Table of Contents
Umphakathi uyisimo esiyisisekelo esingokomthetho esichaza ubuhlobo bomuntu nesizwe, ukunikeza amalungelo, amalungelo, nemithwalo yemfanelo ekhethekile. Ukuqonda indlela yokuba umfowenu othola futhi alondolozeke ngayo kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukumisa indawo yokuhlala ehlala njalo, ukuhlanganyela ekuphileni komphakathi, noma ukuqondisa indawo eyinkimbinkimbi yokuhamba kwezizwe ngezizwe. Lesiqondiso esibanzi sihlola izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuthola ubuhlanga, izimfuneko ezingokomthetho ezihilelekile, kanye nemibono ehlukanisa imithetho yezakhamuzi emazweni ahlukene.
Ukuqonda Ukuba Izakhamuzi: Umsebenzi Ongokomthetho
Ukuba isakhamuzi kumelela okungaphezu nje kwesiqu esingokomthetho, okuhlanganisa amalungu omphakathi wezombangazwe kanye namalungelo nezibopho. Izakhamuzi zijabulela ilungelo lokuvota, ukuba nesikhundla somphakathi, ukwamukela isivikelo sikahulumeni kokubili emakhaya nakwamanye amazwe, nokuthola izinkonzo zomphakathi.
Isimiso somthetho sokubusa izakhamuzi siyahlukahluka kakhulu emazweni, siveza amasiko angokomlando ahlukene, amafilosofi ezombangazwe, kanye nezinhloso zesimiso samanje. Amanye amazwe athatha izindlela ezilula ezivumela ukuthola izakhamuzi, kuyilapho amanye elondoloza imithetho evimbelayo eklanyelwe ukufinyelela. Ukuqonda lokhu kushintsha kubalulekile kunoma ubani ohamba ngenqubo yezakhamuzi.
Ukuba Izakhamuzi Ngokufanelekile: UJus Soli NoJus Sanguinis
Izimiso ezimbili eziyisisekelo ezinquma ukuba nesizwe lapho uzalwa u-soli (ngakwesokudla kwenhlabathi) kanye jus juwiinis[ (ingakwesokudla segazi). La magama esiLatini achaza izindlela ezihlukene zokuhlanganisa ubuzwe.
IJus Soli: Ukuba izakhamuzi Kubangelwa Indawo Yokuzalwa
UJus soli usho ukuthi ukuba umfokazi kutholakala ngokuzalwa kunokuba kutholakale ngozalo. Ngaphansi kwalesi simiso, noma yimuphi umntwana ozalelwe emingceleni yezwe noma endaweni ngokuzenzekelayo unikezwa ilungelo lokuba izakhamuzi kulelo zwe(nangoba abazali babo abazona izakhamuzi. Le ndlela igcizelela ukuhlangana kwezindawo futhi iye yasetshenziselwa ukukhuthaza ukuhlangana nokuvinjelwa kwezwe ngokomlando.
Ama-ju ju soli angenamibandela atholakala kakhulu eMelika. Kusukela kuma-2025, acishe abe mazwe angu-30, ikakhulukazi e-Melika, anikeza ubuzibulo obuphelele. I-United States inikeza esinye sezibonelo ezicacile zobuzibulo obungenamingcele. ISichibiyelo soMthetho-sisekelo se-U.S. sinikeza noma ubani ozalwe enhlabathini yase-U.S., ngaphandle kwabantwana bobumeli bamazwe angaphandle. Canada namazwe amaningi ase-Latin America alandela imithetho efanayo.
Nokho, ukuthambekela kwembulunga yonke kuye kwasusa ekubeni yindawo yobuzibulo engenamibandela. I-Australia ayisenazimiso eziqinile ze-ju soli. I-Ireland yaqeda i-ju soli ngo-2005. I-Ireland (2005, i-Indiya (1987), ne-UK (1993) zonke ziye zakhetha ukuvimbela noma ukuqeda ubuzibulo. Lezi zinguquko zibonisa ukukhathazeka ngokulawulwa kwezakhamuzi nokuzichaza kwazo.
Isoli Elinezimo Ezifanele
Amazwe amaningi aye amukela izinhlobo zobuzibulo ezilinganiselwe ezidinga ezinye izindinganiso ezingaphezu kokuzalwa nje kwezwe. Amanye amazwe abeka imfuneko edinga abazali ukuba bahlale kulelizwe iminyaka ethile ngaphambi kokuba abantwana abazalwe kulelizwe bafanelekele ukuba yizakhamuzi zemali.
Ngokwesibonelo, eJalimane, izingane ezizalwa ngo-1 January 2000 noma ngemva kweyoku-1 eJalimane kubazali abangewona amaJalimane zithola isakhamuzi saseJalimane lapho zizalwa uma okungenani umzali oyedwa enemvume yokuhlala futhi ehlala eJalimane iminyaka emihlanu ngaphambi kokuzalwa komntwana. IFrance isebenza isimiso esifanayo lapho ingane ezalwa eFrance kubazali bakwamanye amazwe ingathola khona ubuzwe baseFrance ngokuzenzakalelayo lapho ineminyaka engu-18 uma izimo ezithile zihlanganyelwa, ikakhulukazi uma ihlala eFrance inkathi efanelekayo kusukela ebusheni.
Lezizimiso ezixubile zasetshenziswa ukuze kufezwe izibopho zesivumelwano ngemva konya lweMpi Yezwe II lwandisa ukuqaphela ukuchayeka kwabantu abangenahulumeni.
UJus Saguinis: Ukuba izakhamuzi NgoDestcent
UJus saluinis, okusho ukuthi 'ilungelo legazi', yisimiso somthetho wobuzwe lapho ubuzwe bunqunywa noma buzuzwa khona ngobuzwe bomzali oyedwa noma bobabili. Ngaphansi kwalesi simiso, umntwana uzuza njengefa izakhamuzi kubazali bakhe kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bazalelwaphi. Lendlela ivamile emazweni amaningi aseYurophu, kuhlanganise neJalimane, i-Italy, neJapane, futhi igcizelela uhlu lozalo noma ukuhlobana kohlanga nesizwe.
Amazwe acishe abe ngu-35 kuphela anikeza ilungelo lobuzibulo elingabekelwe mingcele elisekelwe ezindaweni ezazalelwa kuzo kuphela, okusho ukuthi iningi lamazwe omhlaba lixhomeke ngokuyinhloko ekunqumeni ukuthi ubani ongowama-Esiya. E-Asia, u-juduinis uyisiko, futhi ubuzibulo buyivelakancane. Amazwe amaningi ase-Asia, njengeJapane noma iChina, asekela ubuzwe ngokwezikhundla zabazali kuphela.
I Jus saluinis inganweba izizukulwane eziningi, ngisho noma imikhaya isihlala kwamanye amazwe amashumi eminyaka. Amazwe amaningi aseYurophu anabantu abavelele abahlala kwamanye amazwe (i-diaspora) kuhlanganisa i-Italy, iGreece, i-Ireland nePoland (inikeza izakhamuzi zakhona kubantwana bamazwe angaphambili. Lokhu kuvumela abantu abanezibopho zokhokho ukuba baphinde bazuze izakhamuzi ngisho noma bengakaze baphile kulelo zwe.
Nokho, izinguquko zamuva zemithetho ziye zasungula imingcele. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Italy iye yaqinisa ubukho bayo ngemithetho yozalo. Umthetho omusha ulinganisela ukungezwani kwabantu abazalelwe e-Italy umzali noma ugogo noma umkhulu. Lokhu kuveza ukukhathazeka ngokulawula umthamo wezicelo zezakhamuzi nokugcina ukuxhumana okunenjongo phakathi kwezakhamuzi nombuso.
Izimiso Ezixubile: Ukuhlanganisa Zombili Lezi Zici
Izwe lase-United States linikeza noma ubani owazalelwa eMelika ilungelo lokuba yizakhamuzi ezisekelwe ehlalweni lwesizwe olusekelwe ejugini kubantwana abazalwa ngaphandle kwemingcele yalo kuya e - U.S.
Lenhlanganisela ivumela amazwe ukuba alinganisele izinhloso ezincintisanayo: ukukhuthaza ukuhlanganiswa kwalabo abazalelwa kule ndawo kuyilapho kugcina ukuhlangana nezakhamuzi ezihlala kwelinye izwe. Ukulinganisela okukhethekile kuyahluka kakhulu, kubonisa izimo ezingokomlando ezihlukile zezwe ngalinye nezinto eziza kuqala zamanje.
Ukuzenza Imvelo: Indlela Yokuzuza Ukuba Izakhamuzi
Ukuqamba imvelo kuyisenzo esingokomthetho noma inqubo okuthi ngayo izwe elingahlangani nezwe lithole ubuzwe balelo zwe ngemva kokuzalwa. Lendlela ivumela abantu bakwamanye amazwe abaye bamisa ukuxhumana okuqinile nezwe ukuba babe izakhamuzi ezigcwele ezinamalungelo nemithwalo yemfanelo efanayo nalabo abathola izakhamuzi lapho bezalwa.
Cishe wonke amazwe emhlabeni anikeza uhlobo oluthile lwendlela yokuthomba imvelo, nakuba izimfuneko zihlukahluka kakhulu.
Izimfuneko Zokwenziwa Kwemvelo
Nakuba izimfuneko ezithile zihlukahluka kwezinye izindawo, izinqubo eziningi zokuzenza zinezici ezifanayo:
Ukuma Okunganqamuki Komthetho
Cishe wonke amazwe afuna ukuba abafaki bezicelo baqale bathole isikhundla esingokomthetho sokuhlala unomphela ngaphambi kokuba bafanelekele ukumiswa kwemvelo.
Isikhathi Esilula
Ngokwesihloko 6 sale-Convention, isifundazwe ngasinye sinquma ngokwaso izimo zokuzenzakalela, kodwa inkathi ebophekile yokuhlala engaphansi kweminyaka eyishumi kutuswa.
- IPortugal neIreland ziphakathi kwezivumelana nezimo kakhulu eYurophu, futhi ngokwemvelo kungenzeka ngemva kweminyaka emihlanu yokuhlala.
- ECanada, le nqubo idinga ukuba abafaka isicelo bahlale kuleli zwe okungenani iminyaka emithathu kwemihlanu edlule.
- EAustralia, ukusungulwa kwemvelo kudinga ukuba abafaka isicelo sokuhlala kulelizwe iminyaka emine njengesakhamuzi saphakade, okungenani enonyaka owodwa njengesakhamuzi ngaphambi kokuba sifake isicelo.
- ESpain, kudingeka indawo yokuhlala iminyaka eyishumi.
- Kuthatha iminyaka engu - 20 ukuba isakhamuzi sase - Andorran.
Lezi zikhathi zingase zincishiselwe izigaba ezithile zabafaka isicelo, njengabashadile bezakhamuzi, ababaleki, noma abantu abanomakhono akhethekile noma iminikelo.
Ukuhlala Okuqhubekayo
Ukuhlala ngokuqhubekayo kusho ukuhlala e-United States njengesisakhamuzi esingokomthetho senkathi edingekayo (ngokwesilinganiso iminyaka emihlanu, noma iminyaka emithathu uma ushade nesakhamuzi sase-U.S.) ngaphandle kokuthatha isikhathi eside. Uhambo olude phesheya, ngokuvamile phakathi kwenkathi eyisithupha, lungaphazamisa ukuhlala okuqhubekayo futhi lubambezele ukukwazi ukuzenzela imvelo. Lemfuneko iqinisekisa ukuthi abafaki bezicelo baye bahlangana ngempela emphakathini kunokuba bagcine indawo yokuhlala egama kuphela.
Ukukhuluma Ngolimi
Amazwe amaningi adinga abafaki bezicelo ukuze babonise impumelelo yolimi lwesizwe noma izilimi. Amazwe amaningi adinga ubufakazi bobungcweti bolimi (ngokwesibonelo, iB1 ngesiNtaliyane noma isi-A2 ngesiPutukezi) kanye nezinga elithile lokuhlangana kwamasiko. Lemfuneko ibonisa inkolelo yokuthi amakhono olimi abalulekile ukuze umuntu ahlanganyele ngokugcwele ekuphileni komphakathi nasekuhlanganeni kwezomnotho.
Amanye amazwe anikeza asebekhulile abacela ukuxoshwa noma abakhubazekile. Abakhandi abaneminyaka engu-50 noma ngaphezulu abaye bahlala e-U.S. njengezakhamuzi ezihlala njalo okungenani iminyaka engu-20 abavunyelwe ukuba bangene emfunweni yesiNgisi (kodwa kumelwe bahlole izakhamuzi ngolimi lwabo lomdabu). Abahloli abahlala njalo iminyaka engu-55 noma ngaphezulu abaneminyaka engu-15 futhi abakwazi ukuhlala eNgilandi.
Ulwazi Ngomlando, Uhulumeni Nezindinganiso Ezinhle
Ngokuvamile abahloli kumelwe baphumelele ukuhlola okubonisa ulwazi lolimi, umlando, uhulumeni, nezindinganiso zomphakathi. Lokhu kuhlola kuhlola ukuthi abafaki bezicelo bayazazi yini izimiso eziyisisekelo, izinhlangano, nezenzakalo ezingokomlando eziye zathonya isizwe. Okuqukethwe yilokhu kuhlola nobunzima kungokomlando kuyahlukahluka kakhulu emazweni.
Amanye amazwe, njenge - Ireland, awagunyazi ukuba kwenziwe ukuhlolwa kolimi noma kwempucuko, nakuba esengase abubukeze ubufakazi bobuhlobo bomphakathi.
Ukuziphatha Okuhle
Abafaka isicelo sokuzenza ngokwemvelo kumelwe babonise ukuziphatha okuhle, okuvame ukusho ukungabi nazinkolo ezingathi sína zobugebengu nokuvumelana nezibopho zentela. Izinhlolo zesizinda zenzalwa ukuqinisekisa umlando wobugebengu womfaki-sicelo futhi baqiniseke ukuthi bahlangabezana nezimfuneko zokuziphatha. Izindinganiso eziqondile zokuziphatha okuhle ziyahlukahluka, kodwa ubugebengu obungathi sína, ukukhwabanisa, noma ukungathembeki okuvamile kuboniswa ukungafaneleki.
Isifungo Sobuhlanya
Ukusetshenziswa kwemvelo kuvame ukuhlanganisa isithembiso sokulalela nokusekela imithetho yalelozwe nokuthatha nokubhalisela ukwethembeka. Lemfuneko engokomthetho ibonisa isibopho somfaki-sicelo ezweni lakhe elisha nokwamukela imithwalo yemfanelo yobuzwe. Amagama aqondile ezifungo ayahlukahluka, kodwa ahlanganisa izifungo zokusekela umthetho-sisekelo, ukulalela imithetho, futhi kwezinye izimo, ukuvikela isizwe.
Inqubo Yokuzivuselela
Lenqubo ngokuvamile ihlanganisa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abafaka isicelo bahlangabezana nazo zonke izimfuneko zokungaphelelwa yikhono ngaphambi kokufaka isicelo sabo, beqinisekisa inkathi yabo yokuhlala okungokomthetho okungokomthetho nokuba khona ngokomzimba ezweni, futhi beqeda nokufaka phansi amafomu okufaka isicelo afanelekile kanye nezincwadi ezisekelayo nezidinga izindleko.
Amazwe amaningi adinga ukuqoqwa kokwaziswa okuphathelene nesayensi yesayensi yezinto eziphilayo, kuhlanganise neminwe nezithombe, njengengxenye yokuhlola ukuvikelwa kwezindawo.
Ngemva kokufaka isicelo, abafaka izikhankaso bavame ukuxoxa nezikhulu zezokufuduka. Phakathi nale ngxoxo, izikhulu zihlola ukwaziswa okunikezwayo, zihlola ulimi, futhi zifaka izivivinyo zomphakathi. Le ngxoxo inikeza izikhulu ithuba lokuhlola ukuthi abafaki bezicelo baye bahlangana ngempela yini nomphakathi futhi baqonda imithwalo yabo yesikhathi esizayo njengezakhamuzi.
Uma bevunyelwa, abafaka isicelo bahlanganyela emkhosini wokuqamba imvelo lapho befunga khona ukwethembeka futhi bathola isitifiketi sobuzwe babo.
Ukuhlukahluka Kwezimfuneko Zokwenziwa Kwemvelo
Amazwe ahluke kakhulu ekusebenziseni ngokuphawulekayo izimfuneko zemvelo. Izizwe ezinjengeSwitzerland, iAustria, neQatar zaziwa ngezimfuneko ezinde zokuhlala, ifuna ukuhlolwa kokuhlanganisa, nokubukezwa okuqinile kobudlelwane bempucuko nomphakathi. Uhlelo lungathatha iminyaka eminingi, ngisho nangemva kokuhlangabezana nezindinganiso zokuzivumelanisa.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amanye amazwe athathe izindlela ezifinyeleleka kakhulu. iPortugal ne-Ireland yaziwa ngezindlela zokuhlala ezimfushane. Lokhu kungafani kubonisa izinto eziza kuqala mayelana nokufuduka, ukuhlangana, kanye nokubaluleka okubekwa ekwandeni kwezakhamuzi.
Ukuba Izakhamuzi Ngomshado
Amazwe amaningi anikeza abantu abashade nezakhamuzi izindlela zokuthola izakhamuzi, lokhu kuqaphela izibopho zomkhaya ezihlanganisa abantu nesizwe futhi zisize ukuba babe nobunye emkhayeni.
E-Ireland, kumelwe ushade okungenani iminyaka emithathu futhi usuqalile "indawo yokuhlala esemthethweni", okusho ukuthi kumelwe uhlale kulelizwe izinsuku ezingu-35 ngonyaka ngaphambi kokuba uhlanganise neminyaka emibili engaphambili. E-Italy, kumelwe ube nendawo yokuhlala engokomthetho iminyaka emibili (noma iminyaka emithathu uma wena noshade naye nihlala ezweni elihlukile).
Lezi zindlela ezisekelwe emshadweni zidinga izikhathi ezimfushane zokuhlala kunezinto ezingokwemvelo kodwa zisafuna ubufakazi bobuhlobo bomshado bangempela nokuhlangana komphakathi. Amazwe asebenzisa izixwayiso ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nezingxoxo, izimfuneko zokubhala, kanye nezinkathi zokulinda, ukuze aqinisekise imishado ukuthi iyiqiniso.
Ukuba Izakhamuzi Ngokutshala Imali
Inqubo ethandwayo yokuba isakhamuzi ihilela ukunikela kakhulu ngokwezimali ezweni ngezinhlelo zokutshala imali.
Amazwe amaningana ase-Caribbean asebenzisa izinhlelo ze-CBI ezimiswe kahle. U-St. Kitsis no-Nevis banikeza izakhamuzi ngokukhetha ukuvota okuvumelekile, ngokuvamile okuhlelwa phakathi nezinyanga ezimbalwa. I-Dominica inikeza indlela ye-CBI ehlelwe kahle kanye nokufakwa komkhaya. i-Antigua ne-Barbuda ivumela abatshali ukuba bahlanganise abathembele kuleyo echazwe kahle.
Nakuba abasekeli bephikisana, bakhanga inhloko - dolobha yakwamanye amazwe futhi bakhuthaza ukukhula kwezomnotho. Abagxeki baphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngezingozi zokulondeka nokuvuselelwa kwezakhamuzi.
Izinhlelo zezenhlalo ezisekelwe ekubekeni imali ngokwemvelo zihlukile kakhulu ekufunyanisweni kwemvelo ngoba zibeka iqhaza elingokomnotho endaweni yokuhlala isikhathi eside nokuhlangana kwempucuko. Ezimweni eziningi, akudingeki ukuba umuntu ahlale isikhathi eside. Lokhu kwenza abantu abacebile bakhange ukuze bathole inzuzo eyengeziwe yezebhizinisi, ukuthatha uhambo, noma ukulondeka.
Ukuba Izakhamuzi Ezihlukahlukene Neziningi
Umqondo wobuzwe obubili usho ukuthi umuntu ungowesizwe samazwe amabili ngesikhathi esisodwa. Izwe ngalinye linemithetho yalo esekelwe enkambisweni yalo. Ukwamukelwa kwezakhamuzi ezimbili kuye kwakhula kakhulu emashumini eminyaka amuva, nakuba imithetho ihluka kakhulu.
Umthetho wase - United States awudingi ukuba isakhamuzi sase - United States sikhethe phakathi kwezakhamuzi zase - United States nesinye isizwe (noma izizwe).
Nokho, amanye amazwe agcina imithetho eqinile. Abantu abangokwemvelo njengezakhamuzi zaseSpain ngokuvamile kumelwe balahle ubuzwe babo bangaphambili, njengoba umthetho waseSpain uvimbela ukuba ube isakhamuzi sabantu abaningi.
IJalimane muva nje ivule indlela yayo. i-Act on the Modernization of Citizelity Law eyaqala ukusebenza ngo-2024 yenza ukuba kube nezakhamuzi eziningi. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthambekela okukhulu kokwamukela izakhamuzi ezimbili njengoba ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kwandisa izibopho zomphakathi womhlaba wonke kanye nemingcele yomphakathi.
Ngokwesibonelo, ingane ezalwa kwelinye izwe kubazali bezwe lase-U.S. ingaba yizwe lase-U.S. futhi ibe isizwe sezwe elizalwayo. Noma, umuntu ozalwa enohlanga olulodwa angase abe ngokwemvelo esikhathini esizayo kwelinye izwe futhi abe yingxenye yesizwe.
Amalungelo Nezibopho Zezakhamuzi Ezibophayo
Izizwe ezimbili zase-U.S. zikweleta ukwethembeka kokubili eUnited States nakwamanye amazwe (noma amazwe, uma zingamazwe angaphezu kwawo). Kudingeka ukuba zilalele imithetho yawo womabili amazwe, futhi noma yiliphi izwe linelungelo lokuphoqelela imithetho yalo. Lokhu kungadala izimo eziyinkimbinkimbi lapho izibopho zingqubuzana khona.
Izakhamuzi ezizimele zijabulela amalungelo anwetshiwe, kuhlanganise nekhono lokuphila, umsebenzi, nokuhamba ngokukhululekile emazweni amaningi. Zingase zivote okhethweni nezinkonzo zomphakathi kuwo womabili amazwe. Nokho, zibhekene nezinkinga ezingase zivele, njengentela embaxambili, izibopho zenkonzo yezempi emazweni amaningi, kanye nokulinganiselwa ekuvikeleni kwezokuxhumana lapho zisezweni lolunye uhlanga lwazo.
Izindlela Ezikhethekile Nezindlela Ezihlukile
Ngalé kwezindlela eziyinhloko zokuzalwa, ukwehla, ukuzala, nokushada, izimo ezihlukahlukene ezikhethekile zingaholela ekubeni nezakhamuzi.
Ukuba Izakhamuzi Kubantu Abangenahulumeni
Umthetho wezwe lonke uyaqaphela ukuchayeka kwabantu abangenazwe, [1] labo abangenasizwe. Cishe amaphesenti angu-60 awo wonke amazwe emhlabeni wonke anesimiso esilinganiselwe sobujusi esihlanganisa ukuba yizakhamuzi ezingakufanelekeli ukuba yizakhamuzi kunoma yiliphi elinye izwe. Lokhu kusiza ekufezeni izibopho zemihlangano yezizwe zonke eklanyelwe ukunciphisa ukungabi nambuso.
Ukutholwa
Amanye amazwe anikeza izingane izakhamuzi ilungelo lokutholwa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, kanti amanye adinga ukuba zithathe imvume yokuthola izingane zokutholwa, kuyilapho amanye efuna ukuba kube khona inqubo ehlukile yokuthola izingane zokutholwa.
Inkonzo Yezempi
Amanye amazwe anikeza inzuzo engokwemvelo kubantu abangabuthiwe abakhonza emabuthweni abo ahlomile. Lokhu kuqaphela umnikelo okhethekile nokwethembeka okuboniswa ngenkonzo yezempi. Ngokwesibonelo, i-United States, inelungiselelo elivumela amalungu athile empi ukuba azenze ngemvelo ngokushesha futhi ngezimfuneko ezinciphileyo.
Iminikelo Eyingqayizivele
Ngezinye izikhathi, amazwe anikeza izakhamuzi eziye zaba nengxenye ephawulekayo emasimini anjengemidlalo, ezobuciko, isayensi, noma ibhizinisi.
Ukulahlekelwa Nokubuyiselwa Kwezakhamuzi
Njengoba nje izakhamuzi zingatholakala ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, zingalahleka noma zilahlwe ngokuzithandela.
Ukubuyisela Ngokuzithandela
Izakhamuzi zingakhetha ukulahla ubuzwe bazo ngenxa yezizathu ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nokugwema izingxabano ezihlukene zezakhamuzi, ukunciphisa izibopho zentela, noma njengemfuneko yokuzuza olunye uhlanga. Ukubuyiselwa ngokuvamile kudinga inqubo ehleliwe, kuhlanganise nokuvela phambi kwezikhulu eziphethe kanye nezimemezelo zokusayina. Amanye amazwe afaka izimali noma afune abantu ukuba balungise izibopho zentela ngaphambi kokuba bavumele ukukhokhelwa.
Ukulahlekelwa Ngokuzenzakalelayo
Izakhamuzi zingalahlekelwa ngokunganaki ezimweni ezithile. Amanye amazwe avele aphuce izakhamuzi ngokwemvelo uma abantu beyinqabela kwenye indawo, ikakhulukazi uma benqabela ukuba nezakhamuzi ezimbili. Ezinye izizathu zokuhoxa zingahlanganisa ukujoyina iqembu elivukelayo ngemva nje kokubekwa kwemvelo (ukuqinisekisa ukuthi isifungo sokwethembeka sathathwa ngokukhohlisa), ukudedelwa ngokungenanhlonipho enkonzweni yezempi ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, noma ukwenqaba ukufakazela phambi kweSishaya- sisekelo ngokuhileleka emisebenzini evukelayo. Inqubo yokususa isakhamuzi ingahlanganisa ukumangalela okungokomthetho lapho uhulumeni kumelwe ulwele icala lakhe, futhi umuntu ngamunye unelungelo lokuzivikela. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuthi izinga lokusekela kokwenza imvelo imvelo ihlelwe ngokungenakuphikiswa liphakeme, futhi lenqubo ihlanganisa ukuvikela okuphawulekayo kwezemthetho kwezakhamuzi.
Uma iziphathimandla zithola ukuthi umuntu uthola izakhamuzi ngokuqanjwa kabi noma ngokucasha amaqiniso, zingaqala ukuguqula imvelo. Lokhu kugcizelela ukubaluleka kokwethembeka nokunemba kuyo yonke inqubo yokusebenza kwezakhamuzi.
Amalungelo Nemithwalo Yemfanelo Yobusakhazi
Ukuqonda lokhu kulinganisela kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuba isakhamuzi.
Amalungelo Ezombangazwe
Izakhamuzi zijabulela amalungelo ayisisekelo ezombangazwe awahlukanisayo nezakhamuzi ezingazifuni. Ilungelo lokuvota kukhetho lwesizwe livumela izakhamuzi ukuba zihlanganyele ekukhetheni uhulumeni wazo futhi zithonye isimiso. Ilungelo lokuba nehhovisi lomphakathi lisiza izakhamuzi ukuba zisebenze ezikhundleni zikahulumeni, kusukela emikhandlwini yendawo kuya ezindlu zomthetho wezwe nasezikhundleni zezikhulu. La malungelo ezombangazwe akha umsuka wezembutho yentando yeningi futhi avumela ukuba zihlanganyele ngokunenjongo ekuphileni komphakathi.
Isivikelo Nokulondeka
Ukuvikelwa ekudingisweni kunikeza ukulondeka nokuthula kwengqondo, njengoba izakhamuzi zingenakususwa ezweni ngaphandle kwezimo ezingavamile kakhulu ezihilela ukukhwabanisa enqubweni yokuqashwa kwemvelo. Lokhu kuphambene nezakhamuzi ezihlala njalo, ezingase zibhekane nokudingiswa ngenxa yezinkolelo ezithile zobugebengu noma okunye ukwephulwa komthetho.
Izakhamuzi zithola isivikelo esingokoqobo lapho zikwamanye amazwe.
Izinzuzo Zezomnotho Nezenhlalo
Amathuba omsebenzi anwebeka ngokuba isakhamuzi, njengoba ezinye izikhundla zikahulumeni kanye nokulondeka kutholakala kuphela ezakhamuzini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abanye abaqashi bakhetha noma bafune ukuba nezakhamuzi ngenxa yezindima ezithile. Izakhamuzi zingathola futhi izinzuzo ezithile zezenhlalo nezinhlelo ezingekho kubantu abangezona ezezingeni.
Ukuvumelana nohambo kwanda ngokuphawulekayo, njengoba izakhamuzi zingathola amapassport avumela ukungena ngemvume ngaphandle kwemvume noma ngokwenza lula emazweni amaningi. Amandla e-passport yezwe lonke (ngokulinganiswa inani lamazwe aphethe amabhusayithi) angangena ngaphandle kwemvume yokuhamba (amabhayisekili) ngokuphawulekayo, okwenza ukuba ukuba izakhamuzi zamazwe athile zibe yigugu kakhulu ekuqhubekeni kwezizwe ngezizwe.
Ukuhlanganiswa Komkhaya
Izinketho zokuhlanganisa umkhaya zivame ukuba zikhulu kakhulu ezakhamuzini kunezakhamuzi ezihlala njalo. Izakhamuzi zingaxhasa izihlobo eziningi ukuze zithuthele kwamanye amazwe futhi ngokuvamile zibhekene nezikhathi ezimfushane zokulinda amamvume okuthola imvume yomkhaya. Lokhu kwenza ukuba ukuba isakhamuzi sibaluleke kakhulu kubantu abafuna ukuletha amalungu omkhaya ukuba ahlanganyele nawo.
Imithwalo Yemfanelo Eyisibopho
Izakhamuzi zinemithwalo yemfanelo ebalulekile. Izakhamuzi zinemithwalo yemfanelo, kuhlanganise nokunamathela emithethweni yezwe futhi, ezimweni eziningi, isibopho sokwenza imisebenzi yomphakathi njengenkonzo yamajaji. Izibopho zentela zisebenza ezakhamuzini kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zihlalaphi, nakuba imithetho ethile ihluka ngokwezwe. Ezinye izizwe zidinga inkonzo yezempi ezakhamuzini, njengesibopho esibophekile noma ngezikhathi zezimo eziphuthumayo zesizwe.
Ngaphandle kwezibopho ezingokomthetho, ukuba umfokazi kusho umthwalo wemfanelo wokuziphatha wokunikela emphakathini, ukuhlanganyela ekuphileni komphakathi, nokusekela izindinganiso zentando yeningi.
Izici Ezishukumisa Izinqumo Zemvelo
Ukuqonda lezi zici kusenza siqonde indlela imvelo eyenzeka ngayo nethonya layo.
Izwe Lemvelaphi
Abafuduki abavela emazweni anezimiso zezombangazwe ezingasasebenzi kakhulu ngokwentando yeningi noma ezicindezela kakhulu bathambekele kakhulu ekudalweni kunalabo abavela emazweni aphansi kakhulu. Abantu abazalwa kwamanye amazwe bahlanganisa iVietnam, iPhilippines, neRussia bonke banamazinga emvelo adlula ku 70%. Amazwe anabafuduki ababonisa izilinganiso eziphakeme zemvelo ezibonakala ngokwesilinganiso sebanga elikhulu lezwe ukusuka e-United States, zingabi nesimiso sentando yeningi noma ngaphezulu kokucindezela kwezombangazwe, kanye nezingozi zezesayensi yezwe nezinhlekelele eziqala ukugeleza kwababaleki nakuwo.
Abafuduki abavela emazweni aseduze bangase bazenze abantu abancane ngoba bangakwazi ukulondoloza ukuxhumana namazwe akubo futhi bangase bahlele ukubuyela ekugcineni.
Ukuhlala Ngobunye Kwezakhamuzi
Ukutholakala kwezakhamuzi ezimbili kuhlobene nokuzisebenzela ngokwemvelo kwamanye amaqembu, ikakhulukazi lawo aseLatin America. Izazi zicabanga ukuthi ukuba izakhamuzi ezimbili kunganciphisa izithiyo ekuzibekeleni ngokwemvelo ngoba kuvumela abantu ukuba babe izakhamuzi zase-U.S. ngaphandle kokudela amalungelo abo emazweni abo okudabuka. Uma abantu kumelwe balahle ilungelo labo lokuqala lokuba yizakhamuzi, bangase bangabangenzeli ngokwemvelo, ikakhulukazi uma ukwenza kanjalo kungabangela ukuba impahla ibe yimfuyo, amalungelo efa, noma ukuhlobana nemikhaya yabo ezweni lakubo.
Ukucabangela Izomnotho
Abanye baphikisa, futhi ukucwaninga okungokwemvelo kuye kwabonisa, ukuthi izindleko zamuva zokukhokha izakhiwo zivimbela ukufakwa kwemvelo kwe-LPRs.USCIS, inkampani ekhokhelwayo, incike kulenkokhelo ukuze ikhokhe izindleko zayo zokusebenza. I-USCIS ihlela izindleko zemvelo ezingaphansi kwezindleko ezigcwele zokunikeza izinkonzo ezingokwemvelo. Izindleko zokuzihlela, kuhlanganise nezindleko zokufaka isicelo, usizo olungokomthetho, nokulungisa izindleko, zingamelela isithiyo esikhulu kubantu abathola imali ephansi.
Abantu abanemfundo ephakeme namakhono anamandla olimi bakuthola kulula ukusebenzisa inqubo yokushintsha imvelo nokuphumelela ekuyihloleni.
Umphakathi Nezingosi Zomphakathi
Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi ukuhlala ezindaweni ezinemiphakathi yabafuduki eyisidala esekelwe esizinda esifanayo kungasiza ekutholeni ukwaziswa okungokwemvelo, ukusekela, nesikhuthazo. Izinhlangano zomphakathi zivame ukunikeza amakilasi ezakhamuzi, usizo, nokusekela kokuziphatha okusiza abantu ukuba bakwazi ukuqondisa le nqubo ngokuphumelelayo.
Izimpikiswano Nemikhuba Engokwezinqubo
Ukuqonda izimo zamanje nezimpikiswano kunikeza umongo wokwanelisa umthetho wezakhamuzi.
Imingcele Ngokuzalwa Ngokufanele Kwendawo
Kusukela ekuqaleni konyaka ka-1980 (nomthetho we-British Nationality Act ka 1981), amazwe athuthukile aye alinganisela ilungelo le-jus soli (futhi futhi amajas jaguwiini, njengoba kwenzeka ngomthetho wesizwe sase-Italy ngo-2025) esabela ekunqandeni ukucindezela kwezombangazwe okungalawuleki nokuvimbela ukufuduka kwezomnotho ezindaweni ezazingathuthuki. Lokhu kubonisa ukukhathazeka ngokulawulwa kwezakhamuzi, ukubizwa kwesizwe, nokusetshenziswa kabi kwesizwe okucatshangelwayo "izivakashi ezizalwayo"""
Izimpikiswano ziyaqhubeka ngokuthi ubuzibulo kufanele bulondolozwe, buvinjelwe, noma buqedwe emazweni ahlukahlukene. Abasekeli baphikisa ukuthi bukhuthaza ukuhlangana, buvimbela ukungabi nambuyamo, futhi buveza izindinganiso ezihlukene zesizwe. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi kubangela izisusa zokufuduka okungekho emthethweni futhi kuvumela abantu abangenaso isoshana nezwe ukuba bafune ukuba yisizwe.
Izimfuneko Zokungena
Amazwe amaningi aye aqinisa izimfuneko zokuhlobana kwemvelo, kuhlanganise nokuhlola ulimi okunzima, ukuhlola komphakathi nokuhlaziya ulwazi lwempucuko.
Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi izimfuneko ezifuna ngokweqile zibangela izithiyo ezingadingekile futhi zingase zicasukele kulabo abacela izicelo noma labo abavela ezizindeni ezingefani.
Ukuba Izakhamuzi Ngokutshala Imali
Izakhamuzi ngezinhlelo zokutshala imali ziye zabangela impikiswano enkulu. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi bafaka imvume yokuba isakhamuzi, badala izingozi zokulondeka ngokuvumela abantu abacebile bagweme izinqubo ezivamile zokuziphindisela, futhi balulaze isimiso sokuthi ukuba isakhamuzi kufanele sibonise ukuxhumana kwangempela nezwe. I-European Union iye yacindezela amazwe angamalungu ukuba aqede izinhlelo ezinjalo, iveza ukukhathazeka ngemali yokuthumba nokuphepha.
Abavikeli bancintisana nalezi zinhlelo zikhanga izimali eziyigugu, zikha imisebenzi futhi zinikeza abathengisi bembulunga yonke nabatshali bezimali izindlela ezingokomthetho.
Ukungena nokulingana
Ukusekela imfundo yesiNgisi nokuzuza imfundo yezakhamuzi ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezimfuneko ezingokomthetho zokuthuthukisa imvelo kungenye indawo ethakazelisayo.
Amanye amazwe aye asebenzisa izinhlelo zokuncishiswa kwemali, zokuphanga, noma zokulungiselela mahhala ukuze athole inqubo engokwemvelo.
Ukukhathalela Okuwusizo Kwabathandi Bomuzi
Abantu abacabangela ukuba isakhamuzi, kufanele bacabangele izinto eziningana eziwusizo.
Izimfuneko Zokucwaninga Ngokuphelele
Izimfuneko zokwakha ziyahlukahluka kakhulu emazweni futhi zingashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Abafaka izicelo kufanele bacwaninge ngokucophelela izimfuneko zamuva, kuhlanganise nezikhathi zokuhlala, izindinganiso zolimi, izidingo zobubhali, nenkokhelo. Amawebhusayithi kahulumeni angokomthetho neziphathimandla ezilawula ukufuduka zinikeza ukwaziswa okunegunya, nakuba ukuxhumana nabameli abavela kwamanye amazwe noma abameleli abagunyaziwe kungasiza ekuqondiseni izimo ezinzima.
Londoloza Umlando Onembile
Ukwenziwa kwemvelo kudinga ukubhalwa umlando wokuhlala, uhambo, umsebenzi, ukukhokhwa kwentela, nezinye izici zokuphila komfaki wesicelo. Ukugcina amarekhodi ahleliwe kusukela ekuqaleni kwesakhiwo esihlala njalo kwenza inqubo yokusebenza ibe eshelele kakhulu. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukugcina amakhophi emali yentela, izivumelwano zokuqasha, amarekhodi emisebenzi, kanye nemibhalo yazo zonke izinke izindawo zohambo lwezizwe zomhlaba.
Zilungiselele Uvivinyo
Ukuhlolwa kolimi nomphakathi kungaba yinselele, ikakhulukazi kubantu abanemfundo elinganiselwe noma labo abafunda ulimi olusha lapho sebekhulile. Imiphakathi eminingi inikeza amakilasi okulungiselela izakhamuzi ngesihle noma ngezindleko eziphansi. Ukusebenzisa le mithombo kuthuthukisa kakhulu amathuba empumelelo. Ukuhlola kanye nezincwadi zokutadisha kuvame ukutholakala kuyi-inthanethi noma ngezinhlangano zomphakathi.
Cabangela Ukudideka Kokuba Umnini - khaya
Ngaphambi kokuba baphishekele imvelo, abantu kufanele baqonde ukuthi iyobathinta kanjani izakhamuzi zabo zamanje.
Ukuqonda Isikhathi
Ukuzihlela akuvamile. Phakathi nezimfuneko zokuhlala ezikhona, ukulungiselela nokufaka izicelo, ukuphenya isizinda, ukuya emicimbini, nokuhlanganyela emikhosini, ngokuvamile kuthatha iminyaka. Ukuqonda isikhathi esingokoqobo kusiza abafaka izicelo ukuba bahlele ngokuvumelana nalokho futhi kugweme ukukhungatheka ngokulibala okungenakugwenywa.
Funa Isiqondiso Sochwepheshe Uma Kudingeka
Nakuba abantu abaningi bekwazi ukuzimela ngokuphumelelayo, izimo eziyinkimbinkimbi zingadinga usizo lochwepheshe abameleli abathola imvume yokuthola usizo bangasiza emacaleni ayinkimbinkimbi ahilela umlando wobugebengu, ukungahlali isikhathi eside, noma izimo ezingavamile.
Ikusasa Lokuba Izakhamuzi
Umthetho wezakhamuzi uyaqhubeka ushintsha ukuze kutholwe ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke, izingcindezi zokufuduka, ukukhathazeka ngokulondeka, nokushintsha kwemibono yesizwe.
Ukunyakaza kwezizwe zonke nokukhula kwemiphakathi ezweni lonke kubekela inselele imibono engokwesiko yobuhlalo ehlangene nezwe elilodwa. Abantu abaningi bagcina ukuhlobana okubalulekile namazwe amaningi ngemikhaya, umsebenzi, namasiko. Leliqiniso libangela ukwamukela izakhamuzi ezimbili nakabili, nakuba ukuphikiswa kusaqhubeka kwezinye izindawo.
Ubuchwepheshe buguqula indlela yokuba isakhamuzi esilawulwa ngayo futhi siqinisekiswe ngayo. Izimiso zokusichaza, i-biometric metary, kanye nezinqubo zokusebenza kwe-inthanethi kwenza ukulawulwa kwe-projekthi yesizwe kuphumelele kakhulu kuyilapho kukhushulelwa ukukhathazeka ngezindaba zomuntu siqu. Ukulinganisela phakathi kwenokulondeka, ukuphumelela, namalungelo abantu kuqhubeke kuguquka njengoba ubuchwepheshe buthuthuka.
Njengoba amazinga andayo olwandle esongela amazwe aseziqhingini nokuwohloka kwendawo ezungezile, umthetho wezizwe zonke kungase kudingeke ukuba wakhe izindlela ezintsha zokusingatha amalungelo ezakhamuzi zababaleki abahlala endaweni ezungezile nabantu abafudukayo abangenahulumeni.
Ingxabano phakathi kwezindlela zobuzwe ezihlanganisayo nezivimbelayo cishe izoqhubeka. Amanye amazwe azoqhubeka evumela ukuba izakhamuzi zikwazi ukudonsa iziphiwo zekhono, ukusingatha izinselele zomphakathi, nokuthuthukisa ukuhlangana. Ezinye ziyolondoloza noma ziqinise imingcele esabela ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe nasekukhathazekeni mayelana nobuzwe. Lezi zinqubo ezihlukene ziveza imibono ehlukene kakhulu yokuthi inzuzo iyini futhi obani okufanele bafinyelele kuyo.
Isiphetho
Ukuba isakhamuzi kumelela esinye sezikhundla ezingokomthetho eziwumphumela kakhulu ezingase zibambe umuntu, zinqume amalungelo ayisisekelo, amathuba, nezibopho. Izindlela zokuya ekwakheni izakhamuzini (ngoba kuvela ekuzalweni, ekuzalweni, ekuzalweni, ekuzalweni, emshadweni, noma ekutshaleni) okubonisa amasiko angokomthetho nezinhloso zezimiso ezihlukahlukene ezizweni.
Ukuqonda izimfuneko zobuhlalo kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukwakha ubuhlobo obuhlala njalo nezwe, ukuhlanganyela ngokugcwele ekuphileni komphakathi, noma ukulawula izinselele zokuhamba kwezizwe ngezindawo.
Njengoba ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kuqhubeka kushintsha indlela abantu abahamba ngayo futhi bexhunyiwe emhlabeni wonke, umthetho wezakhamuzi uzoqhubeka uxazulula inselele yabenzi bezimiso zokuthula ukuvumela ukulondeka okungokomthetho, ukuhlanganiswa, kanye nokuqashelwa kwezwe nesidingo sezimiso ezihlanganisa iminikelo eqaphela iminikelo yabafuduki neyokusiza ukuba umkhaya ube nobunye. Kubantu abasebenzisa lezi zimiso, abacwaninga ngokucophelela, abalungiselelayo, nababekezelayo kulokhu kubalulekile ukuze bafinyelele imigomo yabo yezakhamuzi ngokuphumelelayo.
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uhlola izindlela zakho zobuhlalo noma ufuna nje ukuqonda lesi sici esiyisisekelo sokuma okungokomthetho, ukuqaphela ukuhlukahluka kwemithetho yezakhamuzi nezimiso ezikuzo kunikeza ukuqonda okuwusizo ngendlela izizwe eziwachaza ngayo amalungu nezokuzihlanganisa ezweni eliya lihlangana.
Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngezimfuneko zezwe elithile, hlola amawebhusayithi kahulumeni osemthethweni okufuduka njengesiqondiso se- U.S. umninikhaya kanye ne-Immigration Services , I-Immugation, Refugees and Citizenshiship Canada, noma UK] Isiqondiso sobukhomamo bombuso [[. Le mithombo ethembekile inikeza ukwaziswa kwamanje ngokuphathelene nezinqubo, izimfuneko, kanye nokulungisa izikhathi zokuba nezakhamuzi emazweni abo.