Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Samandla Ombuso

Iziphathimandla zikahulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni eWashington, D.C. zivela ngokuqondile eMthethweni woMyalo wase-U.S., ibhukwana eliklanywe ngokucophelela ukuchaza nokulinganisela amandla esizwe. ISiphakamiso soMthetho-sisekelo Ibala amandla akhethekile anikezwa uMkhandlu (kuhlanganise amandla okukhokha imali), zimemezela impi, zikhuphula amabutho, zilawula ezohwebo zezentengiselwano, futhi zimise amahhovisi eposi. La mibuso ehlelwa ukuba abekwe ukuba abe nobukhulu kodwa alinganiselwe; [[[FLT:] iSichibiyelo se-10] [[[FLT:] [[FLT]] ] [ig] i-oct, [i Alek] i-ose i-ose i-Clate, i-Classicsssssss, i-Exdiciell abeke imithetho yayo ehlelelwe ukuphatha imibuso noma imibuso engokomthetho engokomthetho engokomthetho ofanele ngenxa yemithwalo ukuze ifinyelele amakhulu amabili.

Umthetho ka Claus [u-Actle VI] uqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho yomthetho-sisekelo ne-guve yenziwa i-pursed iyi-“mthetho wezwe owedlulayo,” umisa noma yimiphi imithetho ephikisanayo. Lomusho uqinisekisa ukuthi uma uKhongolo lusebenza phakathi kwegunya lawo elingokomthetho, imithetho yalo ibopha isizwe sonke (kuhlanganise neSithilini saseColumbia., ndawonye, la malungiselelo omthetho-mthetho-mthetho wenziwa yisakhiwo esingokomthetho lapho wonke amandla ombuso esetshenziswa ku-D.C. phumula.

Ukwanda Okungokomlando Kwegunya Likahulumeni

Nakuba uhulumeni wokuqala wawumncane kakhulu, igunya lawo lakhula ngokuphawulekayo ngomthetho ophawulayo, ukulungisa komthetho-mthetho-mthetho, nezinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme. I-Civil War indiments `th, 14th, no 15 [igunya elinamandla elinamandla lokuphoqelela amalungelo omphakathi kanye nesivikelo esilinganayo. [[FLT:] 16.16th Imposiso ye-Refection (113]) yagunyaza intela kahulumeni, inikeza iWashington ithuluzi elinamandla lokukhokha inzuzo elizokwandiswa ngaphansi kwezinhlelo zikahulumeni.

Phakathi nenkathi ye-New Deal, iNkantolo Ephakeme yachaza iChomark Claus ngobubanzi. [[FLT]] Wickard v. Filburn (1942]]), iNkantolo yasekela ukuthi ngisho nomkhiqizo kakolweni wendawo osetshenziswa epulazini ungenziwa yiSishaya-Procence ngenxa yokuthi uthinte intengiselwano yezentengiselwano yezifundazwe. Lesi sibonelo savumela uhulumeni wezwe ukuba ulawule imisebenzi engenakulinganiswa, amandla aphambili eWashington. Kamuva, [[FLT:] Great Society izinhlelo zemfundo yomthetho ka-1960, ukuthuthukisa impilo, ukuthuthukisa indawo ezungezile. Imibuso ngayinye ekhuliswe enhloko yombuso emisha.

Amandla Agcinelwe IWashington Ngokukhethekile, D.C.

Ngenxa yokuthi i-Fourtrict of Columbia ayisona isifundazwe, uhulumeni kahulumeni unegunya phezu kwayo elihlukile ebuhlotsheni bayo nezifunda-zingu-50. Lemibuso isekelwe eSiphakamisweni I, i-Cate 8, Clause 17, esinikeza igunya elikhethekile lomthetho weSishaya-mthetho “ukususwa kukahulumeni wase-United States.” Lomthetho-sisekelo uyi-rock yokulawula isifunda futhi uhlanganisa izindawo eziningana eziqondile:

Ukubekwa Kwemithetho Nokubuswa Kwayo

UKhongolose unamandla okumisa imithetho esebenza ngokuqondile eSifundeni saseColumbia. Nakuba uMthetho we-Home Arle Act ka 1973 wanika i-D.C. i-Assorce igunya elithile lomthetho, iSishaya-Ngqungquthela sinelungelo lokubukeza nokugumbuqela noma imuphi umthetho wendawo phakathi nenkathi emisiwe (inqubo yokushaya”). Lokhu kusho ukuthi igunya lokugcina lomthetho wesifunda liseMnyango weNdlu neSishayamthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, iSishaya-Hulumeni siye sasebenzisa leli gunya ekuvimbeleni i-D.C. ekusebenziseni izimali zendawo ezinkonzo zokukhishwa kwezisulo kanye nokuvinjelwa ezithile zokulawula izibhamu.

Ukukhokha Intela

Uhulumeni ukhokha intela yeholo kuzo zonke izakhamuzi namabhizinisi eWashington, D.C. futhi, i-International Revenue Service (IRS) inikeza intela kahulumeni esifundeni njengakuso sonke isizwe. D.C. izakhamuzi zikhokha intela kahulumeni eningi kunabantu banoma isiphi isifunda, kodwa azinakho ukumelelwa kwentela eSivumelwaneni − isikhalo esiyinhloko empikiswano yombuso. Isifunda sincike ekukhokheleni kwaminyaka yonke (ngokusho ukuthi “imali ekhokhwasiwe yesigodi saseColimpiya”) ukukhokha intela ekhokhwa ngenkokhiswayo yentela ekhokhwa ekhonazwe likahulumeni wonke, kodwa asinakho ukukhokhwawa kwentela ekhona kanye nezindleko zokukhokhwawa kwesifundazwe sikahulumeni wezwe.

Ukuzivikela Kwezwe Nokulondeka

Umongameli, njengomphathi-nhloko, umisa amabutho empi ukuze avikele inhloko. I-Fourte of Columbia National Guard ihlukile: ngezikhathi zezimo eziphuthumayo, umongameli angayaleza ukuba i-D.C. umphathi-madura.. izinhlangano zokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho (i-appler[[[FLT:]]]] Inkonzo , [FLT]] [FLT]][FLY]][FLT]]][FLT]] [indlela-onke], [i-DC], [i-FFOLT] futhi ilawula i-FOLT].[FFOLT], [FFULT], futhi i-FUT], i-FUR.[10]

Izindaba Zakwamanye Amazwe

IWashington, D.C. iyisikhungo sesimiso sangaphandle se-U.S. uhulumeni uqhuba zonke izigijimi, uzwana nezivumelwano, izivumelwano zamazwe angaphandle, futhi uphatha izivumelwano zezizwe zonke . "zisekelwe enhloko- dolobha. I-Hulumeni, i-United Nations Mission, nezinye izinhlangano ezisebenzayo kusukela ku-D.C., futhi isifunda singaphansi kwezibopho zomhlaba wonke ezingase zithathe indawo yemithetho yendawo (umz., ukunqanda ukulawulwa kwezindaba). Uhulumeni ophethe okukhethekile kwezindaba zakwamanye amazwe kusho ukuthi u-D.C.

Ukubuyiselwa Kwezentengiselwano Ze - Interstate

Njengesihlalo somthetho kahulumeni wezentengiselwano, iWashington, D.C. ithinteka ngokuqondile yimithetho nezinhlangano ezifana ne Fateral Trade Commission (FFTC), ] Fidteral Commissions Commission (FC)[FLT] [FLT], [[FLT]]] ne ] ukuphuma kwezokuthutha [[FLTTLT:5]. Uhulumeni ulawula izimiso zokuthutha (ibanga, izikhumu, izikhumulo zezindiza) ezinqamula imingcele futhi zigele phakathi kwe-DC. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa yokuthi u-DC.C. akuwona amabhizinisi asebenza ngaphansi kwezwezwe-hulumeni esikhundleni somthetho.

Isimo Esiyingqayizivele Sesifunda SaseColumbia

I-Fource of Columbia inesici esiyisiko somthetho-mthetho. Asisona isifundazwe, futhi asinayo nevoti eSishaya-mthetho, kodwa izakhamuzi zayo zingaphansi kwayo yonke imithetho kahulumeni futhi zikhokha intela kahulumeni. 23rd Isimemezelo [ [1961]] [iSimende] [[FLT])) sinike uD.C. izakhamuzi ilungelo lokuvota kukhetho lomongameli futhi zabela izifunda ezintathu zamavotimentiyumentiyu, futhi zabela lelo nani njengenani elilingana nezwe elincane kakhulu, naphezu kwezwe eliningana (kuhlanganise i-Vermont neWyoming).

Ngaphansi komthetho we- we-Home Rule Act ka 1973, lesi sifunda sanikezwa isilinganiso esilinganiselwe sohulumeni, nomphathi-maya okhethiwe nomkhandlu onezingxenye eziyi-13. Nokho, uKhongolo lunamandla okungavumelani nomthetho wendawo phakathi nezinsuku ezingu-30 zomthetho wemithetho-mthetho. Lokhu kuye kwenzeka izikhathi eziningi, ngokuphawulekayo uma uMkhandlu wesizwe wenqatshelwa D.C. ekusebenziseni imali yendawo ezinkonzweni zokukhipha isisu, nalapho isithibendeze intela yendawo. Isifunda futhi asinakho ukumelela eSihlalweni seSishayamthetho futhi singenazo kuphela isihambeli sesifunda esingaseNdlungwini yezindawo ezithatha izihambe ezingamashumi amathathu.

Ukuqondisa Nokungezwani Nemibuso Yendawo

Umongameli umisa amajaji enkantolo yesifunda yesifunda sesifunda sesifunda sase-U.S. futhi i-Attorney yeSithili saseColumbia iqungatha amacala obugebengu endawo (ilungiselelo eliyingqayizivele elingatholakali kunoma yisiphi isifundazwe). Uhulumeni uphinde ulawule i-D.C. iNkantolo Ephakeme neNkantolo Yokudlulisa Amacala, eyingxenye yesimiso sikahulumeni senkantolo yezwe kunokuba idlulise inkantolo yezwe. Lokhu kusho ukuthi u-D.C. akasikho uhulumeni ozimele owenazo zokwahlulela ozibusayo.

Ukulawula uhlelo lokusetshenziswa kwemali kungomunye umboniso-sithombe. Umhlangano kumelwe uvumele uhlelo lokusetshenziswa kwemali lwaminyaka yonke, futhi ngokuvamile uhlanganisa abagibeli bemithetho − izimfuneko ezilinganisela indlela imali yendawo engasetshenziswa ngayo. Ngokwesibonelo, abagibeli baye bavimbela iD.C. ekusebenziseni intela yabo ukuxhasa izinhlelo zokushintshana kwezinaliti, ukusetshenziswa kwensangu yezokwelapha, futhi, okudume kakhulu, izinkonzo zokukhipha isisu. Laba bagibeli bafakwa naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi iD.C. isilinganiso esikhulu semali ekhoneni, ukukhuphula izindleko zobuhlanga nezobuningi, ukuhlanganisa i-democricial mayelana ne-ictivectiveity.

Ubulungisa Bobugebengu Nomthetho Ophoqelelwayo

Indima kahulumeni kahulumeni ku-D.C. i-D.U. i-D.U. i-Driver of Columbia iwukuphela kwegunya e-U.S. lapho uhulumeni wezwe ezimali ngokuqondile futhi engamele khona indikimba yamaphoyisa yendawo kanye nemithetho yezobugebengu yendawo imiswa yiKhomishane. Ngo-2023, iSishaya-mthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho owenqabela umthetho we-Oral Act ukuvimbela umthetho wendawo. Loluhlobo lwenhlangano yomthetho womthetho wezephulamthetho uqinisa umqondo wokuthi u-D.C.

Ukumelela Nokuphoqelela Umbuso

Impikiswano ehlala ikhona ezungeze iD.C. iwukungameleli kwayo ekuvoteni eKhongolo. Izakhamuzi “zikhokhela ngaphandle kokumelelwa” ngomqondo ongokoqobo: zikhokha intela kahulumeni yeholo, zikhonza kwezempi, futhi zingaphansi kwayo yonke imithetho kahulumeni, kodwa azinabo abasizi futhi azikho kuphela izithunywa ezingekho. Lendaba ibiyiphuzu elikhuthaza amalungelo omphakathi, ubulungisa bobuhlanga, kanye nabameleli bentando yeningi amashumi amaningi eminyaka.

Inhlangano yanamuhla yombuso yathola amandla ngeKhomishane ye-D.C. iKhomishane yesifunda (H. 51) nezindleko zezikhathi ezithile eSishaya-mthetho. Ngo-2021, iNdlu Yommeleli yadlula i-Shoppton [[FL:2], D.C.. Act [Flugict:3] (H. 51]), evuma isifunda njengezwe eligcwele i-Capitol, i-Whitence, i-National House, ne-National Mall. Umthetho wafa eGeneral ngenxa yokuphikiswa kwe-Digenbuster. Abasekeli baphikisa ukuthi ukungalungi komthetho kulungile: D. C., umphakathi ungaba u-Endlalomeswodwa kunamazwe amabili futhi u-Black, futhi ungaba u-Black, futhi ungaba umele ukukhomba izakhamuzi.

Imiphumela Engase Ibangelwe Umbuso

  • Isibonakaliso esigcwele se-Congress: D.C. kungazuza izinyunyana ezimbili nelungu elilodwa lokuvota eNdlu, kunikeza izakhamuzi zalo eziyizinkulungwane ezingamakhulu ayisikhombisa iphimbo emthethweni wesizwe.
  • Indawo ezungezile:[ Izwe elisha lingabhala eyalo umthetho-sisekelo, lilawule isimiso senkantolo, libeke izintela zendawo ngaphandle kwabagibeli bakahulumeni, futhi lilawule ubulungisa bobugebengu ngaphandle komthetho.
  • IRamications: Ukuhlanganisa ama-democratic commotic mayela nama-senator amabili cishe kungasusa ukulinganisela kweSigele, okuyisizathu esenza lendaba ihlale ihlukile kakhulu. Isichibiyeli se 23th sidinga ukubuyiselwa noma ukuguqulwa ukuze kugwenywe ukudideka namavoti amavoti amasha ombuso.
  • Impatho ye-economic:[ D.C. ngeke isamukela inkokhelo kahulumeni kodwa iyakuzuza ukulawula okugcwele kokusetshenziswa kwemali yayo; ingaphoqa futhi intela empahlani kahulumeni emingceleni yayo (amazwe amaningi kazwelonke angasala ekhululekile).

Intuthuko Yamuva Nendlela Engaphambili

Ngo-2024, D.C. i-D. iyaqhubeka iphikiswana. Ukuqondisa kwe-Biden kuye kwaveza ukusekela, kodwa iSigele u-Paribuster siseyisithiyo esikhulu. Abanye abameleli baye bagxila kwezinye izindlela, njengo-retrocessition (ukuvuselela D.C. noMaryland) noma ukunikeza u-D.C. amalungelo okuvota ngomthetho olula ovumela ukuba ummeleli avote eNdaweni. Nokho, umthetho womthetho ka-1978 u-ampement unika i-D.C. Umthetho wokwenza amagumbi wokwenza i-cconsocted wadlulisa womabili amagumbi kodwa wawa ufinyela ama-ratiation, uveza ukunyuka komqalo olunyuko.

Phakathi naleso sikhathi, uKhongolo-khampathi luye lwaqhubeka luyilawula ngokunamandla imithetho yendawo. Entwasahlobo 2024, kwavela impikiswano entsha mayelana nokuxhaswa kwemfundo ephakeme nezimiso zentela zendawo. Ukulawula okuqhubekayo kombuso ezindabeni zomphakathi kugcina le ndaba ikhona futhi kubhebhethekisa umzabalazo wombuso. Noma isiphi isinqumo sesikhathi eside sizodinga ukuxazulula kokubili ukuyinkimbinkimbi komthetho ngokomthetho kanye namaqiniso ezombangazwe kahulumeni ohlukene kakhulu.

Isiphetho

Imibuso egcinelwe iWashington, D.C. ngaphansi kukahulumeni kahulumeni ibanzi, isekelwe kuMthetho-sisekelo futhi yanwetshwa emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka e-mthetho nencazelo. Ukusukela ekukhokheleni intela nasekuvikeleni iziphathimandla kuphela esifundeni, ukuba khona kwe-D.C. kuhlela zonke izici zokuphila kwezakhamuzi zayo. Ukuntula ukumelelwa okugcwele eSikoleni sombuso kanye nosongo oluqhubekayo lwegunya likahulumeni owenziwe ngohulumeni ozimele kudala ukuma okuhlukile eMelika. Ukuqonda lamandla akubalulekile kubafundi be-U.S. uhulumeni kodwa nakunoma ubani okhathalela ukumelelwa kwentando yentando yeningi, uhulumeni, nenhloko-moslam. Njengoba izimpikiswano zezwe nenhloko-hulumeni ziqhubeka, ubuhlobo phakathi kweWashington, DC. nohulumeni kulokhu kusenempikiswano yomthetho we-bukhompulumeni yaseMelika nezombangazwe.

ukuze uqhubeke ufunda, bheka iSikhungo soMthetho-sisekelo sesizwe [ ku-Claus ofunekayo nofanele, U.S. ukucazululwa kwemibuso ye-othone ye-othone[, kanye ne-D.C.ibhusayithi yezwelo.[]