Imithetho yoMbuso elawula ukusebenzelana kwamaphoyisa nezizwe zamaMelika Omdabu nezindawo ezisebenza phakathi kwenye yezimo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu zomthetho e-United States. Lokhu kuyinkimbinkimbi kuvela esimisweni esihlukene samandla kahulumeni, ukubusa kwesizwe, nokuhlelwa kwemithetho yesizwe okuhlukahlukene. Umthetho owenziweyo, ngokuvamile ochazwa njengebhodi lokuhlola, udala izinselele ezinkulu ezisebenzayo ezisebenzela izinhlangano zokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho. Ukuqonda lamandla kubalulekile ekulondolozeni ukulondeka komphakathi, ukusekela amalungelo omphakathi, nokuthuthukisa ubuhlobo obuhloniphekayo bukahulumeni obudumisa ukubuzwe.

Isisekelo Sobukhosi Besizwe Nesigebengu

Ubukhosi besizwe buyilungelo elifuzelwe ngefa le-U.S., izivumelwano eziningi, nezimiso zikahulumeni. INkantolo Ephakeme ku- Georgia [1831]) ichaza izizwe ngokuthi "amazwe ancikene nemibuso," ukumisa ubuhlobo bukahulumeni obehlela kuqala uMthetho-sisekelo. Lobu bukhulu bunikeza izizwe ilungelo lokuzibusa, ukuchaza amalungu azo, nokulawula ukuziphatha kwazo emasimini azo. Nokho, lobubukhosi abunawo amandla aphelele. Ingqungquthela inamandla ezizwe, okusho ukuthi ingalinganisela noma ikhiphe amalungelo esizwe ngesenzo somthetho womthetho.

IGeneral Crimes Act (18 U.S.C. 76 1152) kanye neMajor Crimes Act (18 U.S.C. 1153) ziyizibonelo eziyinhloko zomthetho kahulumeni ozibeka ngokwawo emazweni esizwe, ngokuvamile uhlangana negunya noma ukudedela uhulumeni. Icebo lokulawula eliwumphumela lixhomeke kakhulu ekutheni uhulumeni uye wathatha igunya ngaphansi koMthetho kahulumeni wa 280, isimo sobugebengu, isikhundla sesisulu nombangi (i - Indian noma i-Indian), kanye nendawo ethile yesehlakalo (intengiselwano, izwe, inkokhelo, noma indawo). Lokhu kudala isimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi sezokuhamba lapho uhulumeni, uhulumeni, nohulumeni besizwe bemba, futhi benziwa, futhi benemisebenzi enziwayo.

Umthwalo Wemfanelo Wokwethembana Kahulumeni Nomthetho Wobugebengu Obukhulu

Uhulumeni wezwe unomthwalo wemfanelo wokuvikela impahla yesizwe futhi uthuthukise ukubusa kwesizwe. Ebugwebeni, lokhu kuguqulela ekumangalelweni komthetho kahulumeni womthetho ongathi sína owenzeka eNdiya. [UMajor Crimes] UMthetho uhlela amacala angu-15 uhulumeni wezwe onegunya elikhethekile lapho uhulumeni uwenziwa amaNdiya engekho-Publicalican Comment (amazwe angu-800). Lamacala ahlanganisa ukubulala, ukubulala, ukudlwengula, ukuhlasela ngenjongo yokubulala, i-arson, ukugqekeza, nokweba. Uma i-India isekela lobukhotho lwezi ezizweni ezingekho umthetho we-Public, i-Freastruasters (iFB), i-Foservery, i-U. i-U.A.

Imisebenzi Yokugunyazwa Kwemibuso: I - quarmet of Juristiation

Igunya likahulumeni emazweni angokohlanga alifani. Izinga lamaphoyisa ombuso liyahlukahluka kakhulu kuye ngomlando kahulumeni ngenguquko yomthetho womphakathi ngoMthetho 280 kanye nezinguquko zemithetho ezilandelayo.

Umthetho Womphakathi 280 States

Ngo-1953, i-Congress yadlulisa umthetho we-Public , owadlulisela umbuso wobugebengu eNdiya eMbusweni kusukela kuhulumeni kahulumeni othile. Izifundazwe zeMandatory zahlanganisa iCalifornia, iMinnesota (ngaphandle kweRed Lake Reservation), i-Nebraska, i-Oregon (ngaphandle kwe-Hour Springs Reservation), ne-Wisconsin (ngemva ko-1968), i-Alaska. La mazwe afaka i-Alaskathane umbuso wobugebengu, ngokuphawulekayo anciphisa iqhaza ngokomthetho kahulumeni futhi ngokuvamile anciphisa igunya lenkantolo engokobubhishobhini elikhulu. Isihluthulelo sokuxhumana kwamaphoyisa sihlanganisa:

  • Amaphoyisa oMbuso anegunya eliyinhloko lokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho ezinqikanweni, ngokuvamile elilingana negunya lawo kunoma iyiphi enye ingxenye yombuso.
  • Amaphoyisa esizwe ezifundazweni zePL - 280 ngokuvamile awanalo igunya lokuphoqelela umthetho kahulumeni ngokumelene nabantu abangewona amaIndide, adala isimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi sokuhlanganisa izinto ezimbili.
  • Kungavela izikhala ezingemthetho, ikakhulukazi ezimweni ezihilela abenzi bobugebengu bamanye amazwe amaNdiya lapho umbuso ungase wenqabe khona ukuqulwa icala futhi isizwe singenalo igunya lobugebengu.
  • Ngemva kuka - 1968, uMkhandlu wadinga ukuvunyelwa kwesizwe izinkolelo ezintsha ze - PL - 280, kodwa imibuso eminingi ephoqelekile yayingenakho ukukhetha, okwabangela izingxabano eziqhubekayo ngokuphathelene nokuzilawula kwesizwe.

Umthetho Ongekho EPolice 280

Emazweni asele, njenge-Arizona, i-New Mexico, i-Washington, iMontana, i-North Dakota, ne-South Dakota, uhulumeni wezwe uyaqhubeka ulawula ngokuyinhloko emacala amakhulu enziwe ngamaNdiya noma amaNdiya. Amazwe ngokuvamile anegunya lobuphathi ebugebengu obuhilela abantu abangewona ama-Indiya futhi ngokuvamile anezimo ezihlangene ezindaweni ezithile ezinqunywe umthetho noma i-compact. Izinkantolo zesizwe kulamazwe zisingatha izigebengu ezingafanele nezindaba zomphakathi, nakuba igunya lazo lokugweba lilinganiselwe ngokomlando. Amaphoyisa hulumeni angena ezinhlangothini zalezi zindawo ngokuvamile adinga imvume yesizwe, noma isivumelwano sosizo esikhona esikhona ukuze asebenzise igunya.

Ukuhlukanisa Imithetho Yomphakathi Negunya Lokwahlulela Kwezigebengu

Umehluko obucayi ukhona phakathi kwegunya lesizwe lezenyunyana nemithetho yalo yobugebengu. Izizwe zingasebenzisa igunya lomphakathi kubo bonke abantu abasesabelweni sazo, kuhlanganise nabangewona ama-Indian, ngokuphathelene nezindaba ezinjengokubopha, ukulawula indawo ezungezile, nokuzingela nokudoba. Nokho, igunya lobugebengu phezu kwesizwe esingesibo ama-India lilinganiselwe kakhulu. INkantolo Ephakeme ebusa [FLT: 0] [i-Oliphant v. i-Suquamish Tribes [788]) ikholelwa ukuthi izizwe azinaso igunya lobugebengu elizuzwe ukuba zimangalele abantu abangewona amaIndiyan. Lokhu kudala igebeyile ephakeme ezindaweni ezikhohlakele izivumelwano zezenzo zobugebengu kuphela ezingasehlela noma imibuso yezwe, futhi ezingasamukeli imibuso ezindaweni ezikude.

Ukunquma Imithetho Eyinhloko KaHulumeni Nezivumelwano Zesiphambano

Ukuze kuxazululwe izinselele ezibangelwa ukulawulwa kwe - checkerboard, imibuso eminingi nezizwe ziye zangenela izivumelwano ezihleliwe ezicacisa igunya futhi zisize ukubambisana.

Ukubekwa Kwesiphambano Nomthetho Okhethekile

Izivumelwano zokubekwa kwesiphambano ziphakathi kwamathuluzi aphumelela kakhulu ekuqinisekiseni ukugcinwa komthetho ngaphandle kwemingcele elawula imingcele. Lezi zivumelwano zivumela amaphoyisa esizwe ukuba aphoyise imithetho kahulumeni namaphoyisa kahulumeni ukuba aphoqelele imithetho yesizwe. Izimo eziningana zikhona:

  • Formal Mutual Aid Advects:[ Ibuswa umthetho wezwe, loluhlaka uma izikhulu zingasebenza ngaphandle kwegunya lazo eliyinhloko. iRevised Code (RCW 10.93) iyisibonelo esivelele.
  • Izikhulu zomthetho ezihlukene: zithola izimemezelo ezivela kuso sonke isizwe nakuhulumeni, zibanika amandla aphelele amaphoyisa kuzo zonke izifunda eziphakathi kwesivumelwano.
  • Izivumelwano ezisendaweni ezungezile: Izivumelwano phakathi kwesizwe nesifundazwe noma ohulumeni bakamasipala ezinkonzo ezithile zokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho, njengo-911 uthumela noma u-Narcotics.

Izivumelwano Zokusizana Nezinhlanganisela Zohulumeni Ezihlangene

Izifunda eziningi ziye zamisa imithetho egunyaza ngokuqondile amaqembu ezombangazwe ukuba angene ezivumelwaneni nohulumeni besizwe. Lamaqoqo angahlanganisa yonke into kusukela emithethweni yempendulo ephuthumayo kuya ebufakazini bokusingatha nokuhlanganyela ukwaziswa. Ngokwesibonelo, iZwe laseMontana liye laxoxa ngezivumelwano ezihlangene nezizwe eziningi, livumela izizwe ukuba zithathe imisebenzi yokugcinwa komthetho ngaphambili eyayiqhutshwa yi-Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA). Lemibutho ngokuvamile idinga imibuso nezinhlangano zesizwe ukumisa imithetho ehlangene yokuphishekela ukushisa, izimvume, nokuhlanganisa.

Ubudlova Obumelene Nabesifazane Act (VAWA) Nobudlova Obukhethekile Basekhaya Bobugebengu

Unyaka ka-2013, 2019, nonyaka ka-2022, ukuphathwa kabusha kwe- ubudlova obungalwa nobudlova basekhaya, ukuthatha izikhawu zomthetho wesizwe. Okokuqala kusukela , izizwe zingasebenzisa igunya lobugebengu ku-FLT:3] phezu kwemithetho engokomthetho engekho engokwakheni isigaba esiphethe ubudlova, ukuphoqa ubudlova, ukuhlaselana, ukuvimbela, noma ukwephula iziyalezo zokuvikela amazwe esizwe. Le mithetho ekhethekile yezenzweni yomthetho yezentengiselwano yesizwe i-Jurisdictionon (SDVJ) idinga ukunikeza amalungelo athile abamangali, kuhlanganise neseluleko esingokomthetho esisebenzayo nesenkantolo engakhethi. Izwe liyaqaphela ukuthi imithetho yesizwe isivikelo nokudluliswa kwesizwe phakathi kwesizwe nezindawo zokukhokhwawa kwesizwe phakathi kwesizwe.

Ukusabela Ngokuphuthumayo Nemithetho Yempi Yokuphishekela Ngokushisayo

Imithetho kahulumeni ihluka kakhulu ezindaweni eziphuthumayo. Ezinye izifundazwe zivumela izikhulu zikahulumeni ukuba zingene ezinqikazaneni ukuze ziboshelwe ukuboshwa okungaqiniseki ngenxa yokuphishekelwa kabusha kwecala. Eminye idinga isicelo esingokomthetho semvume yesizwe noma isivumelwano sosizo esandulelayo. Amaphoyisa amaqembu abhekene futhi nemingcele lapho efuna ukusolwa ezweni elingelona isizwe. Imithetho ebhaliwe yokusabela okuphuthumayo, kuhlanganise nezimiso zokulandelana ngokulandelana kwezehlakaniselo ezisemsakazweni, ibalulekile ekuvikeleni nasekuvikeleni umphakathi.

Izinselele Eziqhubekayo Emthetho Wezwe LaseNdiya

Naphezu kwezinqubo ezingokomthetho nezivumelwano zokubambisana, izinselele ezinkulu ziyaqhubeka eZweni Lamaphoyisa aseNdiya.

Inhlekelele Yezakhamuzi Ezingekho Nezibulewe (MMIP)

Ukuntuleka kokulawula okucacile nokuhlanganyela kokwaziswa kuye kwachazwa njengesici esiyinhloko esinengxenye enhlekeleleni ye-MMIP. UJurisdical "akukho mazwe omuntu," lapho kungekho nhlangano esho ngokucacile ukuthi unegunya, ungalibala noma ubambe uphendlo. Umthetho ongabonakali wa 2019 kanye [FLT] [FLT] [] ne-Savanna's Act [[FLT]] ihlose ukuthuthukisa ukuqoqwa kolwazi, ukuhlanganiswa, ukuhlanganisa, nokusabela ezindaweni zesizwe, zesifundazwe, nezinhlangano zombuso. Imithetho yoMbuso iveza ukubikwa abantu abalahlekile kanye nokungena kwe-Ontathene ihlala iphethe ngokuqondile impumelelo ye-MPUP.

Iqoqo Lemininingwane Nobufakazi Besiphambano Obusekela Ubufakazi

Ukuhlanganyela ulwazi phakathi kokugcinwa kwemithetho yesizwe, yombuso, yezwe, neyombuso ngokuvamile kuphazanyiswa izimiso zokuphatha amarekhodi ezingahambelani, izindinganiso zemininingwane ezidukisayo, kanye nezikhathazayo ngombuso wokwaziswa wesizwe. Izwe lingase libeke imingcele yokuthola iziteshi zomlando zobugebengu ezigciniwe zezinkantolo zesizwe noma amaphoyisa, isithibeza ukuhlola isizinda nokuhlola. Ngokuhlukile, iziyalezo zesizwe nemvume kungase kungaqashelwa ngokugcwele ngezimiso zikahulumeni. Ukukhuluma nalezi zigebengu zomphakathi kubalulekile ekuvikeleni umphakathi.

Ukulahlekelwa Igebe Nokungathuthuki Kwengcebo

Izinhlangano zokugcinwa komthetho wesizwe zincishiswa kakhulu uma ziqhathaniswa nombuso wazo kanye nowazo. Ihhovisi le-BIA leMinyango yoMahluleli linikeza izimali, kodwa ngokuvamile alikho zidingo ezibhaliwe. Lokhu kuholela eholweni eliphansi lezikhulu, izikhulu ezimbalwa, imishini ephelelwe isikhathi, nokulinganiselwa kokuthola izimboni zokuhlola nokuqeqeshwa okukhethekile. Imithetho yoMbuso enikeza izimali zokusekela noma usizo lobuchwepheshe ezinhlanganweni zesizwe ingaba nethonya elihle kakhulu emiphumeleni yokuphepha komphakathi.

Ukungathembi Okungokomlando Nesidingo Sokuncintisana Kwamasiko

Umlando omude wezivumelwano eziphukile, ukuphoqelelwa, nezenzakalo zobudlova obuye basuswa uhulumeni ziye zadala ukungathembani okukhulu kokugcinwa komthetho wangaphandle emiphakathini eminingi yezizwe. Imithetho yoMbuso egunyaza ukuqeqeshwa okungokwesiko kwezikhulu, idinga ukuxhumana nohulumeni besizwe, futhi ikhuthaza ukuqashwa kwezikhulu zamaMelika Omdabu kuyizinyathelo ezingcono. Ukukhokha isibopho esihloniphekayo, esihloniphekile, esiboniswayo sokuzibophezela ukulandisa.

Ukuhlanganisa Izinguquko Nemikhuba Emihle

Izenzakalo eziningana ezingokomthetho nezingokwezimiso zamuva ziphinde zilulaze ukuxhumana kwamaphoyisa emazweni esizwe.

Igunya Elikhushuliwe Elinegunya Elingaphansi Komthetho Nohlelo

[[NTL:0] Umthetho osemthethweni nomthetho we-Order (TLOA) ka-2010 uvumela izizwe ukuba zisebenzise inqubo ethile yokuvikela ukuze zifake imigwebo yeminyaka emithathu (noma ihlawulo elingu R5 000) esontweni elilodwa, futhi kuze kube iminyaka engu-9 kulandelana kwecala. Lokhu kwakungukwanda okuphawulekayo kusukela onyakeni weminyaka edlulile. Amazwe kumelwe manje athuthukise izinqubo zokuqaphela nokubambisana nalemisho ekhukhwini ekhuliswe imingcele yesizwe, kuhlanganise nezinqubo zokubulala izakhamuzi zesizwe ezisezweni noma ezikhungweni zombuso.

Ukwanda Kobudlova Obukhethekile Bobugebengu Basekhaya

Njengoba izizwe eziningi zisebenzisa i-SDVCJ ngaphansi kwe-VAWA, kuvela imikhuba emihle kakhulu. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukusungulwa kwezindawo zokubhalisa zokuvikela zesizwe, ubudlova obukhethekile basekhaya, kanye nokubambisana okuqinile nabashushisi bombuso ekusingatheni amacala lapho kukhona khona ukubusa kwamanje. Imithetho yoMbuso eqaphela ngokugcwele izinqubo zokuvikela nezokudlulisa imingcele ibalulekile ekubekeni izikhalazo zezomthetho.

Indima Ye - Bureau of Indian Affairs Office of Justice Services

I-BIA OJS inikeza izinkonzo zokugcinwa komthetho ezindaweni eziningi lapho amaphoyisa esizwe engekho khona noma engathuthuki ngokugcwele. Ukuqonda isimiso sesizwe sesizwe se-trartite-revertate kudinga ukwazi indima ekhethekile ye-BIA esifundeni ngasinye. Imithetho yoMbuso evumela ukwabelana ngezimali zikahulumeni, njengokusebenza kobugebengu nokuqeqesha izikhungo zobugebengu, ne-BIA namaphoyisa esizwe inzuzo ekuthuthukiseni izinkonzo zamaphoyisa e-Indiyan County.

Isiphetho: Ukuqala Indlela Eya Ebuthweni Lomphakathi

Ukuhlanganiswa kwemithetho kahulumeni, iziyalo zikahulumeni, nobukhosi besizwe obuyifa, kudala enye yezindawo ezinamandla kakhulu ezingokomthetho kumthetho waseMelika ogcinwayo. Izinsuku zemingcele elula yemithetho kudala ziphelile, esikhundleni sesidingo sobuzwe obubambisanayo obuhlonipha ukuzilawula kwezizwe kuyilapho kuqinisekisa ukulondeka komphakathi. Kumthetho wendawo, lokhu kusho ukuqhubekela ngalé kokuvumelana nomthetho kahulumeni ukuba wakhe ubudlelwano obunenhlonipho nezizwe ngezizwe.

I-pool ephumelelayo e-Indian Country idinga izivumelwano ezihlelwe kahle eziphambanweni, ukuqonda kahle indawo ethile ebekwe isifundazwe ngasinye, futhi ikwazi ukusingatha ngokwesiko, ukusabela ngokukhubazeka. Ngokubambisana nangokusebenzisana nelungelo elingokwemvelo lezizwe lokuzibusa, amazwe nezizwe kungadala imiphakathi ephephile, enobulungisa kakhulu kubo bonke abantu abahlala phakathi nemingcele eseduze nendawo.