Table of Contents

Inkululeko yokukhuluma ingenye yezinsika eziyisisekelo kakhulu zomphakathi wentando yeningi, futhi indima kahulumeni ekuvikeleni lelilungelo elibalulekile ayinakweqiswa. Ilungelo lokuchaza imibono nemibono ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa, ukuziphindisela noma isijeziso esivela kuhulumeni sakha isisekelo senkulumo evulekile, ukuhlanganyela kwezombangazwe, nenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Ukuqonda indlela ohulumeni abavikela ngayo, balawule, futhi balinganisele amalungelo okukhuluma akhululekile kubaluleke kakhulu kusona sonke isakhamuzi esizazisa izimiso zentando yeningi nenkululeko yomphakathi.

Ukuqonda Inkululeko Yokukhuluma: Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala soMthetho-sisekelo we-United States sivikela ilungelo lenkululeko yenkolo nenkululeko yokuveza ukungenela kukahulumeni. Sathathwa ngo-1791 njengengxenye yeSigqi Samalungelo, lesi sivumelwano simisa imingcele ecacile emandleni kahulumeni. UMkhandlu awuyikwenza mthetho ngokuphathelene nokumiswa kwenkolo, noma ukuvinjelwa kwayo; noma ukuvimbela inkululeko yokukhuluma, noma yokusakaza; noma ilungelo labantu lokuhlangana ngokuthula, nokunxusa uHulumeni ukuba alungise izikhalo.

Nakuba lenguquko ikhuluma ngokuqondile ngoMkhandlu, iNkantolo iye yachaza iSichibiyelo sokuqala njengesisebenza kuwo wonke uhulumeni wohulumeni ngisho nakuba sisebenza ngokucacile nje kuKhongolo, futhi iSimemezelo seSichibiyelo se - 14thi uClaus sivikela amalungelo eSichibiyelo sokuqala ekuphazanyisweni ohulumeni bezwe. Lokhu kusho ukuthi wonke amazinga kahulumeni ($federal, uhulumeni, nendawo) aboshwe yilezimiso zomthetho.

Lokho Izifebe Ezakuvikela Ekukhulumeni

Igama elithi "inkulumo" lihunyushwa kabanzi futhi lihlanganisa amazwi akhulunywayo nabhaliwe kanye nenkulumo engokomfanekiso (isib., lokho umuntu akugqoka, afunde, akwenze, aphikise, futhi aqhubeke). Lencazelo enkulu iqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zenkulumo zithola isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo, ukuphikisa kwezombangazwe kuya ekudwebeni.

Ngokuvamile, kusho ukuthi uhulumeni angase angagqunywa ejele, akhokhelwe, noma abeke isibopho somphakathi kubantu noma ezinhlanganweni ezisekelwe kulokho ezikushoyo noma ezikubhalayo, ngaphandle kwezimo ezingavamile.

Amandla alezi zivikelo aye ashintsha kakhulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Kusukela ngawo - 1920, iNkantolo Ephakeme yaqala ukufunda iSichibiyelo Sokuqala ngobubanzi, futhi lo mkhuba wanda kakhulu ngawo - 1960. Namuhla, isivikelo esingokomthetho esinikezwa yiSichibiyelo Sokuqala sinamandla kunanini ngaphambili emlandweni wethu.

Imithwalo Yemfanelo Kahulumeni Eyinhloko Ekuvikeleni Inkululeko Yokukhuluma

Ohulumeni banemithwalo yemfanelo eminingi lapho kuziwa ekuqinisekiseni inkululeko yokukhuluma yazo zonke izakhamuzi.

Ukusungula Imisebenzi Yokulwela Umthetho

Enye yezindima zikahulumeni ezibaluleke kakhulu ukwenza nokugcina izimiso ezibanzi ezichaza futhi zivikele amalungelo okukhuluma. Ngenxa yeSichibiyelo seMithetho seshumi nane, ilungelo leSichibiyelo Sokuqala somthetho-sisekelo lenkululeko yokukhuluma nenkululeko yokuhlakanipha liyasebenza futhi kohulumeni bendawo. Izinhlangano zikahulumeni nezikhulu zikahulumeni zinqatshelwe ukuqondisa noma ukuvimbela noma ukubeka inkulumo noma okunye okusekelwe ekuquketheni noma ekuboneni.

INkantolo Ephakeme ichaza izinga lesivikelo esinikezwa lamalungelo. Amashumi eminyaka encazelo yokwahlulela, izinkantolo ziye zasungula izindinganiso ezishintshashintshayo ezisizayo ekunqumeni ukuthi inkulumo ivikelwe nini nokuthi ibekwe nini ngokomthetho.

Ukuvimbela Ukuvinjelwa Kukahulumeni

Isibopho esiyisisekelo sikahulumeni siwukugwema ukucusumbula inkulumo esekelwe ekuqukethe noma embonweni wayo. Ukugxekwa kukahulumeni, ukunganeliseki kwezombangazwe, nokungavumelani nemiqondo engathandeki abantu abangase bayithole ingathandeki noma imelene nesimiso somphakathi cishe njalo kuvikelwa iSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Lokhu kuvikela kubalulekile ukuze kugcinwe isimiso sokubusa ngentando yeningi lapho izakhamuzi zingaphikisa ngokukhululekile khona inqubo yokukhuluma ngezindaba, ibekela igunya, futhi zisekele ushintsho.

Isibopho sikahulumeni sidlulela kuwo wonke amagatsha nezinhlangano zayo. INkantolo Ephakeme yacacisa ukuthi iSichibiyelo Sokuqala senkululeko yokukhuluma sisebenza kuwo wonke amagatsha, hhayi nje isishaya-mthetho, kanye nazo zonke izinhlangano zikahulumeni nganoma iliphi izinga (isifunda, indawo, njll.). Ngakho, iSichibiyelo sokuqala sivikela ilungelo lethu lokukhuluma ngokukhululekile ngokuvimbela isenzo sikahulumeni nganoma yiliphi izinga elivimbela inkululeko yokukhuluma.

Ukuvikela Ilungelo Lokwamukela Ukwaziswa

Inkululeko yokukhuluma ayihlanganisi ilungelo lokukhuluma kuphela kodwa nelungelo lokwamukela ukwaziswa. INkantolo Ephakeme yaqinisekisa ukuthi ilungelo lokwamukela ukwaziswa liyilungelo eliyisisekelo elivikelwe ngaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo we-U.S. lapho icabangela ukuthi ibhodi lesikole lendawo yawuphula yini uMthetho-sisekelo ngokususa izincwadi emtatsheni wesikole. Kulesosinqumo, iNkantolo Ephakeme yasekela ukuthi "ilungelo lokwamukela imiqondo liyimfanelo edingekile ekusebenziseni amalungelo akhe anengqondo enkulumo, ecindezelayo, nenkululeko yezombangazwe."

Lesi simiso sinezici ezibalulekile ezinhlanganweni zomphakathi njengemitapo yezincwadi nezikole, lapho izikhulu zikahulumeni kumelwe zilinganisele khona ngokucophelela imithwalo yazo yemfanelo yokuphatha nezibopho ezingokomthetho zokulondoloza ukutholakala kwemibono nokwaziswa okuhlukahlukene.

Ukulinganiselwa Okungokomthetho Ekukhulumeni Ngenkululeko

Uhulumeni unegunya elingokomthetho lokubekela imingcele izigaba ezithile zenkulumo ezingavikeleki ngaphandle kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Ukuqonda lokhu kulinganiselwa kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukulinganisela okubucayi phakathi kwenkululeko yomuntu nezithakazelo zomphakathi.

Izinhlobo Zenkulumo Engavikelwanga

INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqaphela ukuthi iSichibiyelo Sokuqala sivumela imingcele egxile ekukhulumeni okungena ezigabeni ezimbalwa ezilinganiselwe, kuhlanganise nezithombe ezingcolile zobulili, izingane, ukuhlambalaza, ukukhohlisa, ukuphambana, amazwi, ukulwa, ukusongela kweqiniso, nenkulumo okuyisisekelo ekuziphatheni kobugebengu.

Izinqumo zamuva zeNkantolo zibonisa ukungathandi ukuhlanganisa noma yiziphi izigaba ezintsha zenkulumo ngaphandle kokuthambekela ekuchazeni izigaba zenkulumo ezinezimpande ezithathe isikhathi eside ezimisiwe emthethweni weSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Lendlela yokwahlulela iqinisekisa ukuthi ukunqamuka kwenkulumo kuhlala kulinganiselwe futhi ukuthi i-project isekela ukuvikela inkulumo.

Ukushukumiseleka Esenzeni Esingenamthetho

Enye yezinga elibaluleke kakhulu ihlanganisa inkulumo eshukumisa umsebenzi ongekho emthethweni ngokushesha. EBrandenburg v.O.1969, lokhu kwancishiswa esindinganisweni esiqinile "sesenzo sokungabi namthetho", neNkantolo Ephakeme ihlehlisa ukuqashelwa kweqembu leKu Klux Klan "ukuhloba ubudlova ... njengendlela yokufeza inguquko yezombangazwe" ngoba amazwi abo emhlanganweni awazange abonise ukuthatha isinyathelo ngokushesha, noma injongo eseduze, ukwenza ubudlova.

Lendinganiso ibeka imingcele ephakeme kahulumeni. INkantolo Ephakeme yathi iSichibiyelo Sokuqala sivikela ukusekela ukusetshenziswa kwempoqo noma ukwephulwa komthetho "ngaphandle kokuba lapho ukubuswa okunjalo kuqondiswe khona ekuvuseleleni noma ekubangeleni isenzo sokungabi namthetho esisondelayo futhi ngokunokwenzeka kuvuselele ukukhuthaza noma ukwenza isenzo esinjalo" Ngamanye amazwi, uhulumeni angajezisa "ukumiswa' kokubekwa'enzeni isenzo sokungabi namthetho,' futhi ngokunokwenzeka enze kanjalo," kodwa angakwenqabela noma ajezise "umbuso owenqabela ukusetshenziswa kwezikhali noma ubudlova."

Ukuvukela Namazwi Amanga

Nakuba uhulumeni engaqondisa izinkulumo ezithile ezingamanga, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqaphela ukuthi imingcele yalokhu kukhishwa. Iqaphela ukuthi "amazwi athile amanga angenakugwenywa uma kuzovela imibono esobala nenamandla engxoxweni yasobala nangasese," iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yakwenqaba ukukhishwa okuphelele kweSichibiyelo sokuqala ngenxa yamazwi amanga.

Ngokuvamile, amanga avikelwe, ngaphandle kokuhlambalaza, ukukhwabanisa, ukukhangisa okungamanga, ukuqamba amanga nokuqamba amanga ngaphansi kukahulumeni ongokomthetho oqhubekayo. Ngisho namanga angamabomu ngohulumeni avikelwe ngokugcwele. Lokhu kuvikela kuqinisekisa ukuphikisana okuqinile kwezombangazwe futhi kuvimbela uhulumeni ekuxoxiseni abagxeki ngokusho ukuthi amazwi abo angamanga.

Uma kuziwa ekuhlanjalazweni, ezimweni lapho inkulumo ithinta isikhulu somphakathi noma isibalo, leliqembu elisho ukuthi lihlanjalazwa kumelwe libonise ukuthi isikhulumi sathatha isinyathelo “ngenzondo engokoqobo," okungukuthi, ulwazi lokuthi inkulumo yayinganakwa yiqiniso noma ukuqamba amanga. Lendinganiso ekhudlwana ivikela ukuphikisana okuqinile ngezibalo zomphakathi nangezindaba zomphakathi.

Ububi Nezithombe Ezingcolile Zezingane

Izithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezicatshangelwe kakhulu, eziveza ubulili obungcolile azivikelwe yiSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Nokho, incazelo yokungcoliswa incane futhi iqondile, idinga ukwaziswa okunengxenye ezintathu ekuhlolweni okusungulwe yiNkantolo Ephakeme. Ngokufanayo, izithombe noma amavidiyo ahilela izingane ezingokoqobo ezihileleke ekuziphatheni kobulili ayalahlwa, ngoba ukuvumela izinto ezinjalo ukuba zibangele ukuxhashazwa ngokobulili izingane ukuze zikhiqizwe izinto ezinjalo.

Indaba Ekhethekile Yokukhuluma Ngenzondo

Ngokungafani nezinye imibuso eminingi yentando yeningi, i-United States ayikuqapheli ukuhlukana okuvamile kwenkulumo yenzondo. E-United States, inkulumo yenzondo ithola isivikelo esiqinile ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala, esisekelwe embonweni wokuthi akuyona indima efanele kahulumeni ukuzama ukuvikela abantu emibonweni nasemibonweni abayithola ingathandeki, ingathandeki, noma ngisho icasuli kakhulu. Kunalokho, indima kahulumeni iwukuvikela inkululeko yabantu yokukhuluma ngokuzimisela ukuze bavumele ukubonakaliswa kombono ongathandeki nowokuphikisa futhi bakhuthaze impikiswano ebaluleke kakhulu ezindabeni zomphakathi ngisho nalapho inkulumo enjalo ecasulayo ibangela ukudabuka noma inzondo ebangela abanye ukuba bazizwe belusizi, intukuthelo, noma ukwesaba.

Ukusongela kwenzondo akunakwenziwa iSichibiyelo Sokuqala kanye nezinye izinsongo, futhi ukuchashazelwa kobuhlanga ngokomuntu siqu kungase kujeziswe kanye namanye amazwi okulwa. Kodwa inkulumo enjalo ingase ingajeziswa ngokukhethekile ngoba iwubandlululo, inzondo, noma imelene nenkolo ethile.

Imingcele Yesikhathi, Indawo, Neyomuntu

Ngaphandle kokukhetha okungacacile, uhulumeni angase abeke imingcele enengqondo yokuthi kunini, lapho kwenzeka khona, nendlela inkulumo eshiwo ngayo, uma lemingcele ihlangabezana nezindinganiso ezithile zomthetho - sisekelo.

Imithetho engathathi hlangothi yokuqukethwe

Uhulumeni ngokuvamile angalinganisela isikhathi, indawo, noma indlela yokukhuluma, uma imingcele ingahlobene nalokho inkulumo ekushoyo futhi ishiye abantu benezindlela ezanele zokuveza imibono yabo. Lemingcele kumelwe inganeliswe, okusho ukuthi abanakuyihlasela imibono ethile noma izihloko.

INkantolo yabekwa kuCox v. New Hampshire ukuthi ukuze kugcinwe ukuphepha komphakathi, imingcele ngesikhathi, indawo, nendlela yokukhuluma. Lemigoqo ivame ukuba ngokomthetho uma nje ingasekelwe ekwanelisekeni. Ngokwesibonelo, idolobha lingase lidinge imvume yokufaka imiboniso emikhulu ukuze lilawule izimoto futhi liqinisekise ukulondeka komphakathi, kodwa alikwazi ukuphika imvume esekelwe esigijimini sokubonisa.

Izindawo Zomphakathi Nempahla Kahulumeni

Izinga lenhlalayenza yokuvikela elitholakalayo lixhomeke ekutheni ivelaphi. Ukukhuluma emigwaqweni ekhuliswe uhulumeni nasepaki (ngokuvamile ebizwa ngokuthi "ama-fourmes angokwesiko") kuvikelekile ekucindezelweni uhulumeni njengaleyo esetshenziswayo esabelweni sesikhulumi. Le midlalo yomphakathi engokwesiko iye yatholakala ngokomlando ukuze kuqhutshwe imihlangano yasobala futhi kuphikwe izinkulumo, futhi uhulumeni ubhekene nokulinganiselwa okukhulu ekuvimbeleni inkulumo kulezindawo.

Nokho, uhulumeni unenani elikhulu, futhi unamandla angalinganiselwe, okulawula inkulumo esebenzisa impahla kahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, izisebenzi zikahulumeni zingaxoshwa ngenxa yokusho izinto eziphazamisa ukusebenza kahle komqashi. I-elementi, i-least, i-ace, nesikole esiphakeme kakhulu kungakhuliswa ngokusho izinto eziyingozi kakhulu ekuphazamiseni inqubo yemfundo noma ngokusebenzisa amanyala esikoleni.

Ukulinganisela Inkulumo Ekhululekile Ezinye Izithakazelo Ezingokwenhlalo

Enye yemithwalo yemfanelo kahulumeni eyinselele kakhulu iwukulinganisela ilungelo eliyisisekelo lokukhuluma ngokukhululekile nezinye izithakazelo ezingokomthetho zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise nokuphepha komphakathi, ukulondeka kwesizwe, namalungelo abanye.

Ukucatshangelwa Kokulondeka Kombuso

Ngisho noma ukulondeka kwesizwe kusengozini, uhulumeni ubhekene nemingcele ephawulekayo yomthetho-sisekelo. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yathi uhulumeni ngeke anqabe ukukhishwa kokwaziswa okuhlukanisayo ngomthetho-mthetho ngaphandle kokuba kungabonisa ukuthi ukunyatheliswa noma ukusakazwa kwalokho kwaziswa kuyokwenza ingozi esobala neyamanje yokulimala okukhulu ekulondekeni kwesizwe. Lendinganiso ephakeme ivikela uhulumeni ekusebenziseni ukulondeka kwezwe njengezaba zokucubungulwa kwezwe.

Ukuvimbela Ubudlova Lapho Uvikela Ukubonakaliswa

Uhulumeni kumelwe ahlukanise ngokucophelela phakathi kwenkulumo esekela ubudlova nenkulumo emane ibangele ukusabela kobudlova. Amazwi ezombangazwe acasula abanye futhi abavusele ubudlova avikelekile. Ngokwesibonelo, amalungelo omphakathi noma ababhikishi abamelene nokunqanda ukukhishwa kwemizwa angenakuthuliswa ngoba nje abadlulayo besabela ngobudlova enkulumweni yabo. Lesisimiso, ngezinye izikhathi esibizwa ngokuthi "itshe lika-heckler’s," sivimbela izibukeli ezinenzondo ekunqandeni inkulumo engathandeki ngokusongela ubudlova.

Umthwalo wemfanelo kahulumeni kulezi zimo uwukuvikela izikhulumi ebudloveni, hhayi ukuzithulisa. Lesibopho saqiniswa phakathi nomzabalazo wamalungelo abantu, lapho iNkantolo Ephakeme ibulala izinkolelo zokwephulwa kokuthula zabafundi abangaphezu kwekhulu ababeye e-South Carolina House, bebhikisha ngokuhlukanisa futhi bephethe izimpawu zemiyalezo enjengokuthi "Iphansi Ngesikhungo." iNkantolo yathi uhulumeni waseNingizimu Carolina ngeke ulwenqande ubugebengu "inkulumo yokuthula yemibono engathandeki.""""

Imithetho Yentengiselwano Yokukhuluma

Ukukhangisa ngomkhiqizo noma umsebenzi kuvikelwe ngokomthetho-mthetho, kodwa hhayi kakhulu njengaleyo enye inkulumo. Lokhu kuvikelwa kuncishisiwe kuvumela uhulumeni ukuba alawule ukukhangisa kwezentengiselwano, ikakhulukazi okungamanga noma okudukisayo. Inkulumo yezentengiselwano inendima eyingqayizivele njengenkululeko yokukhuluma. Nakuba kungekho abasekeli abaphelele, abasemthethweni bayiqaphela njengeyeyona isivikelo esilahlekile.

Uhulumeni angakwenqabela ukukhangisa okungamanga futhi adinge ukudalulwa okuthile kwezentengiselwano ngaphandle kokwephula iSichibiyelo Sokuqala.

Izenzo Zikahulumeni Zokukhuthaza Nokuvikela Inkululeko Yokukhuluma

Ngaphandle kokumisa isivikelo esingokomthetho, ohulumeni bathatha izinyathelo ezihlukahlukene zokuvuma ukuze bathuthukise futhi balondoloze inkululeko yokukhuluma emphakathini wonke.

Ukuvikela Izintatheli Nenkululeko Yemithombo Yezindaba

Izindaba ezikhululekile zisebenza njengendlela enzima yokuhlola amandla kahulumeni futhi zigcine izakhamuzi zinolwazi. Naphezu kokungaqondi okuthandwayo, ilungelo lenkululeko yezindaba eziqinisekiswe yiSichibiyelo Sokuqala alihlukile kakhulu elungelweni lenkululeko yokukhuluma. Ivumela umuntu ukuba akhulume ngokukhishwa nangokusakazwa.

Nakuba ingawaniki amalungu emithombo yezindaba amalungelo akhethekile noma amalungelo anganikezwanga abantu ngabanye, uhulumeni unomthwalo wemfanelo wokuqinisekisa ukuthi izintatheli zingafeza umsebenzi wazo obalulekile ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuziphindiselela noma ukucubungula.

Ukuhlola Nokukhuluma Ngezimali

Ohulumeni kumelwe baqaphele ngenkuthalo izinhlangano zabo siqu nezikhulu ukuze bavimbele ukucusumbulwa okungavumelani nemithetho. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukumiswa kwezindlela zobubonisi, ukuphenya izikhalo zokwephulwa kwamalungelo, nokuthatha isinyathelo sokulungisa lapho izikhulu ziphula igunya lazo. Izinhlelo zamuva zezimiso ziye zagcizelela ukubaluleka kokuvimbela ukucusumbulwa kukahulumeni, ngeziqondiso ezihloselwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi akukho mithombo kahulumeni esetshenziselwa ukuvimbela inkulumo.

Ukuthuthukisa Ukuqapha Komphakathi Nemfundo

Izakhamuzi ezifundile zibalulekile ekuvikeleni amalungelo okukhuluma. Ohulumeni bangathuthukisa ukuqonda izimiso zeSichibiyelo Sokuqala ngezinhlelo zokufundisa, imikhankaso yokwaziswa komphakathi, nangemfundo yomphakathi ezikoleni. Uma izakhamuzi ziqonda amalungelo azo nokubaluleka kokukhuluma ngokukhululekile, zihlonyiselwa kangcono ukusebenzisa lawo malungelo futhi ziwavikele ekungeneni ezimisweni.

ISichibiyelo sokuqala sivimbela izinhlangano zomphakathi ekuyekethiseni inkululeko yabantu yokuHlaziya ISichibiyelo sokuqala ngokumisa uhlelo oluchaza amalungelo nemithwalo yemfanelo egxekayo ngokuphathelene nenkululeko yokukhuluma nenkululeko yokukholelwa. ISichibiyelo sokuqala sivikela ilungelo lokusebenzisa leyonkululeko, futhi sikhuthaza ukuhlonipha ilungelo labanye lokwenza okufanayo.

Ukulungiselela Ukuthola Izindawo Zokungcebeleka Zomphakathi

Ohulumeni kumelwe balondoloze futhi banikeze umphakathi amathuba okukhuluma lapho izakhamuzi zingawasebenzisa khona amalungelo azo okukhuluma. Lokhu kuhlanganisa amapaki, amabala, nezinye izindawo zomphakathi eziye zasebenza ngokomlando njengezindawo zenkulumo yeningi nemihlangano.

Imibandela Ekhethekile: Abaqashi NabaFundi Bakahulumeni

Amanye amaqembu anamalungelo okukhuluma ahlukene kuye ngobuhlobo bawo nohulumeni, adala izinselele eziyingqayizivele zokulinganisela phakathi kwezidingo zezinhlangano.

Amalungelo Omsebenzi Womphakathi Wokukhuluma

Izikhulu zikahulumeni nezisebenzi zamalungelo okuHlakulela ISichibiyelo Sokuqala ahlukile kunalawo asebenza emkhakheni wabanye abantu.

Nokho, leligunya alilinganiselwe. uhulumeni ungase ubuze nokuthi izisebenzi zawo nezisebenzi ezingase zisebenze zifaneleka kanjani, kodwa kumelwe wenze kanjalo ngendlela engafaki engozini ngokungadingekile inkulumo namalungelo okuhlangana alabobantu. Izisebenzi zomphakathi zigcina isivikelo esibalulekile seSichibiyelo Sokuqala, ikakhulukazi lapho zikhuluma ngezindaba ezithinta umphakathi ngaphandle kwemisebenzi yazo engokomthetho.

Inkulumo Yabafundi Ezimisweni Zemfundo

Abafundi ezikoleni zomphakathi namayunivesithi bajabulela iziNguqulo Zokuqala, nakuba izinga lalezisivikelo lihluka ngokwemfundo nangomongo. Amayunivesithi omphakathi anjenge-Iowa State angaphansi kwemingcele engokomthetho ebekwe eSichibiyelweni Sokuqala, kokubili eMthethweni wombuso noma wezezimali, futhi angase angaphuli inkululeko yomuntu yokukhuluma.

Kusukela ezingeni leK-12, izikole zinegunya elikhulu lokulawula ukukhuluma kwabafundi, ikakhulukazi uma kuphazamisa indawo yemfundo. Nokho, abafundi abalahlekelwa amalungelo abo omthetho-sisekelo emnyango wesikole, futhi izikole kumelwe zilinganisele ngokucophelela umsebenzi wabo wemfundo namalungelo aphezulu abafundi.

Umbono Wezizwe Zonke Ngesivikelo Sikahulumeni Sokukhuluma

Nakuba lesi sihloko sigxila ngokuyinhloko e-United States, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ohulumeni emhlabeni wonke babheka inkululeko yokukhuluma ngendlela ehlukile. Inkululeko yokukhuluma iqashelwa njengelungelo lomuntu ngaphansi kwesihloko 19 se-Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Lokhu kuqaphela kwezizwe zonke kuveza inkululeko njengelungelo lomuntu eliyisisekelo ohulumeni okufanele balivikele.

Amazwe ahlukene alinganisela ukukhulumisa ngokumelene nezinye izindinganiso ezingafani. Amanye amazwe anemingcele yokukhuluma ngenzondo, imithetho eqinile yokuhlambalaza, noma imingcele emikhulu emazwini ezombangazwe kune-United States. Ukuqonda lokhu kushintsha kwezizwe zonke kusiza ukuba kukhanyele ohulumeni abakhethayo ekuhleleni izikhuselo zokukhuluma ezikhululekile kanye nezingahambi ezihilelekile ezindleleni ezihlukahlukene.

Amazwe amaningi entando yeningi anezivikelo ezingokomthetho noma ezingokomthetho zokuzikhulumela, izigebengu ezizimele ukuze ziqikelele lamalungelo, kanye nezinqubo zezakhamuzi zokubekela inselele ukucusumbulwa kukahulumeni. Izindikimba zamalungelo abantu zomhlaba wonke nazo zinendima ekuhloleni ukuvumelana kukahulumeni nezibopho zokukhuluma ngokukhululekile nokunikeza izimvume zokusingatha ukuphulwa.

Imingcele Yegunya Likahulumeni: Ukwehluka Kwamahlelo Okungasese

A critical aspect of understanding the government's role in protecting free speech is recognizing where that role ends. The First Amendment only prevents government restrictions on speech. It does not prevent restrictions on speech imposed by private individuals or businesses.

I-Facebook kanye nezinye imithombo yezokuxhumana zingalawula noma zibeke imingcele yenkulumo ezitejini zabo ngoba ziyizinhlangano ezizimele. Lo mehluko uyisisekelo somthetho weSichibiyelo sokuqala. Nakuba uhulumeni engakwazi ukucubungula inkulumo esekelwe embonweni, ezinkampanini, ezinhlanganweni, futhi abantu ngabanye bangalawula indlela yokukhuluma emapulatifomu nasempahleni yabo.

Lo mthetho usebenza nasenzweni sikahulumeni, futhi owaziwa njengesenzo sikahulumeni. Awunawo wonke amasenzo ezinhlangano ezizimele. Kodwa, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqopha umehluko omncane ukuze isebenzise lomthetho kubadlali abathile bomuntu siqu nezenzo ezivimbela lenkululeko. Lokhu kuvame ukuhlanganisa izinhlangano ezizimele ezenza imisebenzi kahulumeni engokwesiko noma zisebenzelane nezikhulu zikahulumeni.

Izinselele Zangesikhathi Esidlule Ekuvikeleni Inkululeko Yokukhuluma

Ubuchwepheshe banamuhla nezinhlangano ezithuthukisa umphakathi zibekela ohulumeni izinselele ezintsha ezifuna ukuvikela inkululeko yokukhuluma kuyilapho bekhuluma ngezinkinga ezizwakalayo eziphathelene nezinto eziyingozi, ukwaziswa okunganembile nokuhlukunyezwa kuyi - Internet.

Ukuxhumana Ngemishini Nemithombo Yezindaba

Nakuba ngokuvamile lezi ziteshi ziyizinhlangano ezizimele ezingalawulwa yiSichibiyelo Sokuqala, kuphakama imibuzo ephathelene nemithetho kahulumeni yalezi ziteshi nezinga izikhulu zikahulumeni ezingathonya ngalo izinqumo ezilinganiselayo ngaphandle kokwephula izimiso zomthetho - sisekelo.

Ohulumeni kumelwe basebenzise imibuzo eyinkimbinkimbi lapho ukuhileleka kwabo eziteji ezizimele kuwela emkhawulweni wokucusumbula okungavumelani nemithetho. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuhlola ukuthi ukucindezela kukahulumeni eziteshini ukuze kususwe okuqukethwe okuthile kuyisinyathelo sombuso esibangela ukucubungula kokuqala.

Ukungaqondi Nokungaqondi

Ukwanda kokwaziswa okungamanga, ikakhulukazi phakathi nokhetho nezimo eziphuthumayo zempilo yomphakathi, kuye kwabangela ukuba kuthathwe isinyathelo sikahulumeni.Nokho, iSichibiyelo Sokuqala siphoqelela igunya likahulumeni ukuba lilawule inkulumo engamanga. Njengoba kuxoxiwe ngaphambili, izinkulumo eziningi ezingamanga zithola isivikelo somthetho - sisekelo, ngaphandle nje kwezingozi ezithile ezinjengokukhwabanisa nokuhlamba.

Ohulumeni kumelwe bathole izindlela zokuthuthukisa ukwaziswa okuqondile kanye nokungaqondi kahle ngaphandle kokuphendukela ekuhloleni. Lokhu kungahlanganisa ukunikeza ukwaziswa okunembile ngezindlela ezingokomthetho, ukusekela imfundo yokufunda nokubhala, nokuqinisekisa ukubonakala kwezokuxhumana kuhulumeni, kuyilapho kuhlonipha umthetho owenqabela imingcele yenkulumo esekelwe kulokhu.

Ukuzama Imali Nenkulumo Yezombangazwe

INkantolo Ephakeme yathi izindleko zezombangazwe neminikelo kungu "intethelelo" ngokwencazelo yeSichibiyelo Sokuqala ngoba kuhloselwe ukuthuthukisa ukubonakaliswa kwezombangazwe ngabazolingela ezombangazwe nabanye. Lokhu kuqaphela kunemiphumela ephawulekayo yokuthi ohulumeni bangayilawula kanjani imali kwezombangazwe.

Umbango phakathi kokuvimbela ukonakala nokuvikela inkulumo yezombangazwe useyindaba ephuthumayo.

Ukuqondisa Nomthetho

Izinkantolo zinendima ebalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi ohulumeni bafeza izibopho zabo zokuvikela inkululeko yokukhuluma.

Ukucwaninga Okuqinile Ngemingcele Esekelwe Kulokhu

Njengoba imithetho esekelwe ekuqukethe ibeka izisulu zenkulumo esekelwe ekukhulumeni kwayo okungaqondakali, bayi-programme ngokungenangqondo futhi ingathethelelwa kuphela uma uhulumeni efakazela ukuthi ihlonyiselwe ukufeza izithakazelo zikahulumeni eziphoqelelayo. Umthetho wokukhuluma usekelwe ngokunenzuzo uma umthetho usebenza enkulumweni ethile ngenxa yesihloko esixoxweyo noma umqondo noma umyalezo oshiwoyo.

Uma izinkantolo zisebenzisa ukuhlolisisa, uhulumeni unomthwalo wokubonisa kokubili isithakazelo esishukumisayo nokuthi lo mthetho awubekelwe mingcele kangako ukuze kufinyelelwe leso sithakazelo.

Izincazelo Nezici Ezingaqondakali

INkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. ngokuvamile iye yazama ukuthola ukuthi iyini ngempela inkulumo evikelwe. Ngezinhlokwana zecala, izinkantolo zithuthukisa futhi zilungise izimiso ezilawula isivikelo sokukhuluma. Lenqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ivumela imfundiso engokomthetho-sisekelo ukuba ivumelane nezimo ezintsha kuyilapho ilondoloza ukwethembeka ezimisweni eziyisisekelo.

Izigcawu ezibonisa inkululeko yokukhuluma ziye zalolonga ukuqonda kwethu amalungelo okukhuluma, ekuvikeleni amazwi angokomfanekiso anjengefulege elishiswayo ukuze kumiswe izindinganiso zezimali zokuqondisa umkhankaso.

Imikhuba Emihle Kakhulu Yokuvikela Uhulumeni Ekukhulumeni Ngenkululeko Yokukhuluma

Ngokusekelwe ezimisweni zomthetho - sisekelo nasekwenzeni ikomiti yokwahlulela, kuba nemikhuba eminingana emihle kakhulu kohulumeni abafuna ukufeza izibopho zabo zokuvikela inkululeko yokukhuluma.

Ukuzilibazisa Ngenxa Yokukhuluma

Ohulumeni kufanele basebenze ngokukhetha okunamandla ekuvikeleni inkulumo, bavimbele inkulumo kuphela lapho igunyazwe ngokusobala yiziphakamiso ezimiswe kahle zomthetho-sisekelo. Uma kungatshazwa, izikhulu kufanele ziphambuke ohlangothini lokuvumela ukukhuluma kunokuba zikucindezele.

Kunokuba ahileleke ekucubungulisweni nasekucindezelweni ukuze athuthukise izindinganiso nezinkolelo zomuntu, uMahluleli weNkantolo ePhakeme uLouis Brandeis weluleka abantu abahlala e-United States ukuba baxazulule ukungaboni ngaso linye ngezindinganiso nangenkolelo ngokuphendukela "ekukhulumeni okwengeziwe, hhayi ekuphoqeleni ukuba kuthule." Lesi simiso kufanele siqondise isenzo sikahulumeni, sikhuthaze ukuphikisana kobuphikisi nenkulumo yomphakathi kunokuba sicubungulwe.

Umbono Wokungathathi - hlangothi

Lapho ohulumeni kumelwe balawule inkulumo, kufanele benze kanjalo ngendlela yombono ongathathi hlangothi. Imingcele esekelwe embonweni noma esigijimini sokukhuluma isolwa kakhulu futhi ibhekene nezinga eliphakeme kakhulu lokuhlola komthetho-mthetho. Ngisho nalapho beqondisa izigaba ezingavikelekile zenkulumo, ohulumeni abanakukhetha ngokusekelwe embonweni.

Ukusebenzisa I - barrow Toiler Nendlela Yokuvimbela Izilwane

Noma imiphi imingcele yenkulumo kufanele ilungiswe kancane ukuze kufinyelelwe izithakazelo ezingokomthetho zikahulumeni kusetshenziswa izindlela ezingekho ezivimbelayo.

Ukubona Kahle Nokulandisa

Izenzo zikahulumeni ezithinta inkulumo kufanele zibe sobala futhi zihlolwe umphakathi. Uma izikhulu zenza izinqumo ngemingcele yokukhuluma, kufanele zinikeze ukuthethelela okucacile futhi zivumele ukubukezwa komphakathi nokwahlulela. Izinqubo zokulandisa ziqinisekisa ukuthi amandla kahulumeni awasetshenziswa kabi ukuze kuthuliswe abagxeki noma kuncishiswe imibono engathandeki.

Ukuqeqeshelwa Nemfundo Izikhulu

Izikhulu zikahulumeni kuzo zonke izigaba kufanele ziqeqeshwe ngezimiso zeSichibiyelo Sokuqala nezibopho zazo zokuvikela inkululeko yokukhuluma. Ukuphulwa okuningi akuveli enkanyelweni elimazayo kodwa ekungaziqondini kahle izimfuneko zomthetho - sisekelo. Izinhlelo zemfundo ezigunyaza imingcele engekho emthethweni futhi zithuthukise isiko lokuhlonipha inkululeko ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni.

Indima Yomphakathi Wasemphakathini Nezinhlangano Zobufundisi

Nakuba uhulumeni enomthwalo wemfanelo oyinhloko wokuvikela amalungelo okukhuluma, izinhlangano zomphakathi zifeza indima ebalulekile yokusekela. Amaqembu anjenge - American Civil Liberties Union, i - Foundation for Individual Rights and Express, nezinhlangano ezihlukahlukene zenkululeko ephumayo zihlola izenzo zikahulumeni, zibekela imingcele engekho emthethweni, futhi zifundisa umphakathi ngezimiso zenkululeko yokukhuluma.

Lezinhlangano zisebenza njengezinhlangano eziqaphile, ziletha izinselele ezingokomthetho lapho ohulumeni bedlula emingceleni engokomthetho futhi besekela izimiso eziqinisa isivikelo sokukhuluma.

Izinkampani zochwepheshe zezintatheli, abameli, othisha, namanye amaqembu nazo zinikela ekuvikeleni ukubonakaliswa ngokukhululekile ngokuthuthukisa izindinganiso zokuziphatha, ukunikeza imithombo nokusekela amalungu abhekene nokucusumbulwa, nokusekela izimiso ezikhuthaza inkulumo ekhululekile.

Ukubheka Phambili: Ikusasa Lesivikelo Sokukhuluma

Njengoba umphakathi ushintsha futhi kuvela izinselele ezintsha, indima kahulumeni ekuvikeleni inkululeko yokukhuluma izoqhubeka ivumelane noshintsho oluningana. Izindlela kanye nezimpikiswano cishe ziyothinta intuthuko yesikhathi esizayo kulendawo.

Ukushintsha Kwezobuchwepheshe

Ubuchwepheshe obuhlanganisa izinto zokwenziwa njengokuhlakanipha okungokoqobo, kanye nezikhungo zokuxhumana ezihloniphekile ziyoveza imibuzo emisha mayelana nendlela izimiso zokukhuluma ezisebenza ngayo ezikhaleni zemishini. Ohulumeni kuyodingeka bathuthukise izisekelo zokuvikela ukubonakaliswa kwalezimo ezintsha kuyilapho bekhuluma ngokufanelekile ngokukhathazeka okulimazayo nangezindaba zomuntu siqu.

Ukugeleza Kolwazi Lwembulunga Yonke

I-Internet yenze inkulumo yaba yembulunga yonke ngempela, iphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nendlela ohulumeni abangawavikela ngayo amalungelo okukhuluma ezakhamuzi zabo uma iqukethe kudlula imingcele nezindawo ezihlukene. Ukubambisana nokubambisana kwezizwe zomhlaba wonke kungaba okubaluleke kakhulu ekusingatheni izindaba zokukhuluma ezibhekene nemingcele ehlukene kuyilapho kuhlonishwe izindlela zesizwe zokukhuluma ngokukhululekile.

Ukulinganisela Amalungelo Emiphakathini Ehlukahlukene

Njengoba imiphakathi ihlukahluka, ohulumeni babhekana nezinselele ekulinganiseni inkululeko yokukhuluma nezinye izindinganiso ezinjengesithunzi, ukulingana nokuhlanganiswa.

Izinyathelo Eziwusizo Zokuvikela Izakhamuzi Ngokukhuluma

Nakuba ohulumeni benomthwalo wemfanelo oyinhloko wokuvikela inkululeko yokukhuluma, izakhamuzi zinendima ebalulekile nasekulondolozeni leli lungelo eliyisisekelo.

Hlala Uwazi Ngamalungelo Akho

Ukuqonda amalungelo akho okuHlaziya kokuqala kuyisinyathelo sokuqala ekuwavikeleni. Izakhamuzi kufanele zizifundise ukuthi yikuphi okuvikelweyo, yikuphi ukulinganiselwa okukhona, nokuthi zingasabela kanjani lapho amalungelo azo ephulwa.

Sebenzisa Amalungelo Akho Ngobuwula

Ukusebenzisa amalungelo okukhuluma njalo kusiza ekulondolozeni isiko eliqinile lokukhuluma ngokukhululekile. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuhlanganyela enkulumweni yeningi, ukuya emihlanganweni yasobala, ukuhlanganyela nezikhulu ezikhethiwe, nokusebenzisa iziqu ezikhona ukuze kukhulunywe. Lapho izakhamuzi ziwasebenzisa ngenkuthalo amalungelo azo, ziqinisa ukubaluleka kokukhuluma ngokukhululekile futhi kwenze kube nzima kakhulu ngohulumeni ukuqeda lezi sivikelo.

Sekela ilungelo labanye lokukhuluma

Ukuvikela inkululeko yokukhuluma kusho ukuvikela amalungelo alabo eningavumelani nabo. Izakhamuzi kufanele zimelane nesilingo sokusekela ukucusumbula imibono eziyithola ingathandeki, ziqaphela ukuthi imingcele yanamuhla ekhuluma ngendlela engathandeki ingaba yimingcele yezokusasa ekhulumayo. Ukusekela izimiso zokukhuluma ngokukhululekile ngisho nalapho zivikela inkulumo ehlazisayo kuqinisa uhlelo oluhlanganisa wonke umuntu onelungelo lokuvikela amalungelo.

Yiba Nesibopho Sokulandisa Kuhulumeni

Izakhamuzi kufanele ziqaphele izenzo zikahulumeni ezithinta inkululeko yokukhuluma futhi zigcine izikhulu zinecala uma ziphula izimiso zomthetho. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuvota, ukuxhumana nabameleli abakhethiwe, ukusekela izinselele ezingokomthetho emithethweni engekho emthethweni, nokuhlanganyela ezinqubweni zomphakathi lapho ohulumeni beveza imithetho ehlobene nenkulumo.

Isiphetho: Ukuzinikela Okuqhubekayo Ekukhululekeni

Indima kahulumeni ekuqinisekiseni inkululeko yokukhuluma kubo bonke abantu igcwele futhi iyaqhubeka. Kudinga ukumisa isivikelo esisobala esingokomthetho, ukugwema ukucubungula, ukulinganisela ngokunakekela izithakazelo ezincintisanayo, nokuthuthukisa ngokuzikhandla indawo lapho inkululeko ingachuma khona. Ukunquma ukuthi yini futhi ayivikelwanga inkulumo kugcinelwe ezinkantolo zomthetho, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuqondisa kokwahlulela okuzimele kuvikela ekuphathweni uhulumeni.

Nakuba izinselele ziphikelela futhi kuvela izimpikiswano ezintsha ngokuqhubekayo, izimiso eziyisisekelo aziguquguquki: ohulumeni kumelwe bavikele ilungelo lokuveza imibono ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuziphindiselela, balondoloze ukungathathi hlangothi kombono kunoma yiziphi izimiso ezidingekile, futhi balondoloze izikhangiso eziqinile zenkulumo yasobala. Lezizimiso azizona nje izisekelo ezingokomthetho kodwa ziyisisekelo esidingekile sokuzilawula kwentando yeningi nenkululeko yomuntu siqu.

Isivikelo sokukhuluma ngokukhululekile sidinga ukuqapha kuzo zonke izigaba zomphakathi − izikhulu zikahulumeni ezihlonipha imingcele engokomthetho - sisekelo, abahluleli abaphoqelela leyomingcele, abasekeli bempikiswano yokuphulwa kwemithetho, nezakhamuzi ezisebenzisa futhi zivikele amalungelo azo.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe mayelana namalungelo enkululeko yokukhuluma nesivikelo, vakashela i- U.S. izinkantolo zezemfundo, Cornell Legin Information Institute of First Conformation , [[FLT:] iSikhungo soMthetho-sisekelo sesizwe] [[[[FLT]] , iNhlangano yeMelika yolwazi ngezehlulelo-Profecture [[[FLT]], ne-[FLT] Figractedment forforectal Rights ne-ographtion [FOLD]]. Lemisebe linikeza ulwazi olubanzi ngesivikelo somthetho, nesiqondiso esisemthethweni, nesiqondiso senkululeko yokusebenzisa iziyalezo.

Isivikelo senkululeko yokukhuluma asiyona inqubo eqhubekayo kodwa inqubo eqhubekayo edinga ukunakwa njalo, ukujwayela, nokuzibophezela. Njengoba kuphakama izinselele ezintsha futhi umphakathi ushintsha, ukubaluleka okuyisisekelo kwaleli lungelo akushintshiwe. Ngokuqonda indima kahulumeni ekuvikeleni inkululeko yokukhuluma nokuhlanganyela ngenkuthalo ekulondolozweni kwalenkululeko ebalulekile, singaqinisekisa ukuthi izizukulwane ezizayo zizuze umphakathi lapho amazwi ahlukahlukene ezwakala khona futhi impikiswano eqinile ingakhula khona.