Table of Contents
Isingeniso
Izindawo zomphakathi − amapark, amabala, amagceke, kanye nezindawo zedolobha zenza kube yindawo yokuphila komphakathi. Kulapho omakhelwane behlangana khona, izingane zidlala khona, ukuveza okungokombangazwe, futhi izenzakalo zezempucuko zihlanganisa khona abantu. Kodwa ukujabulela lezizindawo ezihlanganyelweyo akuyona into ephelele; kuklanywe ngemida yemithetho yendawo, imithetho ehlanganisa imithetho ehlukene, nemithetho ehlukene ehlukahluka-hlukene egoqweni elinye lomphakathi nelodwa. Ukuqonda ukuthi lemithetho yendawo isebenzelana kanjani namalungelo akho abalulekile nje kuphela ngenxa yokugwema amahhala noma izinkinga ezingokomthetho kodwa futhi nokugcina ukufinyelela kombuso wentando yentando yeningi. Ukulwa kwezindawo zomphakathi zisetshenziswa kakhulu, kusukela ezingxabeni zokungabi nakwenziwa kwenkululeko yokukhuluma abantu, imingcele yomculo wasemgwaqweqweni. Lesi sihloko sinikeza imithetho ephakeme, iziqondiso eziqondiswe umphakathi, izikhulu zezindawo zomphakathi kanye namalungelo anikezwa yizo.
Ukuqonda Imithetho Yendawo Nobukhulu Bayo
Ukulima Nezwe Kusebenzisa Imithetho
Ohulumeni basebenzisa imithetho yokwakha ukuze bachaze indlela indawo engasetshenziswa ngayo − , ezentengiselwano, ezezimboni, noma umphakathi. Lemithetho ihlela izindawo zomphakathi ngokuqondile noma ngokuphelele. Ngokwesibonelo, ipaki elisendaweni yokuhlala lingaba nemingcele eqinile ngamahora okusebenza noma amazinga omsindo kunendawo eyodwa esifundeni sezentengiselwano. I-Zoning ingalawula futhi ukuthi hlobo luni lwezakhiwo (izindawo zokuhlala, izigaba, iziteshi) zingakhiwa futhi kuphi. Uma uhlela isenzakalo esikhulu, ungadinga imvume ekhethekile uma uvimbela ingqungquthela ezindaweni ezithile.
Umsindo
Umsindo ungenye yemithombo evame kakhulu yengxabano ezindaweni zomphakathi. Amadolobha amaningi amisa amazinga aphakeme omsindo (ngokuvamile alinganiswe ngamadecibel) futhi asho amahora athulile. Lezi zimiso zivame ukukhulula izenzakalo zedolobha eziphakanyisiwe, kodwa ukubhikisha kwezombangazwe noma izenzo zomgwaqo ngokuvamile zibangela ukudutshulwa kwazo. Umenzi usebenzisa i-amplifier ephathekayo angakhonjwa ngisho noma umqulu ulinganiselwe. [[FLT: 0]] njalo hlola ikhodi yakho yomsindo yendawo []]
Izimfuneko Zokuhlangana Nezehlakalo
Omasipala abaningi badinga imvume yemihlangano, imibuthano, imidlalo, noma ukusetshenziswa kwezentengiselwano zamapaki. Lenqubo yemvume ingahlanganisa izindleko, umshuwalense, nezikhathi ezilinganiselwa emasontweni. Nakuba lezi zimfuneko zingokomthetho, akumelwe zisetshenziselwe ukuvimbela ukuveza inkululeko. INkantolo Ephakeme ikholelwa ukuthi imvume yokulungisa kumelwe ibe nezindinganiso ezicacile futhi isetshenziswe ngaphandle kokucwaswa. Uma idolobha linqaba njalo izivumelwano eziphikisanayo kuyilapho livuma izicelo ezifanayo kwabanye, ingase iphule iSichibiyelo Sokuqala.
Amalungelo Akho Omthetho - sisekelo Ezikhathini Zomphakathi
UMthetho - sisekelo wase - United States, ikakhulukazi iSichibiyelo Sokuqala, uvikela inkululeko eyisisekelo emphakathini.
Ilungelo Lokuhlanganisa Ngokuthula
Unelungelo lokubuthana nabanye ezindaweni zomphakathi ngenjongo yokusho izenzakalo, njengokubhikisha, ukulinda, noma imikhosi. Lelilungelo alilinganiselwe: ungase udinge imvume yamaqembu amakhulu, futhi imihlangano akumelwe ivimbele izimoto ezihamba ngezinyawo ngokungenangqondo. Nokho, ohulumeni abanakubeka imingcele yangaphambili noma bafune imali eshisiwe evimbela ukuhlangana ngokuphumelelayo.
Ilungelo Lokukhuluma Nelokuziphatha Okubonisa Isineke
Inkululeko yokukhuluma ihlanganisa amazwi, izimpawu, izenzo ezingokomfanekiso (njengokushisa ifulege noma ukufaka amagatsha), ngisho nokuliyeka. Imigwaqo yomphakathi namapaki kubhekwa njengezindawo zomphakathi ezingokwesiko, lapho inkulumo ithola isivikelo esiphakeme khona. Nokho, imithetho yendawo ingalawula isikhathi, indawo, nendlela yokukhuluma uma nje iqukethe inombolo, ihlotshiselwe ukuba ifeze isithakazelo sikahulumeni esiphawulekayo, futhi ishiye eminye imikhakha yokuxhumana evulekile.
Ilungelo Lokuqopha Izikhulu Nemisebenzi Yomphakathi
Indikimba ekhulayo yezinqumo zenkantolo yesifunda kahulumeni iqaphela ilungelo lokuqopha amaphoyisa nezikhulu zikahulumeni benza imisebenzi yazo obala. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuthwebula izithombe, ukuqopha amavidiyo, nokuqopha amakhasethi. Imithetho eminingi yendawo enqabela “ukuvala ikhanda” noma ifuna imvume kuzo zonke izigaba ayisebenzi ezindaweni zomphakathi. Abaphathi-mikhosi bangakucela ukuba ubuyele emuva ukuze uphephe, kodwa abakwazi ukukuyala ukuba ususe izinyawo noma ukukuthumbe ngaphandle kwesizathu.
Ilungelo Lokuthola Izindawo Zomphakathi
Amapaki, amabhentshi, izindlu zangasese, nemithombo yamanzi kuyinto ethandwa umphakathi.
Imfundiso YezeNkuthalo Zabantu Bonke: Isizathu Sokuba Ibalulekile
Ukuze uqonde amandla amalungelo akho, kudingeka uqonde imfundiso yomphakathi, inkantolo engokomthetho esetshenziselwa ukuhlukanisa impahla kahulumeni.
Izingxoxo Zomphakathi Ezingokwesiko
Kusukela kusungulwa isizwe, inkulumo nomhlangano kunezinga elilinganiselwe kakhulu. Uhulumeni ungabeka isikhathi esincane, indawo nezindlela ezibekelwe imingcele futhi ungayivali ngokuphelele indawo yokuhlala. Umthetho wendawo ovimbela ukuvinjelwa komgwaqo wedolobha cishe ungayiqedwa.
Izenzakalo Zomphakathi Ezimisiwe
Ezinye izindawo, njengesikhungo somphakathi noma inkundla yemidlalo yemidlalo yeshashalazi, azizona izinkundla zomphakathi ezingokwemvelo kodwa zivulwe uhulumeni ukuze usebenzise izimpawu eziyimfihlo. Uma uhulumeni esevuliwe, akanakukhetha ngokusekelwe embonweni. Uma idolobha livumela imibuthano yezombangazwe ehholo lomphakathi, alinakushiya iqembu ngenxa yokuthi alivumelani nesigijimi salo.
Imidlalo Elinganiselwe Nengenazo Izingcingo
Ezinye izindawo − njengezakhiwo zamahhovisi kahulumeni, iziteshi zezindiza, noma izikhungo zempi . Ukukhuluma kungalinganiselwa kakhulu, kuhlanganise nemithetho esekelwe ku-intshiwe, uma nje zinengqondo futhi zingabheki luluvo oluphansi. Umthetho wendawo owenqabela ukucelwa esiteshini sebhasi somphakathi ungasemthethweni, kodwa awunakuvimbela kuphela izimemezelo ezithile ezingokwenkolo noma zezombangazwe.
Imingcele Evamile Nesisekelo Sayo Esingokomthetho
Ukuphuza Utshwala Ne - cannabis
Utshwala obusetshenziswa umphakathi bulawulwa emhlabeni wonke; amadolobha amaningi abunqabela ngokuphelele emapaki ngaphandle kwemvume.
Umsindo Nomculo Okhulayo
Imithetho elawula umsindo okhulisiwe isekelwa kakhulu uma iqukethe i-(sed fooutral) futhi inikeza enye indlela esebenzayo (umzk., imvume yekhonsathi). AmaBusker nabaculi basemgwaqweni kumelwe bavumelane nayo, kodwa ngokuvamile bangaya endaweni engaqinile kakhulu. Amanye amadolobha anemvume eqondile “yokudubula” nge-decibel.
Ukukhuluma Ngenkohliso, Ukucekela Phansi Nokuwohloka Kwemibono
Bonke omasipala benqabela ukungcoliswa nokucekela phansi. Lemithetho ayivamile ukubekelwa inselele ngoba ifeza isithakazelo esisobala emphakathini enhlanzekweni nasekulungisweni kwezakhiwo. Nokho, ubuciko bukachkoko noma ufakelwa kwesikhashana kungabhekwa njengokucekela phansi ngaphandle kokuba uvunyelwe. Qaphela ukuthi idolobha lakini “linenqubo engaphandle kwendlela”.
Izilwane Ezifuywayo Nokuziphatha Kwazo
Imithetho ye - leash, izimfuneko zezilwane ezifuyiwe, nokuvinjelwa kwezilwane ezindaweni ezithile (izindawo zemidlalo, imidlalo) kucishe kube kuyo yonke indawo. Izilwane zenkonzo azivunyelwe, kodwa izilwane ezisekela imizwelo azinazo. Ukuphula umthetho kungaphumela ekuhlawulweni noma ngisho nasekunqanyulweni kwezilwane.
Ukukanisa Nokulala Emakamu
Ukuhlala abantu abangenamakhaya kuyinto enkulu. Amadolobha amaningi anemithetho evimbela ukulala emapaki, ngaphansi kwamabhuloho, noma ezindleleni zomgwaqo. Izinqumo zamuva nje, ngokuphawulekayo kakhulu Martin v. City of Boise (yesi-9]), akholelwa ukuthi ukujezisa abantu abangenamakhaya ngenxa yokulala obala lapho kungekho ndawo yokukhomba kungunya futhi kuyisijeziso esingavamile. Imithetho yendawo engenazo ezinye izindawo zokukhosela ingaba i-spectrion.
Imvume, Imvume, Nemingcele Yayo
Lapho Kudingeka Imvume
Izimpawu zemvume ezivamile zihlanganisa: amaqembu angaphezulu kobukhulu obuthile (futhi abantu abangu-25 kuya ku-50), ukusebenzisa umsindo okhuphukile, ukwakha izakhiwo zesikhashana, ukuvala imigwaqo, nokusakaza ukudla noma impahla. Inqubo yemvume kumelwe iqondiswe futhi inikeze isinqumo ngokushesha. Uma idolobha libambezela isicelo sakho ngokungenangqondo noma ukukhokha izindleko ezingahlobene nezindleko zokuphatha, lingase liphule amalungelo akho.
Izimo Ezingavumelani Nezimiso Zemvume
Ohulumeni abanakufaka imvume yokulahla amalungelo akho omthetho-sisekelo. Ngokwesibonelo, bafuna iqembu eliphikisanayo ukuba lithole umshuwalense obiza izindleko ← ukukhokha, noma ukufuna ukuba ubeke idolobha ekutheni umelane nezinkulumo ezihlobene nenkulumo yakho, ngokuvamile akuyona imvume esemthethweni. Akudingeki ukuba “uqaphele amalungelo akho esangweni.”
Indlela Yokuthola Imvume
Qala ngokuvakashela amapaki edolobha nezokuzijabulisa noma umnyango wemisebenzi yomphakathi. Abaningi banezinhlelo zokusebenza kuyi-intanethi. Funda ngokucophelela umthetho (note izimpawu ezifinyelelwe, izimfuneko zomshuwalense, nemithetho enqatshelwayo ngamahora. Uma unqatshelwa, cela isizathu esibhaliwe. Uma ukwenqaba kubonakala kusekelwe ku-spectrective, thintana nommeli wenkululeko yomphakathi ngokushesha.
Izinyathelo Zokubhidliza Imithetho Yasendaweni
Ukucwaninga Ngezindawo
Izimiso eziningi zamadolobha zikhona kulayini nge- i-Municode noma ingosi yedolobha esemthethweni. Gxinika eziqephini ezihlobene no- “Parks,” "Ukuthula nohlelo oluhle,” ne-“Offes `Mxternet.” Uma ungatholi ulwazi, shayela umabhalane wedolobha.
Amahhovisi Kahulumeni Okuxhumana Afuna Ukwandisa
Umnyango wamapaki ungachaza ukuthi uyayidinga yini imvume yokudlala umculo. Ukuxhumana komnyango wamaphoyisa womphakathi kungaphendula imibuzo ngemithetho yomsindo phakathi nokubhikisha.
Yiba Nemihlangano Yomphakathi
Imihlangano yomkhandlu wasedolobheni, izikhawu zebhodi lokulungisa izinqumo, nokuqulwa kwecala lomphakathi ngemithetho ehlongozwayo kungamathuba ayinhloko okuhlala unolwazi.
Ukuhlanganyela Izinkonzo Zomthetho Namaqembu Ezenkolo
Uma ubhekene nemithetho evimbelayo, hlola izinhlangano ezinjenge ACLU noma umthola-lwazi wokusiza ngokomthetho wendawo. Zingakusiza ukuba uqonde ukuthi umthetho othile uzwakala kahle yini ngokomthetho futhi usiza ekunxuseni noma ekulingeni.
Ukusekela Amalungelo Akho
Ukuzihlanganisa Namaqembu Ezihlubuki
Amaqembu anjenge [[QLT:0] Ukuthemba iZwe lomphakathi [, ipaki lendawo, i-uralcies, neSichibiyelo Sokuqala kusebenza ukuvikela izindawo zomphakathi. Amalungu akunika imithombo, ukusekela okungokomthetho, nezwi elihlangene kakhulu.
Ukuhlanganyela Ezinkundleni Nezindlebe Zomphakathi
Uma idolobha limisa umthetho omusha ongathiya ukusetshenziswa kwendawo yomphakathi, khuluma enkantolo. Ukwaziswa kwamanje, izindaba zomuntu siqu, nezimpikiswano ezingokomthetho. Ukwakha imifelandawonye namabhizinisi, abadlali, namaqembu omphakathi anesithakazelo njengawe.
Ukuhlela Izenzakalo Zomphakathi
Ukusetshenziswa kwezindawo zomphakathi ngendlela ephawulekayo kungabonisa ukubaluleka kwazo futhi kuzenze ziphile ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene. Ukuhlela ipaki lokuhlanza, ikhonsathi (nemvume) noma ipikiniki yomkhaya. Ukuthembisana okuhle emphakathini kungakwenza kube nzima ngezikhulu ukuba zimise imithetho evimbela ngokweqile.
Abameleli Bendawo Abanesizotha
Ake ubhalele ilungu lomkhandlu wedolobha lakho, umphathi-maya, noma ikhomishane yamapaki. Ummeleli wemithetho ecacile, elungile, ne-freversáspeechāte. Lukhulumele noma ukhombe kwamanye amadolobha ngezimiso ezingcono. Ukuthatha ama-ascerray kungaveza izinguquko ezinkulu.
Lapho Amalungelo Akho Ephulwa: Ukubuyiselwa Okungokomthetho
Bhala Yonke Into
Uma ukholelwa ukuthi iphoyisa noma isisebenzi sasedolobheni siye saphula amalungelo akho, qopha ukuxhumana (uma kuphephile), thola amagama ofakazi, bese ubhala imininingwane ngokushesha.
Ihele Lendawo Engaphakathi Ekhonondayo
Amadolobha amaningi anezindawo zokukhononda ezingekho emthethweni noma ezingaphakathi. Ukufaka isikhalo esingokomthetho kungaholela ekubukezweni kwenqubo noma ekuthatheni isinyathelo sokuyala. Nakuba lenqubo ingathatha ijubane, yenza indlela yephepha ewusizo ekuchazeni okulandelayo.
Ukuxhumana Nendawo Yokugada Amalungelo Abantu
Ukuqamba amanga kungabiza, kodwa abameli abaningi banikeza ukuhlola kokuqala okukhululekile. iMithetho ngaphansi kuka-42 U.S.C. ■ 1983 ikuvumela ukuba umangale ohulumeni bendawo ngenxa yokuphulwa komthetho-mthetho. Amacala aphumelelayo angaphumela ekukhipheni iziyalezo ngokumelene nezimiso ezingekho emthethweni, kanye nomonakalo.
Ukusebenza Nezinhlangano Zezomthetho Zesizwe
I-ACLU, i-Institute for Justice, ne-Aviers Committee for Freedom of the Press iye yaveza amacala aphawula izenzakalo ezingokomphakathi ngamalungelo omphakathi asemkhathini. Uma icala lakho linemiphumela emikhulu, bangalithatha ngaphandle kokukhokhisa.
Ukucatshangelwa Okukhethekile: Ubuchwepheshe Nezindawo Zomphakathi Zanamuhla
Ama - amone Nezithombe Ezithwetshulwayo
Amadolobha amaningi alinganisela izindiza ezihamba ngendiza eziqinile emapaki nasemidlalweni yezixuku ngezizathu zokuphepha. IFAA ibusa izindiza, kodwa omasipala bangaphoqelela ukuba izifunda zomhlaba zingangeniswe phansi. Uma ufuna ukuthwebula indawo yomphakathi usuka phezulu, hlola kokubili imithetho yendawo nohulumeni.
Ukuthwebula Izithombe Nezithombe Zasemgwaqweni
Ukuthatha izithombe zezakhiwo zomphakathi, izigcawu zomgwaqo, noma abantu ezindaweni zomphakathi ngokuvamile kuyavikelwa. Nokho, eminye imithetho yendawo inqabela “ukuqopha ngokuqashelwa” noma ifuna imvume yokuthatha izithombe zezentengiselwano. Ukuqonda umugqa phakathi kokusetshenziswa kwezentengiselwano okungahambisani nezokuxhumana kubalulekile.
Ukudla Imithombo Yezindaba Nezokuhlalisana
Izenzakalo eziphithizela ezindaweni zomphakathi zivikelwe. Nokho, uma umfula uhlanganisa umsindo noma ividiyo yomunye umuntu ngaphandle kwemvume yakhe esimweni esinemithetho yemvume ehlukene, ungabhekana necala lomphakathi. Emphakathini, alikho ithemba lokuzifihla, kodwa abakhi abanelisekile kufanele baqaphele ukuhlukunyezwa nezimiso zendawo zokusakaza.
Isiphetho
Izindawo zomphakathi zezabantu, kodwa ukusetshenziswa kwazo kulawulwa ukuhlanganiswa kwemithetho yendawo namalungelo omthetho-sisekelo. Ukuqonda lesi simiso kukunika amandla okujabulela amapaki, amabala, nezindawo zokuhlala kuyilapho kubhekiselwa ekuhlelekeni komphakathi, nokuphepha. Isihluthulelo siwukulungiselela: ukwazi imithetho esebenza, ukusebenzisa amalungelo akho ngokusemthethweni, futhi uhileleke ekuhlonishweni kwemithetho yendawo lapho lawomalungelo esongelwa. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumzali ohlela inqubo yokudlala, umculi odlala esikwele, noma isakhamuzi esibhikishayo, ikhono lakho lokusebenzisa izikhala zomphakathi libonisa impilo yombuso wakho wentando yeningi. Hlala ungazi ukuthi lamalungelo akho ahleli ehlangene, futhi ufaka usizo oluqinile lapho lawomalungelo ekhona.