Table of Contents
Imithetho yezezimali yenkampano yakha umgogodla wobuqotho bokhetho lwentando yeningi eUnited States, imisa uhlelo olubanzi olulawula indlela imikhankaso yezombangazwe ephakamisa futhi isebenzise ngayo imali. Lezimiso zifeza izinjongo eziningi ezibucayi: ukuqinisekisa ukuvela kwenqubo yezombangazwe, ukuvimbela ukonakala nokuvela kokonakala, ukukhuthaza ukuncintisana okungakhethi phakathi kwabafuna ukuncintisana, nokugcina ukuthembela komphakathi ezinhlanganweni zentando yeningi. Ukuqonda isimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi semithetho yezezimali yezentengiselwano kubalulekile kubathazeli, abanikele, amakomiti ezombangazwe, nezakhamuzi ezifuna ukuhlanganyela ngokunenzuzo enqubwebweni.
I-Federal Evolution Commission (FEC) imisa ukugcinwa komthetho we-Federal Ecommution Act ka-1971 (FECA), olinganisela ukuthi zingaki imali abantu nezinhlangano zezombangazwe abangayinika umuntu ozongenela isikhundla sikahulumeni. Loluhlelo lokuqondisa luye lwashintsha ngokuphawulekayo emashumini ambalwa eminyaka adlule ngokulungisa imithetho, ngezinqumo zenkantolo, nangemithetho yokulawula, ikhela indawo eyinkimbinkimbi elingana amalungelo eSiphakamiso sokuqala nesithakazelo sikahulumeni ekuvimbeleni inkohlakalo.
Isisekelo Sokubuyiselwa Kwemali Emkhankasweni
Umlando womthetho wezezimali womkhankaso e-United States unweba emuva esikhathini esingaphezu kwekhulu leminyaka. I-Tillman Act, eyasayinwa umthetho nguMongameli uTheodore Roosevelt, ngokuvamile ibhekwa njengomthetho wokuqala omkhulu wezezimali nezinhlangano zezentengiselwano ezivinjelweyo nezindawo zombuso ezivimbela ukwenza iminikelo emikhankasweni kahulumeni. Lomthetho wesisekelo wavela ngokukhathalela ithonya lezenkampani ekukhetheni umongameli futhi wamisa isigaba sokuba kulandelwe imithetho eminingi ebanzi.
Ngo - 1910, uKhomishane wadlulisa i-Federal Poractics Act, okwakuwumthetho wokuqala kahulumeni ohlanganisa amalungiselelo amaningi ezimali, ikakhulukazi izimfuneko zokwembulwa, futhi lapho ulungiswa ngo - 1911, kwadingeka ukuba abaqoqi benhlangano bembule izimali zabo futhi bamise imingcele yokusetshenziswa komkhankaso. Lemizamo yokuqala yabonisa ukuqaphela okukhulayo ukuthi izimali zomkhankaso ezingalawulwanga zingenza ingasebenzi ngokwentando yentando yeningi.
Inkathi yanamuhla yokubekwa kwemithetho yezezimali yaqala ngoMthetho ka-Federal Evolution ka-1971 kanye nezinguquko zayo ezalandela. ISishaya-mthetho sadlulisa i-Bipartisan Champaign Reform Act ngo-2002, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-McCaine-Fenold Act, eyayenqabela amaqembu ezombangazwe, abameleli bezwe, nabameleli bezikhulu ukuba bacele iminikelo yemali ethambile kukhetho lukahulumeni. Lomthetho wawumelela ukunqanyulwa okukhulu kwamuva kwemikhanka yomthetho wezenteko futhi walungisa kabusha indawo yokulawula.
Ukuqonda Imigoqo Yengxenye
Lemingcele ilinganisela inani lemali abantu ngabanye, amakomiti ezombangazwe, nezinye izinhlangano ezinganikela kumakomiti abazobhapathizwa nakwezombangazwe, isiza ekuvimbeleni abanikelayo abacebile ukuba bangabi nethonya elikhulu kakhulu enqubweni yezombangazwe.
Imingcele Yenani Yanamuhla Yabantu
IFEC yandisa isilinganiso umuntu anganikela kuso kuhh1 500 okhethweni, kusukela kuR3,300, nangenxa yokuthi inani eliyinhloko nelivamile njengokhetho oluhlukile, abantu bangase banike uR37 000 umjikelezo ngamunye. Lemingcele isebenza emjikelezweni wokhetho wama - 2025-2026 futhi ibonisa ukulungisa ukwehla kwamandla emali okwenziwa i-FEC ngokuqhubekayo.
Isilinganiso seminikelo ethathwa kubantu ngabanye ukuya kumakomiti enhlangano yesizwe sanyuka futhi sisuka ku $41 300 kuya ku $44 300 [R1 300] ngonyaka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-akhawunti ngayinye yamakomiti eqembu akhethekile ingathola iminikelo ephindwe kathathu enikezwa emalini eyinhloko ye-akhawunti yeqembu, noma ama-R220 000 ngonyaka. Le akhawunti ekhethekile ihlanganisa izimali zokwakha, ukulandisa, nokulandisa kwemibuthano yamakomiti esizwe amakhulu.
Isilinganiso somnikelo osetshenziswa eminikelweni evela kubantu ngabanye e-PACs kahulumeni asikho esikhombelweni sokwehla kwamandla emali futhi sisala kumaRandi angu-5 000 ngonyaka, futhi isilinganiso somnikelo weminikelo ye-PAC yombuso e-ovalentidate-pacentidate kahulumeni futhi usala kuR35 000 kukhetho ngalunye. Lomehluko phakathi kwemikhawulo ye-igeomet nobubanzi obungalingani uveza uphahla oluhlukene olunqamula izinhlangano zezombangazwe.
Indlela Imingcele Yengxenye Esebenza Ngayo
Lapho kunikezwa abazobhapathizwa, imingcele yomnikelo isebenza ngesisekelo ngasinye sokukhetha, okusho ukuthi umuntu anganika ozobhapathizwa uR3,500 okhethweni oluyinhloko kanye noR3 500 okhethweni oluvamile. Lokhu kuhlelwa kokhetho kuvumela abanikelayo ukuba basekele abazothatha i-opera phakathi nomjikelezo wokhetho kuyilapho belondoloza imingcele enenjongo eminikelweni yomuntu ngamunye.
Lapho enikeza amakomiti eqembu nama-PAC, imingcele yomnikelo isebenza esisekelweni sonyaka wekhalenda, ngakho umuntu anganika ikomiti yeqembu lesizwe u-R44,300 ngo-2025 kanye nolunye u-R44 300 ngo-2026. Ukuqonda lokhu kuhlukanisa kwesikhashana kubalulekile kubenzi beminikelo abafuna ukunezela ingxenye yabo yezombangazwe kuyilapho beqhubeka bethobela umthetho kahulumeni.
Ngemva kwesinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme ngo-2014 kuMcCC-.FEC, akusekho mkhawulo owengeziwe wokuthi umuntu anganika bonke abazobhapathizwa, ama-PAC namakomiti eqembu ndawonye. Lesi sinqumo sengqopha - mlando sasusa isisembozo sonke seminikelo yezombangazwe kuyilapho silondoloza imingcele eyisisekelo kubantu ngabanye abamukela i-others, ngokuyisisekelo sishintsha indawo yabanikeli abakhulu.
Ukucatshangelwa Okukhethekile KwamaKomiti Eqembu
Ikomiti yeqembu lesizwe nekomiti yenhlangano yesizwe yeSigele sesizwe ihlanganyela isilinganiso esihlangene sika-2025-2026 ngonyaka we-acedidar R62 000 ngonyaka weminyaka eyisithupha. Lo mngcele ohlangene womnikelo uvumela izinhlangano zenhlangano ukuba zinikeze ukusekela okuqinile kubantu abazothatha izigebengu kuyilapho uvimbela amaqembu achitha imali ehlukene ngezinhlanga.
Umthetho weFY2015 uvumela amakomiti eqembu lesizwe ukuba asungule ama-akhawunti akhethekile, ngalinye elinemikhawulo ehlukene yomnikelo, ukusekela imihlangano yeqembu, izakhiwo, nezinye izindaba zomthetho, futhi ngaphansi koshintsho lokunyuka kwamandla emali okwamenyezelwa ngo-January 2025, abantu banganikela u-R2,063 200 emakomitini enhlangano yesizwe minyaka yonke ngo-2025-2026. Lamathuba akhuliswayo amathuba amakomiti enhlangano abonisa imizamo yokuhlanganisa ukuqinisa izinhlangano zeqembu ezihlobene namaqembu angaphandle.
Imingcele Kahulumeni Neyokunikela Kwendawo
Iminikelo kwabangayifuni izimali, njengalabo abafuna umbusi, ummeli jikelele, noma umphathi-maya, ilawulwa imithetho kahulumeni neyomphakathi, futhi lemithetho ingahluka kakhulu ngokwezigaba zezwe ngalinye. Lendlela yomthetho kahulumeni yokuhlela imithetho yezezimali isho ukuthi abanikelayo nabazofuna ukubhapathizwa kumelwe basebenzise imithetho ehlukahlukene kuye ngokwezinga elifunwayo.
Imingcele yomnikelo kahulumeni isukela ekubekeni imingcele enzima kakhulu kuya ekungabini khona. Ezinye izifundazwe zibeka imingcele eqinile efana neyomthetho kahulumeni, kuyilapho ezinye zivumela iminikelo engenamkhawulo evela kubantu ngabanye nezinhlangano. Izifundazwe eziningana ziye zasebenzisa izimiso zezimali zomphakathi ezinikeza izimali ezihambelanayo noma iminikelo kwabavumayo ngokusebenzisa imingcele kanye neminye imingcele. Ukuqonda imithetho eqondile ehlangene kudingekile kunoma ubani ohilelekile emikhankasweni yombuso noma yendawo.
Izimfuneko Zokunikeza Izinkokhelo Ezihambisanayo
Ukubona ngokucacile kumelela isimiso esiyisisekelo sokuqondisa kwezezimali emikhankasweni. Izimfuneko zokukhipha imfihlo zifeza imisebenzi eminingi ebalulekile: ziyabazisa abavoti ukuthi ubani oxhasa imikhankaso yezombangazwe, zivimbela ukonakala ngokudalula imingcele yezimali, futhi zenza kube lula ukugcinwa kwemithetho yeminikelo nemingcele yemithombo.
Imiphi Imikhankaso Okumelwe Iyibike
Izimiso ze-Act and Commission zifuna amakomiti ezombangazwe kahulumeni ukuba abhale imibiko yezezimali yezikhathi ezithile echaza amarisidi abo kanye nokukhishwa kwemibiko, futhi njengengxenye yaleyomibiko, amakomiti kumelwe abhale igama, ikheli, umsebenzi, umqashi ngamunye onikeza umnikelo ongaphezu kukaR3 000 emkhankasweni wokhetho. Lokhu kubika okuningi kuqinisekisa ukuthi umphakathi ungabona abanikeli ababalulekile futhi uhlole izingxabano ezingase zivele zesithakazelo.
IFECA idinga amakomiti abavotelwa, amakomiti eqembu namaPACI ukuze abhale phansi imibiko yezikhathi ezithile eveza imali abayiqongeleleyo futhi bayisebenzise, abazobhapathizwa kumelwe baphawule wonke ama-PAC namakomiti eqembu abanikeza iminikelo nabantu abawanikeza iminikelo engaphezu kuka-R3 000 ngonyaka, futhi kumelwe bathulule izindleko ezingaphezu kuka - R220 ngonyaka kunoma imuphi umuntu noma umthengisi. Lezizibopho eziningi ezibikayo zakha umlando obala wemisebenzi yezezimali.
Ulwazi lomphakathi oluphathelene nocwecwe
Lo Mthetho udinga i-FEC ukuze wenze imibiko yezezimali yomkhankaso itholakalele umphakathi, kuhlanganise nengosi yayo, kungakapheli amahora angu - 48 e-lisithi. Lolu phawu lwesikhathi sokuthola ngokushesha luqinisekisa ukuthi abavoti bayakwazi ukuthola ukwaziswa kwamanje mayelana nokusekela imali phakathi nezikhathi ezinzima zomjikelezo wokhetho.
I-FEC iqukethe i-memone ebanzi ye-nethiwekhi lapho noma ubani engafuna khona ukwaziswa okunenzuzo. Le mininingwane yenza abacwaningi, izintatheli, izinhlangano eziqaphe izimoto, nezakhamuzi ezivamile zilandelela imali kwezombangazwe, zibone izindlela zokupha, futhi zigcine abazoyithola benecala ngemithombo yabo yezimali. Ukubonakala kwalezi zimfuneko kusebenza njengendlela enamandla yokuhlola ukonakala nethonya elingafanele.
Izimfuneko Zokulalayi
Umthetho wezezimali womkhankaso womphakathi umisa izimfuneko zezembulo nokwethula ezinhlobo ezithile zezikhangiso zezombangazwe, lapho leligama libhekisela ekubikeni ngezikhathi ezithile kwe-FEC yezimali ezithathiwe nezisetshenziswayo, futhi igama elithi dilainmer libhekisela emazwini adluliswayo avela ekuxhumaneni okuhlobene nomkhankaso. Lezi zimfuneko zomklami ziqinisekisa ukuthi abavoti bazi ukuthi ubani okhokhela izikhangiso zezombangazwe.
INkantolo Ephakeme iye yasekela ukufaneleka komthetho - sisekelo kwezimfuneko ezinjalo, inquma ukuthi ikhonza izithakazelo zikahulumeni zokwazisa abavoti, ukuvimbela ukonakala noma ukubonakala kwayo, nokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho. Lokhu kugunyazwa komthetho wokudalula nokuphothula kunikeza isisekelo esiqinile somthetho - sisekelo sokwenza ukuba kube sobala kwezimali zomkhankaso.
Izinselele Zezilonda Nezimpikiswano
Naphezu kwesimiso sokuthola yonke indawo, izici ezithile zemali yomkhankaso zisekhona ezibonakala kancane. Izinhlangano ezihileleke ekumangalelweni kwezezimali kunokuba zibonise ukuqapha kwabazohlolwa zingase zingadingeki ukuba zithulule abanikele ngazo. Lokhu kuye kwaholela esenzekeni se "Imali engacacile" kwezombangazwe, lapho kusetshenziswa khona izimali ezinkulu ukuze kuthonyele okhethweni ngaphandle kokukhanya okugcwele ngemithombo yemali.
Umthetho wokuthola izindleko ezizimele nokuhlela ukuxhumana uye wabekwa imvume eqhubekayo nokulungisa. Izinkantolo ziye zalwa nokulinganisela isithakazelo sikahulumeni ekudalulweni kweSichibiyelo sokuqala ngokukhathalela ukuphoqelelwa kwenkulumo nelungelo lokuxhumana. Lokhu kucindezeleka kuyaqhubeka kuguqula ukuziphendukela kwezimfuneko zokudalulwa.
Iminikelo Nemingcele Evela Kuwo
Lemithetho yezezimali ayigcini nje ngokulinganisela iminikelo kodwa futhi ivimbela nezinhlobo ezithile zeminikelo.
Umyalo Wesizwe Sakwamanye Amazwe
Enye yemithetho eyisisekelo yomkhankaso wezezimali ivimbela amazwe angaphandle ukuba enze iminikelo noma iminikelo ngokuphathelene nokhetho lukahulumeni, uhulumeni, noma lwezwe. Lokhu kwenqatshelwa kuhlanganisa ukuqondisa nokungaqondi iminikelo, izindleko ezizimele, nokuhlela ukuxhumana. Lemithetho isebenza kohulumeni bakwamanye amazwe, amaqembu ezombangazwe, izinkampani zakwamanye amazwe, nabantu bakwamanye amazwe abangavunyelwe ngokomthetho ukuba babe izakhamuzi ezihlala njalo zase-United States.
Ukuvinjelwa kwesizwe sangaphandle kufeza ukulondeka nobukhosi obugxekayo ngokuvimbela ukungenela kwezizwe ezingezinye izizwe eziphethe imibuso yaseMelika. ukuphoqelelwa kwalo mthetho kuye kwaba okubaluleke kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva njengoba ukukhathazeka ngokuphazamisa kokhetho lwakwamanye amazwe kuye kwakhula. Ukuphula umthetho kungaphumela ekujezisweni komphakathi futhi, kwezinye izimo, ukuquliswa kwecala.
Iminikelo Yamakhomanisi Neyokubambisana
Umthetho kahulumeni wenqabela izinkampani nezinyunyana zezisebenzi ukuba zinikele ngokuqondile kubantu abazosebenza emalini yabo yeminikelo. Lokhu kuvinjelwa okuthathe isikhathi eside, okusekelwe eSivumelwaneni sikaTillman sango - 1907, kubonisa ukukhathazeka ngethonya elonakalisayo lethonya eligxile kwezomnotho kwezombangazwe.
Nokho, isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme ka-2010 ePhakathi ka-2010 eMatizeki United sasusa ukuvinjelwa kwezindleko zenkampani nenyunyana ezizimele ezazikhuthaza ukukhethwa noma ukunqoba kwabazo, futhi isinqumo esihlobene naso manje savumela iminikelo engenamkhawulo yokusekela izindleko ezinjalo futhi sasiza ekufikeni kwe-PACs enkulu kakhulu. Lokhu kushintshwa okuphawulekayo komthetho wezezimali wezezimali kwavumela izinkampani nezinyunyana ukuba zisebenzise imali engenamkhawulo ekuxhumaneni kwezezombangazwe okuzimele, ngokuyisisekelo kushintshele indawo yezentengo yomkhankaso.
Nakuba izinkampani nezinyunyana zingenakunikela ngokuqondile kubazo, zingamisa amakomiti ezenzo zezombangazwe (PAC) axhaswe yiminikelo yokuzithandela evela ezisebenzini, emalungwini, noma abanikazi bempahla. Lezi zindawo zinganikela phakathi kwemingcele efanelekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlangano nezinyunyana manje zingakhipha izindleko ezizimele ngokusebenzisa ama-PAC aphezulu noma ngokuqondile ezindaweni zazo zokuthengwa, uma nje imali ingahlangene nabazo.
Iminikelo Yokushintshana Nezenzo Ezingokomthetho
Umthetho kahulumeni wenqabela iminikelo eyenziwa ukuze kutholwe izenzo ezingokomthetho noma ngenjongo yokuthonya izinqumo ezithile zikahulumeni. La malungiselelo angokwesiko ahlanganisa inkohlakalo futhi angaphansi kwakho kokubili izijeziso zombango nezezobugebengu. Lomthetho wenqabela ukudlulela ngalé kwezivumelwano ezicacile ukuze uhlanganise ukuqonda okucacile ukuthi iminikelo ihlobene nezenzo ezingokomthetho.
Izinkantolo ziye zaqinisekisa ukuthi akuyona yonke iminikelo eziya ezikhulwini ezithatha izinyathelo ezifanele kamuva eziyilungiselelo elingekho emthethweni lokulungisa inqubo yokusebenza kwezisebenzi. Lendinganiso engokomthetho idinga ubufakazi obucacile noma obucacile besivumelwano esihlanganisa lowo mnikelo nesenzo esingokomthetho.
Imishini Yokuhlobisa Ngezinsimbi Neminikelo Yomgunyathi
Umthetho kazwelonke wenqabela ukwenza iminikelo egameni lomunye umuntu noma ukuvumela igama lomuntu ukuba lisetshenziswe ukwenza umnikelo ngenxa yomunye. Lo "umnikelo" noma "umnikelo" umkhankaso wokwenza uhlenga isilinganiso somnikelo noma ukufihla umthombo wangempela wezimali. Amalungiselelo anjalo awekho emthethweni kungakhathaliseki ukuthi aweqa imingcele yomnikelo.
Ukuphoqelela izivumelwano zokunikela ngotshani kuye kwaphumela ezijezisweni eziphawulekayo futhi kwezinye izimo, izinkolelo zobugebengu. lokhu kuvimbela kufeza imigomo esobala yomthetho wezezimali womkhankaso ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi abanikelayo abaveze izimali bayimithombo yangempela yezimali kunokuba kufihle abanikeli beqiniso.
Umkhankaso Wokusebenzisa Imingcele Neziphazamiso Zomthetho - sisekelo
Nakuba imingcele yomnikelo iye yamiswa njengomthetho-sisekelo, imingcele ebophekile yokusetshenziswa kwemali emikhankasweni ibhekene nezithiyo eziphawulekayo zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo. Inkantolo ePhakeme ikhiphe umehluko phakathi kweminikelo elinganiselwe kwabazokucela nokulinganisela izindleko zabazokucela ukukhokhelwa, okusho imiphumela ebalulekile yemithetho yezezimali.
Umsebenzi Wesakhelo SaseBuckley
Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme ka-1976 eBuckley v. UValeo wamisa uhlelo oluyisisekelo lokuhlola imingcele yezezimali ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala. INkantolo yathi nakuba imingcele yomnikelo ifeza izinzuzo ezibalulekile ezimelene nezenkohlakalo futhi ibeka imingcele elinganiselwe elinganiselwe ekuxhumaneni kwezombangazwe, imingcele yezindleko ebophekile evimbela ngokuqondile ukukhuluma kwezombangazwe futhi ayinakuthethelelwa ngemiqondo yokumelana nenkohlakalo.
Ngaphansi kwesimiso sikaBuckley, imingcele yomnikelo ingaphansi kokucubungula umthetho - sisekelo okuqinile kunemingcele yezindleko ngoba iminikelo ngokuyinhloko isebenza njengesibonakaliso sokusekela kunokuxhumana okuqondile kwezombangazwe.
Izimali Zomuntu Siqu Ezikhokhelwayo
Abathathi-mali bangasebenzisa imali yabo siqu emkhankasweni wabo ngaphandle kwemingcele, kodwa kumelwe babike imali abayichitha kuyi-FEC. Lokhu kuzifaka kwesokudla okungenamkhawulo eziqwini zesinqumo seBuckley ukuthi ukuvimbela ukusetshenziswa kwemali yomuntu siqu kungalinganisela ngokuqondile inkulumo yezombangazwe ngaphandle kokusiza ekufuneni inzuzo yokulwa nokonakala.
Ikhono labacebile lokuzitika ngemikhankaso liye labangela ukuphikisana okuqhubekayo ngokulunga nokulingana enqubweni yokukhetha. Nakuba abanye bephikisa ngokuthi ukuzilawula okungenamingcele kunikeza abantu abacebile inzuzo engafanele, izinkantolo ziye zabambelela njalo ekutheni iSichibiyelo Sokuqala sivikela amalungelo abazofuna ukuyisebenzisa imali yabo enkulu enkulu enkulumweni yezombangazwe. Amanye amagunya aye azama ukuthuthukisa ukudlala ngezimiso zezezimali zomphakathi ezinikeza izimali ezengeziwe kubaphikisi abamelene nomphakathi abamelene nomthetho - sisekelo wabo siqu, nakuba lezi zinhlelo zibhekene nezinselele zabo siqu.
Imali Elinganiselwe Nemali Esetshenziswa Ngokuzithandela
Nakuba imingcele ephoqelelwe yokusetshenziswa kwemali ingekho emthethweni, abazovuma ngokuzithandela bangavuma ukuchitha imingcele ukuze baxhase umphakathi ngokwezimali. Isimiso somphakathi sezimali zomphakathi, esasungulwa ngawo - 1970, sinikeza imali efanelanayo kwabazokhetha abaphambili futhi sinikeza izimali kubantu ababonke abavuma ukulinganisela imali yabo yokusebenzisa nokunamathela kweminye imingcele.
Nokho, isimiso somphakathi sokuxhasa imali sabefundisi siye saphelelwa kakhulu ukusetshenziswa njengoba abafuna ukubhalisa bekhetha ukukhokha imali yomuntu siqu okungenamingcele. Ukusetshenziswa kwesimiso akuhambisani nezindleko zangempela zemikhankaso yanamuhla, okwenza ukuba ukuthatha iqhaza kungathandeki kwabancintiswani. Ezinye izindawo ziye zasungula izinhlelo zazo siqu zezezimali zomphakathi ngempumelelo ehlukahlukene.
AmaPapic Aphakeme Neziphetho Ezizimele
Ukuvela kwama - PAC amakhulu kumelela enye yentuthuko ebaluleke kakhulu kwezezimali zomkhankaso zanamuhla. Lezi zinhlangano zingaphakamisa futhi zichithe imali engenamkhawulo ukuze zisekele noma ziphikise abazobhapathizwa, uma nje zingaxhumani nalabo ezibasekelayo.
Isisekelo Esingokomthetho Seziphakamiso Eziphambili
I-construction-endition-exentiture kuphela amakomiti ezombangazwe (ngezinye izikhathi abizwa ngokuthi "i-PCs") angamukela iminikelo engenamkhawulo, kuhlanganise nezinhlangano zezemisebenzi. Loluhlelo lokuqondisa lwavela kwi-Citizens United and Speich Now izinqumo, ezithi izindleko ezizimele azizikhohli izingozi ezifanayo neminikelo eqondile kwabazohlolwa.
Inkolelo - mbono engokomthetho engaphansi kwe-PACs enkulu ihlukanisa phakathi kweminikelo engadala inkohlakalo engokwezinga elithile ekhona kanye nezindleko ezizimele ezingangcoli ngoba zingahlangene nabazohlolwa. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi lomehluko ungowokwenziwa futhi i-PACs enkulu ingasebenza ngokuphumelelayo njengengxenye yemikhankaso naphezu kwezimfuneko ezingokomthetho zokuzibusa. Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi ukusetshenziswa kwemali ngokwayo kumelela inkulumo eyisisekelo yezombangazwe efanelwe isivikelo esikhulu kakhulu seSiphendulo Sokuqala.
Ukumisa Imithetho Yokumisa
Ukwenqabela ukuhlanganiswa kwe-PAC enkulu nabazobhapathizwa kubalulekile ekuthetheleleni okungokomthetho ukukhokhelwa okungenamingcele kwezindleko ezizimele. Izimiso ze-FEC zichaza ukubambisana ngokuhlola izindleko, okuqukethwe, okuyingxenye emithathu nokuziphatha. Uma ukuxhumana kukhokhelwa yiqembu lesithathu, kugcwele lokho okusekela noma okuphikisayo okucacile, futhi kuhlanganisa izinhlobo ezithile zokuziphatha okusikisela ukubambisana nomfundi, kungabhekwa njengesemnikelweni oyingxenye yeminikelo.
Ukushaya imithetho yokubambisana kudala izinselele ezinkulu. Imithetho yeSiphendulo Nezigebengu ezinkulu ngokuvamile zihlanganyela ochwepheshe, abathengisi ngisho namalungu angaphambili, zivulela amathuba okubambisana okungaqondakali okungase kube nzima ukukubona noma ukukufakazela.
Izimfuneko Zokuvikela Ukuphazamiseka Kwezimo Zokuzimela
Izinhlangano ezisebenzisa izindleko ezizimele kumelwe zembule imali yazo kuyi-FEC futhi zibone abanikeli abakhulu abanikelayo ngenjongo yokuxhasa izindleko. Nokho, izinga lokuveza okudingekayo liyizimpikiswano ezingokomthetho nezingokwemithetho. Izinhlangano ezihileleka ngokuyinhloko ekumangaleni ukuqamba kunokuba zibonise ukungemthetho zingabavikela abanikeli bazo ekuchaseni, zifaka isandla ekukhathazekeni ngemali emnyama kwezombangazwe.
AmaKomiti Empi Yezombangazwe (Ama - PAC)
Amakomiti ezenzo zezombangazwe anendima eyinhloko esimisweni sezimali zomkhankaso, esebenza njengezimoto zokuhlanganyela kwezinhlangano zezombangazwe, izinyunyana, izinkampani zezohwebo, namanye amaqembu. Ukuqonda izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zamaPaC nemithetho ezibusayo kubalulekile ekuqondeni izimali zomkhankaso wanamuhla.
I - pas engokwesiko i - v. PCs ephakeme
Ama-PAC angokwesiko, abizwa futhi ngokuthi "ama-PACC" uma ehlangene nezinkampani noma izinyunyana, anganikela ngokuqondile kwabazobhapathizwa kodwa abekelwe imingcele yomnikelo. Lama-PAC angathola imali engafinyelela ku-R35 000 ngonyaka ku-intshi ngamunye futhi anganikela ngamaRandi angu-55 000 kukhetho ngalunye kuhulumeni. I-PACs esemthethweni kumele ibhaliswe ngemibiko ye-FEC kanye namafayela eveza njalo.
Ngokuphambene, ama-PAC amakhulu angaphakamisa futhi achithe imali engenakulinganiswa kodwa angakwazi ukwenza iminikelo eqondile kwabazohlolwa. Bangenza izindleko ezizimele kuphela zokusekela noma ukuphikisa. Lomehluko oyisisekelo uhlela indlela izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zama-PAC ezisebenza ngayo nezindima zazo emikhankasweni.
Isimo Se - pasdite yoMbalaningi
I-PAC ingafanelekela isimo "somchamo" ngokuhlangabezana nezimfuneko ezithile, kuhlanganise nokubhaliswa okungenani izinyanga eziyisithupha, ukwamukela iminikelo evela kwabanikeleyo abangaphezu kuka-50, nokwenza iminikelo kunoma yisihlanu sikahulumeni. Ama-PAC azuza emingceleni ephakeme yomnikelo kumakomiti eqembu namanye amakomiti ezombangazwe, enza lesi sikhundla sibe yigugu kuma-PAC amisiwe.
I - corporate and Union Pacs
Izinhlangano nezinyunyana zezisebenzi zingamisa i-PAC ngezimali ezixhaswa izisebenzi zokuzithandela, amalungu, noma abagcini-sheya. Lezi "Izimali ezihlukene" zivumela izinkampani nezinyunyana ukuba zihlanganyele okhethweni lukahulumeni naphezu kokuvinjelwa kweminikelo eqondile yezinhlangano nezinhlangano. Inhlangano exhasayo ingakhokha izindleko zokuphatha i-PAC, kodwa yonke iminikelo kwabazobelethayo kumelwe ivele kubantu ngabanye abanikelayo.
I-Comporate and Compuncition PaCs kumelwe ivumelane nemingcele evimbela ukuncengwa kweminikelo. Izinhlangano zingacela iminikelo kubagcini bempahla, abaqondisi, nakuzisebenzi zokuphatha, kuyilapho izinyunyana zingacela iminikelo kumalungu. Lemithetho izimisele ukuvimbela ukuphoqelelwa nokuqinisekisa ukuthi iminikelo ye-PAC ingeyokuzithandela ngempela.
Ukuphoqelelwa Nokuphikiswa
I - Federal Evotion Commission isebenza njengenhlangano eyinhloko ephoqelela ukugcinwa komthetho kahulumeni womkhankaso wezezimali, nakuba ukuphumelela kwayo kuye kwabangelwa impikiswano eqhubekayo nokugxekwa.
Isimiso Se - FEC Negunya
I - Federal Evolution Commission izimele iyinhlangano ephethe umthetho ozimele ebekwe ukuba iqondise umthetho kahulumeni wezezimali futhi iphethe ukuxhaswa kwendlu yase-U.S., iSigele saseU.S., iButho noBusi obuzimele. IKhomisha yamalungu ayisithupha amiswe nguMongameli futhi aqinisekiswa yiSigele, enamalungu angengaphezu kwamathathu eqembu elifanayo lezombangazwe.
Isakhiwo se-FEC's bipartisan, esifuna amavoti amane ngenxa yezenzo ezibaluleke kakhulu, siye saholela ekutheni amavoti ahlale ebulala abantu ezindabeni zokuphoqelelwa kwemithetho nezinqumo. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi lesi sakhiwo siye senza isikhungo singaphumeleli, kuyilapho abavikeli bephikisa ngokuthi sivimbela ukusebenzisa kabi igunya lokugcinwa kwamaphoyisa. Kuye kwaphikiswana ngenqubo yokuguqula isimo se-FEC kodwa akwenziwanga.
Inqubo Yokuphoqelela
IKhomishane inegunya elikhethekile ekuqikelweni komthetho kahulumeni wezezimali, izisebenzi ze-FEC zingabangela izenzo zokuphoqelelwa (okubizwa ngokuthi iMaketa Under Review, noma i-MURs) lapho ihlola imibiko ebekwe amakomiti, futhi abantu ngabanye namaqembu angaphandle kwenhlangano bangaqala i-MUR ngokukhalaza okuphenyayo. Lesimiso somthetho wezezimali sangaphakathi kanye nezikhalo zangaphandle zivumela kokubili ukuqashelwa kokugcinwa.
Inqubo yokuphoqelela iqala ngokukhononda noma ngendaba eqanjiwe yezisebenzi, ilandelwe ukuphenya uma iKhomishane ithola isizathu sokukholelwa ukuthi ukonakala kwenzekile. IKhomishane ingaxoxa ngezivumelwano zokuvumelana nalabo abaphendukile noma, uma ukubophelana kwehluleka, iphishekele ukuphoqelelwa. Isivumelwano singahlanganisa ukukhokhwa, ukukhiphiswa kweminikelo engekho emthethweni, nokukhululeka kokungekho emthethweni.
Ukuphoqelelwa Kwesigebengu
Nakuba i-FEC iphethe ukugcinwa komthetho kahulumeni, uMnyango wobulungisa unegunya lokwephulwa komthetho wezezimali womkhankaso. Ukwazi nokuphulwa ngamabomu kungaphumela ekumangalelweni kwecala, ngesijeziso esingase sihlanganise inhlawulo nokuboshwa. Ukuphoqelelwa kwezephula umthetho ngokuvamile kugxila ekwephukeni okukhulu, njengezinhlelo ezinkulu zokunikela ngeziqu zotsha, iminikelo yangaphandle, noma inkohlakalo yezindawo ezikhona.
Imithombo Yengcebo Nemibono Ephambene
Izincwadi zeKhomishoni zabhala imibono ekhombayo kubantu abafuna isiqondiso ekusetshenzisweni kwenqubo yomkhankaso wezezimali emisebenzini yabo eqondile, futhi abantu nezinhlangano ezihilelekile emsebenzini ogunyazwe i-AO zingathembela ku-AO ngaphandle kwengozi yokuphoqelelwa kwe-FEC, uma nje benza ngokuvumelana namalungiselelo e-AO. Lombono wezezimali unikeza ithuluzi eliwusizo lokulalela imikhankaso neminikelo ebhekene nemibuzo enzima noma engaqiniseki.
I - FEC inikeza nemithombo yemfundo ebanzi, kuhlanganise nabaqondisi abazohlolwa namakomiti, abaqondisi bemithi, nosizo oluqondile lwezisebenzi zezinhlangano.
Imithetho Kahulumeni Yezimali
Nakuba umthetho kahulumeni ubusa imikhankaso yesikhundla sikahulumeni, imithetho kahulumeni ilawula imikhankaso yezindawo zikahulumeni nezindawo zendawo. Lokhu kwakha uhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi lwezimiso oluhlukahluka kakhulu ezikhundleni.
Ukungezwani Ezindaweni ZoMbuso
Imithetho yezimali yoMbuso yehluke kakhulu ezindleleni zayo zokunikeza iminikelo, izimfuneko zokuthola imvume nokuqinisekisa ukuthi ikhona.
Izifunda eziningana ziye zasungula izimiso zezimali zomphakathi emahhovisi kahulumeni, zinikeza abazothatha igalelo noma izimali ezihambisanayo. Lezinhlelo zihlose ukunciphisa ithonya lemali yomuntu siqu kwezombangazwe futhi zenze abazonikela ngaphandle kokuthola abacebile ukuba benze imikhankaso yokuncintisana. Ukuphumelela nokusekelwa kwalezi zinhlelo kuye kwahlukahluka ngokusekelwe ezingeni lemali, amazinga okuhlanganyela, nezinselele ezingokomthetho.
Izimfuneko Zomsizi Kahulumeni
Izimfuneko zembulo kahulumeni nazo ziyahlukahluka kakhulu. Izifundazwe eziningi zidinga imikhankaso yokubhala imibiko echaza njalo iminikelo nezindleko, kodwa imikhawulo yokuchaza imibiko, ukubika, nokuthola ukwaziswa kuyehluka. Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zasungula izinhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi ze-inthanethi zokwaziswa ngezimali, kanti ezinye zinikeza kuphela imibiko yomphakathi elinganiselwe.
Ukuphoqelelwa Kukahulumeni
Izinhlangano ezihlukahlukene ezisekela umkhankaso wokugcinwa kwemithetho yezimali zilawulwa yizinhlangano ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise namakomiti okhetho, amakhomishane ezimiso zokuziphatha, noma abameli abaphethe imithombo yezimali. Imithombo esetshenziselwa ukuphoqelela ukugcinwa kwemithetho yemithetho nemizamo emikhulu yomthetho iyahlukahluka kakhulu ezifundazweni.
Intuthuko Yamuva Nempikiswano Eqhubekayo
Ukuqonda izinqubo zamanje nezimpikiswano kubalulekile ukuze kulindelwe izinguquko zesikhathi esizayo kulendawo elawulwayo.
Ukunxusa Nezimali Zomkhankaso
Ukudlondlobala kweminye imikhankaso yezezimali kuye kwadala izinselele ezintsha zomthetho wezezimali. I-FEC iye yakhipha isiqondiso esivumela imikhankaso engekho mthethweni ukuba ivume iminikelo engaphansi kwemingcele yomnikelo okhona nezimfuneko zokudalula. Nokho, isimo sokunye ukudaba okungacaci siphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngokubona kahle nokungagwema imingcele ebangelwa yimithombo.
Ukukhangisa Ngezinombolo Nezinsimbi Zokuxhumana
Ukukhula kwezikhangiso zezombangazwe ezisebenzisa imishini kuye kwabangela ukuba kufuneke izimfuneko ezithuthukisiwe zokudalula eziqondiswe kumapulatifomu e-website. Ngokungafani nezikhangiso ezidayiswayo, ezingaphansi kwezimfuneko zokwenza usulu, nezibopho zomphakathi, izikhangiso zemishini ziye zabhekana nezimfuneko ezimbalwa ngaphambili zokubona ngalé komthetho. Izihlongozo zamuva zokuqondisa nokushaya umthetho ziye zafuna ukuveza izibopho zokukhangisa ngemishini, nakuba izinselele zokuzifeza zisekhona.
Imali Emnyama Nezingalethi Eziyinzuzo
Indima yezinhlangano ezingazuzisi emalini yezezimali zomkhankaso, ikakhulukazi izinhlangano zezenhlalakahle ezingu - 501(c) ezikwaziyo ukuhlanganyela emsebenzini wezenhlalakahle wezenhlalakahle ngaphandle kokuthumba abanikeli, ihlala iyimpikiswano. Lezinhlangano zingazenza izindleko ezizimele futhi zinikele kumaPC amakhulu kuyilapho zivikela abanikela kuzo ekuthululweni komphakathi, okuholela ekukhathazekeni ngemali emnyama kwezombangazwe.
Kuye kwaphikiswana ngezizathu ezidinga ukuvezwa okukhulu kwenzuzo engekho kwezombangazwe eMkhandlwini nase - FEC, kodwa kuphikiswa yilabo abaphikisa ngokuthi ukunikela kudingekile ukuze kuvikelwe ukuhileleka kwezombangazwe ekuhlukunyezweni noma ekuphindiseleni. Umbango phakathi kokubonana nokufihla imfihlo uyaqhubeka uloloza izimpikiswano zezimfuneko ezingazuzisi.
Amandla Amancane Okunikela
Ezinye iziphakamiso zenguquko zigxile ekunikeni abanikele ngokunikeza iminikelo emincane imali elinganayo noma izikweleti zentela. Lezi zimo zihloselwe ukukhulisa amazwi ezakhamuzi ezivamile ngokuphathelene nezicebi futhi zinciphise ukuncika kwabazo ezinikelweni ezinkulu. Izindawo eziningi ziye zasungula izinhlelo ezihambelanayo ezilinganayo ngempumelelo ehlukahlukene.
Isiqondiso Esiwusizo Sokubambisana
Ukushaya umthetho wezezimali kudinga ukucophelela nezindlela zokuzivumelanisa.
Ezezigaba Nemikhankaso
Imizamo kufanele isungule izinqubo eziqinile zokulalela kusukela ekuqaleni, kuhlanganise nokuhlela umgcini wezimali onomthwalo wemfanelo wokuqondisa ngokwezimali, ukusebenzisa izimiso zokulandelela iminikelo nezindleko, nokuqinisekisa ukubika okufike ngesikhathi nokunembile. Izisebenzi zokuqeqesha nezisebenzi zokuzithandela ezisemingceleni yeminikelo nemingcele yemithombo kungavimbela ukwephulwa okungaqondile.
Imikhankaso kufanele ihlole iminikelo yokuvumelana nemingcele nemithetho enqatshelwayo, ukubuyisa noma ukubuyisela iminikelo edlula imingcele noma evela emithonjeni enqatshelwe. Ukugcina amarekhodi anemininingwane azo zonke izimemezelo zezezimali kusiza ekubikeni ngokunembile futhi kunikeze imibhalo uma kwenzeka kubuzwa noma kuphindwa.
Kubenzi Bemali
Abanikeli ngabanye kufanele baqaphele imingcele yomnikelo futhi babhale phansi ukupha kwabo ukuze baqinisekise ukuthobela kwabo. Iminikelo kwabazohlolwa ilinganiselwe ngesisekelo ngasinye sokukhetha, ngakho abanikelayo banganikeza ngokwahlukana okhethweni oluyinhloko noluvamile. Iminikelo kumakomiti eqembu nama-PAC ilinganiselwe ngesisekelo seminyaka yekhalenda.
Izisebenzi kufanele zinikeze ukwaziswa okunembile lapho zenza iminikelo, kuhlanganise negama, ikheli, umsebenzi, nomqashi ngeminikelo engaphezu kuka-R250. Ukwenza iminikelo ngegama lomunye umuntu noma ukubuyisela iminikelo yomunye umuntu akuvunyelwe ngokomthetho futhi kungaphumela ezijezisweni zomphakathi nezezelele.
KumaKomiti Ezombangazwe
Amakomiti ezombangazwe kumelwe abhalise imibiko ye-FEC futhi abhale phansi imibiko evamile yokuthungatha. AmaKomiti kufanele amise izinqubo zokucela nokulungisa iminikelo ehambisana nemingcele esebenzayo. Ukugcina amarekhodi anembile nemibiko efike ngesikhathi kuyisibopho esibalulekile sokulalela.
AmaKomiti enza izindleko ezizimele kumelwe aqinisekise ukuthi awaxhumani nabazozisebenzela, njengoba ukubambisana kungaguqula izindleko ezizimele zibe iminikelo elinganiselwe. Ukuqonda nokunamathela emithethweni yokubambisana kubaluleke kakhulu kumaPC kanye nakwezinye izinhlangano ezenza izindleko ezizimele.
Ikusasa Lokubuyiselwa Kwezimali Emkhankasweni
Umthetho wezezimali owenziwa ngomkhankaso uzoqhubeka ushintsha ngenxa yezinguquko zobuchwepheshe, intuthuko yezombangazwe nokushintsha kwezincazelo ezingokomthetho.
Ukushintsha Kwezobuchwepheshe
Intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe izoqhubeka idala izinselele ezintsha namathuba okulawula izimali. Ukuhlakanipha kokwenza, ubuchwepheshe obuqinile, kanye nezindawo ezintsha zobuchwepheshe kungadinga ukuqondiswa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ukubonakala kwemisebe ye-oyile nokuvinjelwa kwemithetho ekhona. Abaqondisi bayodinga ukulinganisela intuthuko nemigomo eyisisekelo yomthetho wezezimali.
Intuthuko Yomthetho - sisekelo
Umkhankaso wezezimali weNkantolo Ephakeme uyaqhubeka uguqukela, okungasho imingcele yomnikelo, izimfuneko zokwambula, nezinye iziqondiso. Amacala esikhathi esizayo angaphendula imibuzo ephathelene nemithetho yokubambisana, ukuvezwa kwezithekeli ezingazuzisi, noma ukuhlelwa komthetho-mthetho wezimiso zezezimali zomphakathi. Ushintsho ekwakheni kweNkantolo lungaholela ekushintsheni ekusungulweni kwemfundiso yezezimali.
Izikhangiso Zenguquko
Iziphakamiso ezihlukahlukene zenguquko ziyaqhubeka ziphikiswana, kuhlanganise nezinguquko zomthetho - sisekelo ukuze kuvunyelwe ukuhlelwa okukhulu kokusetshenziswa komkhankaso, ukukhuliswa kwezimfuneko zokuthola ukwaziswa, izimiso zezimali zomphakathi, nemingcele yokubambisana phakathi kwabazolingela namaqembu angaphandle. Ukuhluleka kwezombangazwe nokungavumelani nalemigomo kuseyimpikiswano eshubile.
Imibono Yomhlaba Wonke
Ukuhlola izimiso zezezimali zomkhankaso kwezinye imibuso ebusa ngentando yeningi kunganikeza ukuqonda kwezinye izindlela zokuqondisa imali kwezombangazwe. Amazwe amaningi abeka imingcele eqinile ekusebenziseni imali neminikelo kune-United States, kuyilapho amanye enikeza izimali zomphakathi ezivuthayo. Ukuqonda okuhlangenwe nakho kwezizwe ngezindlela zokulungisa, nakuba umehluko ezimisweni zomthetho-sisekelo namasiko ezombangazwe ulinganisela ngokulinganayo.
Izinyathelo Eziyinhloko Zokuqonda Umthetho Wezimali Womkhankaso
Umkhankaso wokuxhasa imali ufeza imisebenzi ebalulekile ekubusweni kwentando yeningi ngokuthuthukisa ukubonakala kwangaphandle, ukuvimbela ukonakala, nokufaka imingcele elungile emncintiswaneni.
Ukuqonda umthetho wezezimali wezezimali kudinga ukujwayelana nemingcele yeminikelo, izimfuneko zokwembula, imingcele yemithombo, nomehluko phakathi kweminikelo nezindleko ezizimele. Umthetho wezwe uye walolongwa yizinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme, kuhlanganise ne-Buckley v.Valeo, i-Citizens United FEC, ne-McCcheon ne-FEC, ezimise imingcele engokomthetho-mthethwe wemithetho yemithetho yokulawula izimali.
Ukuhambisana nomthetho wezezimali womkhankaso kudinga ukunakaliswa kwemininingwane, ukugcina amarekhodi aqinile, nokubika ngesikhathi. Izindawo, imikhankaso, abanikeli, namakomiti ezombangazwe konke kunezibopho ezithile ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni nombuso. Ukufuna isiqondiso esivela eselulekweni somthetho noma ku-FEC lapho kubhekene nezimo ezisezingeni ezinqala noma ezingaqinisekile kungasiza ekuvimbeleni ukuphulwa kwemithetho.
Ukuhlala wazi ngemithetho yamanje nezindaba eziphakamayo kubalulekile kunoma ubani ohileleke emikhankasweni yezombusazwe noma onesithakazelo enkundleni yemali kwezombusazwe.
Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngemithetho yezezimali kahulumeni, vakashela i-website ye-FLT ye-Fountal Evotion Commission, enikeza imithombo eminingi ehlanganisa iziqondiso, imibono, kanye nemininingwane yokudalula. Isikhungo seResponsive Politics [I-Openset] inikeza ukwaziswa okukhulu nokuhlaziya ezicikweni zezekwezekwezezimali. Umbuso ungathola ukwaziswa ngamahhovisi okhetho nomthetho wezimiso.
Ukuqonda umthetho wezezimali wemikhankaso kunika izakhamuzi amandla okuhlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo enqubweni yezombangazwe, ukuba nezikhulu ezikhethiwe futhi zihlanganyele ezimpikiswaneni eziwulwazi ngendima yemali ekubuseni ngentando yeningi.