ingawanciphisa kakhulu amanani ekhaya aseduze. Imingcele yokuzihlela isiza ekulondolozeni isimo nokungathandeki kwezindawo.
  • Impilo engcono nokuphepha - Izimiso zokulungisa zikhuluma ngezindinganiso zokwakha ezinjengokuphepha emlilweni, ukukhucululwa kwendle, nokuqina kokwakha. Ziqinisekisa futhi ukukhanya, umoya, nendawo evulekileyo. Izindawo ezingaphezulu zingathintana nokulawula izikhukhula noma ingozi yomlilo.
  • [ Intuthuko ekhona - Indawo yanamuhla ihlanganisa ngokukhulayo imigomo yendawo ezungezile, njengokunciphisa ukugcwala kwamadolobha, ukugcina indawo eluhlaza, ukuthuthukisa ukugcwala, nokukhuthaza umklamo wezokuthutha. Amanye amadolobha asebenzisa izindawo ezisemthethweni ukubiza iziteshi zikagesi noma uphahla oluluhlaza.

Lemigomo iqondisa yonke imiphakathi engokoqobo futhi isize ohulumeni bendawo bahlele ukukhula kwesikhathi esizayo. Uma becabanga, ukwakha izindawo kungadala izindawo eziqinile, ezisebenzayo neziqinile. Uma zenziwe kabi, ukungalingani okungalingani, kungavimbela ukutholakala kwezindlu, futhi kuphazamise amathuba ezomnotho.

Indlela Imithetho Yokuzilolonga Ethinta Ngayo Izindinganiso Zempahla

Ukuqonda lezi zimiso ezinamandla kusiza abanikazi bezindlu nabatshali bezimali ukuba babone ukuthi kungenzeka ukwazisa noma ukwehla kwephasela. Izinqubo eziningana eziyinhloko ziyadlala:

Ukudla Okungadingeki Nokushesha

Uma kuvinjelwa ukukhula − njengokufuna isilinganiso esincane kakhulu sobukhulu noma ukwenqabela indawo yokuhlala yemikhaya eminingi − ilinganisela ukutholakala kwendawo edingeka kakhulu. Ezindaweni ezifunwa kakhulu, lokhu kuswela kokwenziwa kunyusa intengo yezindlu ezikhona nezindawo. Imikhaya eyodwa kuphela, evame emiphakathini eminingi yasemaphandleni, ikhuphula imigoqo yokungena kwezakhamuzi ezintsha futhi inganikela ezinkingeni zokuhlala.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwemvume Nokusetshenziswa Okuphakeme Kakhulu

Inani lempahla liboshelwe phezulu kakhulu futhi lisetshenziswa kangcono ngaphansi kwendawo yamanje. Iphasela elisetshenziselwa ukusetshenziselwa ukuhwebelana endleleni ematasa libiza ngaphezu kwendawo eyodwa ehlala amakhaya omkhaya owodwa kuphela, ngoba ukusetshenziswa kwezentengiselwano kuveza inzuzo ephakeme. Ngokufanayo, ukuhlelwa kwemindeni eminingi yemikhaya eminingi kungaziswa ngaphezu kwesilinganiso esisodwa esilinganiselwe emndenini owodwa, ngoba ingahlalisa izilinganiso ezengeziwe. Uma i-okhanti yempahla iphansi (yakhiwe imingcele eyengeziwe), inani layo lingancipha. Ngokuhlukene, ukukhuphuka okukhulu okungavumela ukusetshenziswa okukhulu kunganyuka.

Ukusetshenziswa Okuhambisanayo Nezenzo Ezinhle

Izakhiwo eduze kwamapaki, izikole, iziteshi, nezikhungo zezentengiselwano zivame ukulawula amanani aphakeme − kodwa uma indawo yokuthenga iqinisekisa ukuthi leyo misebenzi iyalingana. Isikhungo sezitolo esidonsa izimoto nomsindo singathinta kabi amakhaya aseduze ngaphandle kokuba kuvinjelwe izithiyo noma izimfuneko zokulungisa indawo evulekile. Ukulungisa okugcina indawo evulekile futhi kudinga izinqolobane eziluhlaza kusiza ekulondolozeni izinga eliphezulu.

Ukuqina Nokubikezelwa

Abathengi nababoleki bamanani alindelekile. Uma indawo iqinile futhi iphoqelelwe, abanikazi bempahla baqiniseka ukuthi ukwakheka kwendawo ngeke kushintshe ngokushesha. Lokhu kuzinzile kunciphisa ingozi futhi kusekele inzuzo yempahla ephakeme. Ngokuphambene, izindawo ezihlala lapho izindawo zivame ukubekelwa inselele noma indawo lapho indawo ekhona ingenzeka khona i-CML.

Imiphumela Esobala

Ukuzingela kungaba nemiphumela ehlukanisayo ehlanganisa izakhiwo ngandlela-thile. Ukuvinjelwa kwezindawo zokuhlala, nemingcele yokuphakama ebekelwe imingcele enzima ngokuvamile kubiza imikhaya ethola imali ephansi. Nakuba lokhu kungavikela amanani empahla yabanikazi bezindlu abakhona ngesikhathi esifushane, kungaholela ekungabini ngcono kwezomnotho kwezindawo kanye nobumpofu obugcwele, ekugcineni obuthinta intengo yezindawo.

Isibonelo Sezenzakalo: Minneapolis 2040

Ngo-2018, iMinneapolis yaba idolobha lokuqala elikhulu lase-U.S. elisusa isakhiwo esisodwa kuphela, ivumela ama-duplexes nama-trix kuzo zonke izindawo zokuhlala. Ukuhlola kwe-Urban Institute kwathola ukuthi nakuba isimiso sandisa intuthuko, futhi kwabangela ukukhathazeka ngokususwa kwezinye izindawo eziseduze. Isikhathi eside, ukunyuka kulindeleke ekukhuleni ngokukhuphuka okuphakathi ngokukhuphuka kwezindawo zokuhlala. Lesibonelo sibonisa indlela izinguquko ezikhona zingaba nemiphumela eyinkimbinkimbi ngayo, imiphumela eminingi yeminyaka ngempahla.

Izinhlobo Zemithetho Yokuzilungisa

Izimiso ezikhohlisayo azinawo amandla afanayo, zihlanganisa izigaba eziningana zemithetho ekhuluma ngezici ezihlukahlukene zokusetshenziswa kwezwe nokwakhiwa kwalo.

Sebenzisa i-Zoning

Lolu uhlobo olubaluleke kakhulu, oluchaza ukuthi yimiphi imisebenzi evunyelwe esifundeni ngasinye. Ukusetshenziswa kuvame ukuhlukaniswa ngokuthi kuvunyelwe yilungelo, imibandela (ukuthola imvume ekhethekile noma ukuzwa), noma ukwenqatshelwa. Izigaba zokusetshenziswa okuvamile zihlanganisa:

  • I-Resilite - okunye kuhlukaniswe ku R-1 (umkhaya owodwa) R-2 (umkhaya ohlukene kabili/uhlanga oluphakathi), R-3 (umkhaya-okanye), njalonjalo, ngamunye unemingcele yokuhlokoma.
  • [[UMTH:0] Intengo [ – ihlanganisa umthengisi, ihhovisi, isitolo sokudlela, amahhotela, kanye nokuzijabulisa, ngayinye enezimfuneko zokupaka imoto nesayinwa.
  • Imboni [[FLT] - lula izimboni (izindlu zendlu, ingqungquthela) kanye nezimboni ezinkulu (imisebenzi, inqubo) ngokuvamile zihlukaniswa ngezikhawu zemingcele.
  • I-aligric - - ukulondoloza amapulazi nokulinganisela ukukhula okungekona kwe-farm.
  • [ Usetshenziswa owenziwe' – uvumela indawo yokuhlala, ezohwebo, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ihhovisi esakhiweni esisodwa noma isifunda, ukuthuthukisa izindawo ezihambayo.

Ukubhucungwa Nokwehla Kwemizimba

Lemithetho ilawula uhlobo lwezakhiwo ezingokoqobo. Izindinganiso eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

  • Ubukhulu obuphansi kakhulu [ – inquma ukuthi zingaki izinkatho ezingakhiwa endaweni, ezithinta ukuphakama.
  • I-setbacks[ – idinga amabanga ukusuka phambili, emaceleni, nangemva kwemigqa yempahla ukuya onyaweni lokwakha.
  • [[[INDAWO engu-0] Isilinganiso se-FOOR [FAR] - isilinganiso sengqikithi yendawo ephansi endaweni ebanzi, ilinganisela isibalo sesakhiwo.
  • ubude obuphakeme[ – ingalinganisela imibono nokukhanya kwelanga, ikakhulukazi okubalulekile ezindaweni ezisemaphethelweni edolobha.
  • Ibhande le-oyile - amaphesenti engxenye enkulu engambozwa yizindawo ezingangenwa yilutho njengezakhiwo nezindlela zokuhamba.

Yaleka Izoni

Izindawo ezingaphezulu zinezela izimfuneko ezengeziwe ezisezingeni eliphezulu, ngokuvamile ukusingatha umgomo othile womphakathi. Izindawo ezivamile zihlanganisa izigodi ezingokomlando (indlela yokwakha egcinelwe izakhiwo), izindawo ezigcwele izikhukhula (ukukhushulelwa kwezakhiwo), ukukhula kokuhamba (ukukhuthazana eduze neziteshi), kanye nokubukeza imiklamo yezifunda (ukuhlela iziteshi, izinto, noma ukwakhiwa kwezindawo).

Isolini

Kunokwenza inqubo eqondile, ukuhlelwa kwemisebenzi kumisa izindinganiso zemiphumela enjengokushaya umsindo, izimoto, igesi, noma ukukhanya. Uma intuthuko ehlongozwayo ingahlangabezana nale misebenzi, ingavunyelwa ngisho noma isigaba sokusetshenziswa sihlukile. Lokhu kuvumelana kusetshenziswa kwezinye izindawo zezimboni nemiphakathi ehleliwe.

Izimiso Ezisekelwe Kumthetho

I-produced ehlukile kunezindawo ezisekelwe ekusetshenzisweni okungokwesiko, ukuhlelwa kwemithetho esekelwe ekwakheni izakhiwo kanye nezindlela zokubona izakhiwo ezisetshenziswayo. Igxila ekwakheni izakhiwo, ukuphakama, umklamo we-façade nendawo yomphakathi. Amadolobha anjenge Miami, i-Nashville, ne-Denver aye athatha imithetho esekelwe ekudambiseni isisekelo ukuze adale imiphumela eqondekayo neyobuhlobo babantu abahamba ngezinyawo.

Umphumela Wokuzingela Komakhelwane

Imiphumela yayo idlulela ngalé kwezindawo ezisezindaweni ezizungezile ukuze ithonye umphakathi, izakhiwo nemisebenzi yezenhlalo.

Ukubambisana Nobuntu Bomphakathi

Ngokuhlukanisa imisebenzi yokuhlala nezentengiselwano, ukuhlanganisa izindawo zokuhlala ezivamile kwenza izindawo zokuhlala zithule kodwa futhi kungaholela ekuzitheleni ngokuncika kwemoto. Ukuxubanisa izimoto, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuthuthukisa izindawo ezihambayo lapho izakhamuzi zingahlala khona, zisebenze, futhi zithenge ngakhona. Ubuntu bendawo eseduze (engaba amagxathu), iphasishi eliphithizelayo, noma isifunda esingokomlando − inqunywe kakhulu iziqu zaso zezindawo ezikhona.

Ukuhlela Izinto Ezifanele

Ohulumeni bendawo basebenzisa ukubikezela ngesidingo semigwaqo, amanzi nezindawo zokuchitha indle, izikole, amapaki, nezinkonzo eziphuthumayo. Ngokwesibonelo, indawo evumela ukukhula kwezindawo zokuhlala eziphezulu ibangela ukutshala imali ngokuthutha nokusebenza komphakathi. Uma kuhlanganiswa namapulani ezenjwayezi, imiphakathi iyakhula ngokushelela. Uma ingekho, izindawo ezingase zibhekane nezikole eziminyene, ukuminyana kwezimoto, noma imisele yendle ewohlokayo.

Ukubukeka Kwendawo Ezungezile

I-open ingavikela imithombo yemvelo ngokulinganisela ukukhula kwezindawo ezigcwele izikhukhula, izindawo ezingamaxhaphozi, imithambeka, nendawo yokuhlala yezilwane zasendle. Ibuye ilololonga imiphumela yeziqhingi zasedolobheni ezishisayo − indawo enkulu yokupaka izimoto nophahla olumnyama, kuyilapho i-panegn mea acces ebekelwe indawo eluhlaza enciphisa ukushisa. Amanye amadolobha manje asebenzisa indawo engabonakali kahle ukuze asebenzise amapayipi amaqanda emvula noma amandla omzimba.

Ukulingana Nokutholakala Komphakathi

Ngokomlando, ukubhalisa izindawo kwakusetshenziswa njengethuluzi lokuhlukanisa izinhlanga. Imithetho yokuzihlela yazenqabela ngokuqondile izinhlanga ezithile ukuba zihlale ezindaweni ezithile kuze kube yilapho iNkantolo Ephakeme iqeda ukuhlalisana kwezinhlanga ngo-1917. Kodwa imikhuba yokuhlukanisa yaqhubeka ngezindawo zezomnotho: izimfuneko ezinkulu, ukuvinjelwa kwezindlu zemikhaya eminingi, nendawo ephansi ephansi ishaya umthetho ngokunenzuzo emakhaya aphansi. Namuhla, omasipala abaningi balwa nefa lalemiciko kanye nokuhlola ukukhokha izimali, okudinga ipesenti lezindawo ezintsha ukuze zitheliseke.

Ubugebengu Nokulondeka

Nakuba kungeyona imbangela eqondile, ukuhlanganisa izindawo kuthonya amazinga obugebengu ngokungaqondile ngokusebenzisa indlela yomhlaba. Izindawo ezisebenzisa imishini exubene nesitolo esinemisebenzi ephambili zivame ukuba nenye "amehlo emgwaqweni," engavimbela ubugebengu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izindawo ezihlala ngokwehlukana ezizimele ezixhunyiwe ezihambisana nomgwaqo ezingahambi kahle zingandisa ukungenwa kobungozi. Ukukhuthaza ukusebenza kwabahamba ngezinyawo kanye nezindawo zomphakathi kunezela ekuboneni nasekuphepheni okungokoqobo.

Izinselele Nezindawo Ezizungezile Imithetho Ehlukahlukene

Naphezu kwezinzuzo zakho, ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo kunezinsolo nezinselele eziphawulekayo.

Ukuzingela Kwama - offsay

Lena mhlawumbe yinkinga ephikisana kakhulu. Ukulinganisela izinhlobo zezindlu nobunzima kuvala ngokuphumelelayo izakhiwo ezihhadlana ezihhalwayo. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi umndeni owodwa kuphela umshayeli oyinhloko wendlala yezwe nezomnotho. Amazwe anjenge-Oregon, California, neWashington amise imithetho yokugunyaza i-duplexes kanye nama-trixs ezindawo ezazinemikhaya eyodwa ngaphambili, kodwa ukwenqaba kwendawo kuhlala kuqinile.

INIMBYism (Ingeyiyo Emhlane Wami)

Izakhamuzi ezikhona zivame ukuphikisa ukuthuthuka okusha, ikakhulukazi izindlu ezibiza imali eshibhile, imisebenzi yemikhaya eminingi, noma amakhaya amaqembu, ziphikisa ngokuthi ziyolimaza izakhiwo, izimoto, noma ukushintsha isimo somphakathi. Ukuphikiswa kwe-NIMBY kungabambezela noma kubulale imisebenzi, kuqinise isimo sezindawo nokuncishiswa kwemali. Abathandi bezimo zokuhlala kanye nemvume yokusebenzisa imishini ekhethekile ziba izibhedlela zale ngxabano.

Ukungahlali Kakhulu Nokungasheshi

Izimiso zokubhala zingasetshenziswa kakhulu ngaphambi kokubhalwa kwemisuka, zivimbele ukukhula kwezinto eziphilayo nezakhiwo ezintsha zezindlu. Ngokwesibonelo, ukupaka izimoto (kuthatha inombolo ethile yezindawo zokupaka imoto ngeyunithi ngalinye) kwandisa izindleko zokwakha futhi kunqande ukukhula kokuhamba. Ubukhulu obuncane kakhulu bokugcwala buphazamisa ukukhula kwamaphakethe amancane. Abameli abaningi basedolobheni ukusekela ukunqandwa kokumiswa kwezentengiselwano ukuba inqume futhi isebenzise, phakathi kweziqondiso eziyisisekelo zempilo nokuphepha.

Ukukhohlakala Kwezezombangazwe Nokukhohlakala

Ukuhlanganisa indawo kwenzeka lapho iphasela libhalwe kabusha ukuze kuzuze umthuthukisi othile, ngokuvamile ngenxa yokucindezela kwezombangazwe noma iminikelo yomkhankaso. Lokhu kululaza ukubikezela kokuhlelwa kwezindawo futhi kungaholela ekusetshenzisweni okungavumelani. Izinkantolo eziningi zihlola indawo ehlelwayo futhi zifuna ukuba ifeze injongo yomphakathi ecacile.

Ubulungisa Bendawo Ezungezile

Imiphakathi ehholo eliphansi nemiphakathi enemibala ephansi ithambekele kakhulu ekufunyanisweni izimboni, ukulahlwa kwezindawo zokuchitha imfucumfucu, imigwaqo emikhulu, nezindawo ezingcolisayo. Lokhu kucwasana kwendawo ezungezile kugxilisa izingozi zempilo ezindaweni ezicekelwe phansi. Amaqembu amaqembu okuphatha izikhundla akhuthaza "indawo zobulungisa abaholi" enqabela izakhiwo ezintsha ezingcolisayo ezindaweni eziminyene futhi idinga izivumelwano ezizuzisa umphakathi.

Indlela Yokucwaninga Imithetho Yokuziqapha Endaweni Yakini

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uthenga indlu, uhlela ukuvuselela, noma uqala ibhizinisi, ukwazi imithetho ehlelayo esebenza embonini kubalulekile. Nansi indlela yokuqala:

  • Ukuvakashela ingosi yakho kahulumeni yendawo - Amadolobha amaningi kanye nezindawo ezibalayo zinyathelisa umthetho wawo ohlanganisayo nebalazwe elisebenzisanayo. Bheka umnyango wokuhlela, ukuthuthukisa umphakathi, noma ukuhlanganisa indawo.
  • Ukuhlangana nomnyango wokuhlela - I-imeyili esheshayo noma ucingo kungaphendula imibuzo mayelana nokusetshenziswa, izikhawu, noma izinguquko ezisezabelweni. Izisebenzi ezihlelayo zisiza kakhulu.
  • Sekela ibalazwe lendawo - Usebenzisa ikheli, nquma isifunda sokuhlanganisa (isib. R1, C-2). bese ufunda ingxenye efanayo yemithetho yemithetho ethile.
  • Imihlangano yeningi ehlangene[ - Ukuhlelwa kwe-produces nebhodi lemihlangano yokulungisa kuvulekele umphakathi futhi kunikeze ifasitela ukuthi kwenziwa kanjani izinqumo. Ungakhathazeka futhi ngezinguquko ezihlongozwayo.
  • Ochwepheshe bezezimali - Amanxusa ezindawo, abameli bezwe, nabahloli bendawo ngokuvamile banolwazi olujulile lwendawo. Inkampani yesihloko ingahlanganisa ulwazi lokuhlanganisa ekwakheni impahla embikweni wempahla.
  • Sebenzisa imithombo yesithathu yengxenye - Iwebhthis njenge i-American Planning Association [ inikeza iziqondiso nezindlela ezingcono kakhulu. U.S. umnyango we Home and Urban Development ukhipha nokucwaninga ngokuhlela nokukhokha indlu.

Ukuthatha lezi zinyathelo kuyokunika umfanekiso ocacile walokho okuvunyelwe endaweni nalokho okungase kwenzeke ngokushintshashintsha noma ngokulungisa kabusha.

Indlela Yokuthonya Izinguquko Emzaneni Wakini

Uma ukholelwa ukuthi imithetho yokuhlela izindawo kudingeka ishintshe — kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ivumela izindlu ezengeziwe, uvikele umuntu ongokomlando, noma uvimbele intuthuko engathandeki — kunezindlela zokuhlanganyela.

Funda Inqubo

I-masipala ngamanye anenqubo yokulungisa umthetho wezindawo noma ibalazwe. Ngokuvamile, isihlongozo sibhekiswa phambi kwekhomishane yokuhlela ukuqulwa kwecala, bese kuya emkhandlwini wedolobha noma ebhodini yesifunda ukuze kuvotelwe ivoti yokugcina. Kudingeka isaziso somphakathi, futhi umnyango womphakathi uyacelwa. Ukuqonda isikhathi nesinqumo sabenzi bezindaba eziyinhloko kuyisinyathelo sokuqala.

Yakha Isivumelwano

Abakhelwane, amaqembu omphakathi, amabhizinisi endawo nezinhlangano zokuphanga zingahlangana ukuze zisekele noma ziphikise ushintsho olukhona.

Sebenzisa Ukwaziswa Nobufakazi

Imibiko evela ethanjini lokuhlola izimoto njenge Brookings Institution noma [[FLT:] Inhlangano ye-URBAN] inganikeza ubufakazi obuqinisekile.

Yiba Khona Ezindlebeni Futhi Ukhulume

Ukuqulwa kwecala lomphakathi yiyona ndawo eyinhloko yokwaziswa komphakathi. Lungisa inkulumo efingqiwe egxile ethakazelweni lomphakathi. Gwema ukuhlasela komuntu siqu.

Cabangela Isinyathelo Esingokomthetho

Uma ukholelwa ukuthi isinqumo sokwaba indawo siphula umthetho noma amalungelo empahla yakho, ungaba nezizathu zokumangalelwa. Izimo ezivamile zihlanganisa indawo yokuhlala, amalungelo afakiwe, noma ukuthatha impahla ngaphandle kokukhokha. Buza ummeli osebenzisa izwe ngaphambi kokuba uqhubeke.

Ikusasa Lokuzitika: Imizwa Nezinguquko

Ngaphesheya kwezwe, omasipala bazama izinguquko ezihloselwe ukwenza imiphakathi ifinyeleleke kalula, ingabi nakulinganiswa futhi iqine.

Izindlu Eziphakathi Nezindawo Ezingahlali Zikhona

Amadolobha amaningi asuka ezindaweni ezizimele ezihlala umkhaya owodwa kuphela ukuze avumele izinhlobo zezindlu eziphakathi "zomhlaba" njengezindawo ezinamaduplexes, ama-trix, izindlu zamadolobha, nezakhiwo zokuhlala ezincane. Lezi zimo zilingana nezindawo ezikhona futhi zandisa izindlu ezikhethelwe ngaphandle koshintsho olukhulu. Amazwe anjengeCalifornia ne-Oregon aye avala imingcele yendawo yokuhlela izindawo kwezinye izindawo.

Intuthuko yesigamu sesibalo (TOD)

Ukuze kuncishiswe ukuncika kwemoto futhi kukhuthaze ukusetshenziswa kwezimoto zomphakathi, izindawo ezingaphezulu zidala izifunda eziseduze neziteshi ezithwala abantu ezinesisindo esikhulu, incishiswe izimfuneko zokupaka izimoto, kanye nemvume yokusebenzisa izimoto ezihlukene. I-TOD indawo ingathuthukisa izakhiwo eziteshini kuyilapho isekela izinhloso zesimo sezulu.

Izimiso Ezisekelwe Kumthetho

Njengoba kubonisiwe, imithetho esekelwe ekuhleleni ihlela imiphumela enqunyiwe, okwenza kube lula ngabakhi ukuklama imisebenzi evumelana nomphakathi. Inciphisa ukungaqiniseki futhi isheshisa.

Ukuzihambela Kwezulu

Njengoba isimo sezulu sishintsha ngokushesha, izakhiwo ziyasetshenziswa ukukhuthaza ukuqina. Izibonelo zihlanganisa ukudinga izakhiwo eziluhlaza ukuze kulawule amanzi avunguvungu, ukuvinjelwa kokwakha amasha ezindaweni ezinezikhunta eziphezulu ezinama-risk, kanye nokuvuselelwa kokufakwa kwamandla avuselelwe. Amanye amadolobha aye athatha "izigodi ze-cool" ezigunyaza uphahla nezihlahla zomthunzi.

Ukuzingela Kwezincithakalo

Izifunda ezingaphezu kwama-800 e-U.S. manje zinezimiso zokuhlanganisa ezifuna noma ezingenisa abakhi ukuze bahlanganise amaqoqo abizayo emikhankasweni yezentengiselwano. Nakuba kuphikisana phakathi kwabakhi, lezi zinqumo zingasiza ekwakheni izindawo ezingenisa imali ehlukene.

Imvume Evunyelwe Ngomfula Nentuthuko Efanele

Ukuze kuxazululwe ukuswelakala kwezindlu, ezinye izindawo zinciphisa ukubukezwa ngokuqondisisa ngokwenza ezinye izinhlobo zezindlu "ngakwesokudla" (ukusho ukuthi azikho imvume ekhethekile edingekayo). Lokhu kunciphisa izindleko zokwakha, nakuba kunganciphisa ukufakwa komphakathi.

Isiphetho

Imithetho yokuziqamba ingaphezulu kakhulu kunemithetho elawulayo yamabhulawundi − iyithuluzi elinamandla eliguqula ukubukeka, umuzwa, kanye nokubaluleka kwezindawo ezihlala khona. Noma ungumninikhaya ozama ukulondoloza inzuzo yempahla yakho, umqaphi ofuna imali, noma umgcini wemali ohlola ukukhula, ukuqonda i-turation kunikeza amabala anzima okwenza izinqumo. Njengoba imiphakathi ibhekene nezinselele zokungena kwezindlu, ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, nokuhlala ndawonye, kuzakuqhubeka kuvela. Ukuhlala ubophelelene nezinhlelo zokuhlela zendawo kuqinisekisa ukuthi izwi lakho liyingxenye yengxoxo eyakha izindawo zakusasa.