Incazelo: Indlela Izithakazelo Zakho Ezivezwa Ngayo Kuhulumeni

Ukumelelwa kukahulumeni kuyisimiso esiyisisekelo sentando yeningi. Ekujuleni kwayo, iqinisekisa ukuthi amazwi abantu azwakala, acatshangelwa, futhi asebenzele enqubweni yokwenza izinqumo. Ngaphandle kokumelelwa okuphumelelayo, izakhamuzi ziyahlukaniswa nezimiso ezilawula ukuphila kwazo. Ukuqonda ukuthi izithakazelo zakho zimelelwa kanjani akubalulekile nje kuphela ekufundeni kwezombangazwe kodwa futhi nasekuhlanganyeleni ngenkuthalo nasekuhlanganyeleni ekuphileni komphakathi. Lesi sihloko sihlola umqondo wokumelelwa, izindlela zazo, izindlela, izinselele ezisebenza ngazo, izinselele ezibhekene nazo, nezindlela eziwusizo zokuziqinisa ekuphileni komphakathi kwanamuhla.

Kumelelani?

I-memodeli ibhekisela enqubweni enqunyweni izikhulu ezikhethelwe ukwenza ngayo ngenxa yezici zazo. Inqubo eveza ngayo izithakazelo, izidingo, kanye nezindinganiso zomphakathi ezihlukene ngezimiso zikahulumeni nangomthetho. Kuyi-demokrati emelelayo, izakhamuzi azivoti ngokuqondile kuyo yonke impikiswano; kunalokho, zikhetha abantu abazozenza ngamabomu futhi bazinqumele. Lesimiso silinganisela ngokusheshisa ngokufaka okuthandwayo, kodwa futhi siphakamisa nemibuzo ebucayi ngokuthi obani abameleli babo, abameleli babo, noma abantu ababakhethayo.

Izazi zefilosofi nososayensi bezombangazwe baye baphikisana ngamagama amakhulu amaningi. Umqondo wanamuhla wavela phakathi nokuKhanyiselwa, uthonywe ongqondongqondo njengoJohn Locke noJean-Jacques Rousseau, owaphikisa ngokuthi uhulumeni ongokomthetho ufuna ukuvunyelwa ababuswayo. Namuhla, ukumelelwa kuqondwa njengobuhlobo obunamandla phakathi kwabavoti nezikhulu zabo ezikhethiwe, ezibunjwe ngokhetho, izinhlangano zomphakathi.

Ukubaluleka Kokumelela

Ukumelelwa okuphumelelayo kubalulekile embusweni wentando yeningi onempilo. Kuqinisekisa ukuthi wonke amazwi, ikakhulukazi lawo asemaqenjini aphansi, afakwa enqubweni yezombangazwe. Uma ukumelelwa kusebenza kahle, aletha izinzuzo eziningana ezibucayi:

  • Iproteins ezihlanganisa abantu nokuhlukahluka kokwenza izinqumo: indikimba emelelayo ebonisa umphakathi ewubusayo cishe icabangela izici eziningi. Lokhu kuholela ezimisweni ezikhuluma ngezidingo zangempela zamaqembu ahlukene, kunokuba zithande abantu abavelele abancane.
  • Icala lokulandisa kwezikhulu ezikhethiwe kulezo ezimelelwayo: Abameleli abaziyo ukuthi kumelwe babhekane nokukhethwa kungenzeka kakhulu ukuba balalele abamelelwa futhi baphendule ezibakhathazayo. Okhetho oluvamile luveza i-hischep egcina uhulumeni esabela.
  • ukuvumela ukuthembisana komphakathi nokuhlanganyela enqubweni yentando yeningi: [abantu banomuzwa wokuthi izindaba zabo zokuvota zithonya uhulumeni, basengozini kakhulu yokuhlala benolwazi, bevota, futhi baze ngisho bathathe isikhundla ngokwabo. Lokhu kuqinisa impucuko yentando yeningi.
  • Igunya likahulumeni: Lapho izakhamuzi zikholelwa ukuthi uhulumeni umelela izithakazelo zazo, zisengozini kakhulu yokuvumelana nemithetho nokusekela izinhlangano zomphakathi. Lokhu kwethembana kwezenhlalo kubalulekile ukuze kusimame futhi kuxhunyaniswe.

Izinhlobo zommelelo

Umelelo awuwona wonke umqondo olinganayo. Ososayensi bezombangazwe baye baveza izinhlobo eziningana ezihlukene, ngayinye inezinqubo zayo kanye nezihlonze zokuthi izithakazelo zivezwa kanjani kuhulumeni.

Ukuchaza okufingqiwe

Lokhu kwenzeka lapho abameleli behlanganyela izici eziyinhloko nabantu abamelelwe kubo, njengohlanga, ubulili, ubuzwe, inkolo, noma isizinda sezenhlalo, noma sezomnotho. Umqondo uwukuthi ummeleli obukeka njengamalungu abo futhi oye waphila okuhlangenwe nakho okufanayo angaqonda kangcono futhi asekele izidingo zabo. Ngokwesibonelo, ucwaningo lubonise ukuthi abesifazane abashaya izinqumo basengozini yokuxhasa izikweletu ezihlobene nenqubo yezempilo neyomkhaya. Ukubhalwa kwemibhalo kuvame ukubhekwa njengendlela yokufinyelela ukufakwa nokuthenjwa okungokomfanekiso emiphakathini engaphansi kwe-Orical.

Umfanekiso ongaphansi

Lokhu kugxila ezenzweni nasezinkambisweni abameleli abasekela zona, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ziyini izici zabo siqu. Ummisi-mthetho wesilisa omhlophe angamelela izithakazelo zomphakathi wabaNsundu ngokusekela umthetho wamalungelo omphakathi, njengoba nje isazi sezombangazwe esicebile singamelela isigaba esisebenzayo ngokusekela intela eqhubekayo. Ukumelelwa okungacacile kulinganiswa ngemiphumela yemithetho kanye nemibhalo yokuvota. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ngaphandle kokuchaza incazelo, ukumelelwa kwe-octal kungaphikisana noma kungaphelela, kodwa kuseyisilinganiso esinamandla sokusabela.

Umfuziselo

Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukumelelwa kwezindinganiso, i-octal, nemibono. Abaholi abahlanganisa izinhloso ezithile − njengentsha, i-accounting noma isosha elilwayo − bangahlangana nabavoti ngezinga elingokomzwelo. Izimpawu ezingokomfanekiso zingabangela ukuzethemba nokuziqhenya, kodwa futhi zingasetshenziswa ngemifanekiso yezombangazwe nangamazwi. Ngokwesibonelo, isazi sezombangazwe esivela ezingeni eliphansi singasebenzisa indaba yabo siqu ukufanekisela iMelika Dream, ngisho noma izikhundla zabo zemithetho zisuka ezithakazelweni zesigaba esisebenzayo.

Izifanekiso zokukhosela

Umehluko oqhubekayo emfundisweni yokumelela uphakathi kwesibonelo sesithunywa nesibonelo sokukhokha. Ababethwayo benza ngokulandelana kwezifiso zabo, ngisho noma bengavumelani nabo. Abantu abathenjwayo basebenzisa ukwahlulela kwabo ukuze benze lokho abakholelwa ukuthi kuyisithakazelo esingcono kakhulu kubantu ababodwa nakusizwe. Abameleli abaningi basebenza phakathi, uhlobo olwaziwa ngokuthi i-politaco, lapho beshintsha phakathi kwemisebenzi exhomeke enqubweni. Ukuqonda lezi zimo kusiza ekuchazeni ukuthi kungani abameleli abameleli ngezinye izikhathi bebopha ngokumelene nombono wezwe labo.

Indlela Ukumelela Okusebenza Ngayo

Ukuqonda indlela okusebenza ngayo ukumelela izakhamuzi kubalulekile ukuze siqaphele ukuthi izithakazelo zomuntu ngamunye zingayithonya kanjani indlela uhulumeni asebenza ngayo.

Izindlela zokukhetha

Ngokwezinga eliyisisekelo, izakhamuzi zivotela abameleli abavumelana nezithakazelo zabo nezindinganiso. Ukukhetha kusebenza njengethuluzi eliyinhloko lokulandisa .(-"representers) elihlulekayo ukuhlangabezana namathemba ahlukene kungavotelwa. Nokho, umklamo wezimiso ze-vhootoral uthinta kakhulu ukumelelwa. Ngokwesibonelo, izimiso zokuqala zezimpawu ezidlule ngokuvamile ziphumela esimisweni sengxenye ezimbili ezingashiya abavoti abaningi bengenawo ummeleli ovumelana nemibono yabo. Ngokungafani, izimiso zokumelela izimpawu zezimiso ze-projectal zingavumela amaqembu amancane ukuba athole izihlalo, abonise imiqondo ebanzi.

Amaqembu Abefundisi Nokuphanga

Izinhlangano zisebenzela ukuthuthukisa izifiso ezithile nethonya ngokugqugquzela, imikhankaso yomphakathi, nokuthatha isinyathelo esingokomthetho. Amaqembu ezokusingqongileyo, izinyunyana zezisebenzi, amabhizinisi, nezinhlangano zamalungelo omphakathi konke kuzama ukuthonya abamisi-mthetho. Nakuba ukunxusa kuvame ukugxekwa ngokunikeza izithakazelo ezicebile amandla angenakulinganiswa, kuvumela futhi amaqembu ezakhamuzi ahlelwe kahle ukuba azwakale phakathi nokhetho. Isihluthulelo siwukuba mhlophe nemithetho evimbela ukonakala.

Ukuhlola Komphakathi Nezinduna Eziyimidanti

Ohulumeni bavame ukuba nezindlebe, amahholo edolobha, izikhathi zokukhulumela umphakathi, noma ukuhlolwa kwe-inthanethi ukuze kuqoqwe ukwaziswa kwezakhamuzi ngemithetho nezimiso ezihlongozwayo. Amanye amagunya asebenzisa imvume yokuvocavoca, lapho kuhlanganiswa khona isampula lezakhamuzi ukuze zifunde ngendaba ethile futhi zixoxe ngaphambi kokunikeza ukutusa. La mathuluzi anganezela ukumelelwa ngokunikeza umbono womphakathi ocaciswe ngokucacile.

Izinkonzo Eziwusizo

Ummeleli ngamunye nezisebenzi zakhe bachitha ingxenye enkulu yesikhathi sabo besiza abameleli ukuba baqondise izikhulu zikahulumeni − ukuvikela izinzuzo zomuntu owaziwayo, ukuxazulula izinzuzo ze-Social Security, noma ukucela intela. Lo msebenzi wokwahlulela uyindlela eqondile yenkonzo futhi ngokuvamile wakha ukwethembeka okuqinile phakathi kwabavoti. Iqaphelisa futhi abameleli ngezinkinga zesimiso ezingase zidinge izixazululo zemithetho.

Umbono Wezindaba Nomphakathi

Ithonya lezezindaba elingokwesiko nelezenhlalo eliba iqhaza eliphambili. Abenzi bomthetho bavame ukubheka iziphetho, izincwadi, nezimiso zezokuxhumana ukuze babonise imizwelo ehambisana nomphakathi. Enkathini yokusakazeka kokwaziswa okusheshayo, umbono womphakathi ungashintsha ngokushesha, futhi abameleli kumelwe baphendule noma balahlekelwe isisekelo. Lokhu kudala kokubili amathuba nokwehluleka komncintiswano: ukudukiswa kwamagama kungaphazamisa umbono womphakathi, futhi abaholi bangabangela ukuthandwa okuthatha isikhathi eside ngezindleko zenqubo yesikhathi eside.

Umlando Obonisa Umfuziselo

Umqondo wokumelelwa uye wavela ngokumangalisayo emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka. E-Athene yasendulo, ukubusa ngentando yeningi ngokuqondile kwasho zonke izakhamuzi zabesilisa ngokuvota ngemithetho ngokwazo. IRiphabliki lamaRoma lasungula imihlangano yabameleli, kodwa ukumelelwa kwaqhubeka kulinganiselwe kwabasezikhundleni eziphambili. IPhalamende laseNgilandi neSishayamthetho sase-U.S. kwandisa lo mbono kancane kancane, ngokuvamile ngemva kwezimpi ezinkulu , iMagna Carta, iNguquko eMbusweni, iNguquko yaseMelika, neNguquko yeNguquko eBrithani konke kwabhebhebhethezela ukumeleka okukhulu.

Izenzakalo eziyinhloko zihlanganisa ukunwetshwa kwamalungelo okuvota kwabesifazane, amadlanzana, kanye nezigaba eziphansi zezomnotho. E-United States, iVoing Rights Act ka-1965 yayiyisibonakaliso esasusa izithiyo eziningi ku-Afrika America abavoti. Emhlabeni wonke, ukuphoqelelwa kokumelelwa kwemithetho elinganayo emazweni anjengeJalimane neNew Zealand kuhloselwe ukusungula izishaya-mthetho ezibonisa ngokunembile i-vocatomo. Le ngxabano engokomlando ibonisa ukuthi ukumelelwa akuyona into efezweyo kodwa umsebenzi oqhubekayo.

Izinselele Zokumelela Okuphumelelayo

Naphezu kwezinqubo ezikhona, izinselele eziningana ezingathi sína zingavimbela ukubonakala kwabantu abazobhekana nazo.

Ukwenezelwa Kwezombangazwe

Ukuhlukana okukhulu kwemibono kungaholela ekuthandeni, ekuthembekeni kweqembu okunamandla okulawula izifiso, nasontulweni lokuhlehla. Uma abameleli bephendula ngokuyinhloko abaholi beqembu noma abavoti abayinhloko kunokuba baphendule abavoti abavamile, abalinganiselayo bayathuliswa. Lokhu kubangela inkinga ikakhulukazi ekuthatheni izinhlelo eziphumelelayo lapho abameleli abavela ezifundeni eziphephile bengenaso isikhuthazo sokufinyelela ngapha nangapha kwephaseshi.

Ukunganaki Nokunganeliseki

Umvoti ophansi uvula i-vhoti-kakhulu phakathi kwentsha, amadlana, kanye nezakhamuzi ezithola imali encane, kusho ukuthi ingxenye encane yezakhamuzi zezakhamuzi inquma ukuthi ubani ngempela omelela wonke umuntu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imithetho evimbela ukungenela kovota (njengezimfuneko zevoti ID, ukususwa kwemiculo evotayo, nokukhishwa kwe-gerrymander) ngokungenakuqhathaniswa ithinta amaqembu aphansi, ilulaza isimiso sokumelela okufanayo.

Izithiyo Eziwubungako Nokungalingani

Ukungalingani okusekelwe ngokohlanga, isigaba, ubulili, kanye nokuma kwezwe kungavimbela imiphakathi ethile ukuba izwe amazwi ayo. Ngokwesibonelo, izimiso zomkhankaso zezezimali zisekela abanikeli abacebile, zibanikeza ithonya eliphucukile ezimisweni. Umthetho uvumela abezombangazwe ukuba bakhethe abavoti babo kunokuba bakhethe enye indlela, banqume ngokuphumelelayo imiphumela yokukhetha futhi bacindezele ukuqhathana.

Ukuyinkimbinkimbi Kwezindaba

Isimiso sezimiso eziningi − njengokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukunakekelwa kwezempilo, noma ukulawulwa kokuhlakanipha kokwenziwa . Ngisho nezakhamuzi ezifunde kahle zingazama ukuhlaziya izikhundla zabazohlolwa. Lokhu kuyinkimbinkimbi kungaholela kubameleli abathatha izinto ngokusekelwe ekwazisweni okungaphelele noma babhekisele kochwepheshe abazindinganiso zabo zingavumelani nezithakazelo zabo.

Igebe Elimele Labangahlali Nezizukulwane Ezizayo

Ezweni eligcwele umhlaba wonke, abantu abaningi bathonywa yizinqumo zikahulumeni ngaphandle kokuvota zingane ezishicilelwe ukuthi zikhona, izisebenzi zesikhashana, ngisho nezingane. Izizukulwane ezizayo, ezizodla ifa lemiphumela yezimiso zanamuhla (ikakhulukazi ezindabeni zendawo ezungezile nengokomhlaba), azinazwi eliqondile. Ukuveza lezi zimo kuyinselele ekhulayo yezimiso zokuziphatha nezombangazwe.

Izindlela Zokuthuthukisa Umfuziselo

Ukuthuthukisa ukumelelwa kukahulumeni kudinga kokubili izinguquko ezisezikhundleni kanye nokuthembisana komuntu ngamunye. Ngezansi kunamasu asekelwe kubufakazi angenza umehluko.

Ukuhlanganyela Okukhuthazayo

Izinyathelo ezinjengokuvota okuzenzekelayo, ukuvota kwasekuqaleni, amavoti eposi, nokwenza iholide lokhetho libe iholide lesizwe livuleke kakhulu. Amazwe anjenge-Australia, afuna ukuvota ngempoqo, afinyelela amazinga okuvota angaphezulu kuka-90%. Nakuba kungezona zonke idemokrati ezilawulayo ezivuma ukuvota okuphoqelelwe, zisusa izithiyo futhi zenza lenqubo ibe lula, kuqinisekiswe ukuthi izinhlu zamazwi ezibanzi ziyazwakala.

Ukusekela Izithako Ezihlukahlukene

Imizamo yokuthola, ukuqeqesha, nokukhokha izikhwama emiphakathini engaphansi kwe-octives iholela ekumeleni okwengeziwe. Izinhlangano ezinjengethi ELY] Uhlu kanye nokubalekela into kuye kwasiza ekunyuseni inani labesifazane nentsha esehhovisi. Imingcele ingavula namathuba ngokuvimbela ukuvinjelwa okuvimbela amazwi amasha amade.

Ukusebenzisa Umbukiso Wezenqubo noma Ukushintshwa Kwezinsimbi

Izimiso ze-Electoral ezibonisa kangcono ukuhlukahluka kwe-votorte zingathuthukisa ukumelelwa. I-Rankered-choice (RCV) ivumela abavoti ukuba bafake izigaba, banciphise imiphumela elimazayo futhi bakhuthaze ipesenti, imikhankaso yokwakha imvume. Izimiso zokumela i-proportalm, ezisetshenziswa ezindaweni eziningi zedemocracy, ziqinisekisa ukuthi uma iqembu lithola i-30% yevota, lithola cishe i-30% yezihlalo. Zombili izindlela zinciphisa ukungezwani phakathi kwentando nemiphumela ethandwayo.

Ukuqinisa Imfundo Yesibalo

I-votorate enolwazi ihlonyiswe kangcono ukuba igcine abameleli benobuphetho. Izikole, izinhlangano zomphakathi, nemithombo yezindaba zinendima ekufundiseni indlela uhulumeni osebenza ngayo, indlela yokuhlola abavoti, nendlela yokuhlanganyela ngalé kokuvota . "njengokuba khona emihlanganweni yebhodi yesikole noma ukuhlangana nezikhulu ezikhethiwe.] iSikhungo se-CBIVIC Education[ inikeza abafundisi nezakhamuzi imithombo yempahla.

Ubuchwepheshe Obubi Obungahambisani Nentando Yeningi

Ama-digitader angasiza i-operation eqonde ngqo ezakhamuzini ngezindaba ezithile. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Estonia, isebenzisa ugesi ukuze ivumele izakhamuzi ukuba zivote futhi zihlanganyele ekuhloleni imithetho. Amanye amadolobha aye asebenzisa uhlelo lokuhlela ukuhlelwa kwezindawo, lapho izakhamuzi zinquma khona ngokuqondile ukuthi ziyobeka kanjani ingxenye yemali yomphakathi. La mathuluzi anganelisa ukubusa ngentando yeningi futhi angandisa ukubophana, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwezizukulwane ezisha.

Ukulungisa Izimali

Ukubonisana ngeminikelo yezombangazwe, ukuxhasa ukhetho, nemingcele yeminikelo yezebhizinisi kunganciphisa ithonya lemali kwezombangazwe. Uma abameleli bengancikile kakhulu kubanikeli abacebile, bakhululekile ukumelela izithakazelo zabo. I-opensecrets [ iprojekthi] inikeza ukwaziswa ngemali kwezombangazwe zase-U.S., iqokomisa izindawo zenguquko.

Isiphetho

Isisekelo sentando yeningi, ivumela abantu ukuba babonise izithakazelo zabo kuhulumeni (* kodwa akunikezi lutho. Kudinga ukuqapha njalo, ukuhlanganyela ngenkuthalo, nokuklama okuhlela ngokulunga. Ngokuqonda izinhlelo ezibonisayo, ukuqaphela izinselele ezibhekene nazo, nokusekela izinguquko ezenza uhulumeni aphendule ngokwengeziwe, izakhamuzi zingahileleka futhi zithuthukise ukuthuthukisa indawo yazo yezombangazwe. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngokuvota, ukujoyina amaqembu abusayo, noma ngisho nokusebenzela ihhovisi, yonke imizamo yokuqinisa ukumelelwa kwesimiso sentando yeningi.