Amandla Ashintshayo Ehhovisi Lesibili

Iphini likamongameli wase-United States sekuyisikhathi eside liyindaba yamahlaya, ukungaqondi kahle, nokungalinganiseli. Emlandweni omkhulu waseMelika, kwalahlwa njengesiko ngemva kokucabanga (/isikhundla sokulinda kunokuba kuthathwe. Kodwa enkathini yanamuhla, ihhovisi liye laguqulwa kakhulu. Namuhla, umongameli usebenza njengesisekelo nje kuphela, kodwa njengomsizi obusayo, umklami wezomthetho, nomdlali oyinhloko onethonya elithinta cishe wonke amagatsha kahulumeni. Ukuqonda indima kamongameli kusho ukuhlola uMthetho-sisekelo, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwamandla empathile, kanye namaqiniso asebenzayo ngendlela leli hhovisi elisebenza ngayo kokubili phakathi kweWashington nangaphandle.

Lesi sihloko sihlola imisebenzi yomthetho - sisekelo, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo okungokomlando, imithwalo yemfanelo yanamuhla, nokubaluleka okukhulu kwephini likamongameli waseMelika ekubuseni nasemikhakheni yezizwe zonke.

IZisekelo Zomthetho-sisekelo: Imisebenzi Kamongameli Ongumsizi

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. umisa inxenye yemithwalo yemfanelo ecacile yesekela likamongameli. Lemisebenzi, nakuba ilinganiselwe, ibalulekile. Yakha isisekelo esingokomthetho sehhovisi futhi iye yahlala ingashintshi kakhulu kusukela esikhathini sokuqalisa, nakuba izinguquko ezalandela ziye zacacisa futhi zandisa izici ezithile zokulandelana nokukhubazeka.

Umongameli WeSigele Nesikhala Esiqhela Isibopho

Ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso I, Ingxenye 3, u-Claus 4, isekela likamongameli lisebenza njenge- umongameli weSigele . Lendima inikeza isekela likamongameli igunya lokwengamela iziteshi zeSigele futhi, okubaluleke kakhulu, ukuvota lapho iSigebengu sendlu se-cond se-octive sihlukene. Leligunya eliphula ucingo lingelinye lamathuluzi abalulekile kakhulu asetshenziswayo umongameli one, njengoba lithinta ngokuqondile umphumela wemithetho ezikwehlwini ezinhlangothini, izintambo, amavoti, nezindaba ezisemthethweni.

Ngokomlando, abaphathi besekela bamongameli baye basebenzisa lo mbuso ngokuqapha kodwa ngokuwujuqu. Ngokwesibonelo, uMongameli uJohn Adams ongumsizi wavoti angu-31 aphula isibopho phakathi nombuso wakhe, ngaphezu kwanoma yimuphi umongameli ngaphambili noma kusukela ngaleso sikhathi. Emashumini eminyaka amuva, umongameli uKamara Harris ongumsizi wasebenzisa ivoti egxekayo ukuze aqhube iziqinisekiso zokwahlulela ezisemthethweni kanye nomthetho wokubuyisana. Ubuninzi umongameli oyisekela angaphula ngabo izibopho ngokuncikeka ngokuphelele ekulinganiseni kwegebezelela iSigebengu, enza lobuphini bube nomthwalo wokwenza lomthwalo wokwenza kokubili isimo esibucayi nonamandla.

Uma kuqalwa, abasekeli bomongameli abavamile ukuhlala egumbini leSigele ukuze bathathe izigigaba zansuku zonke. Kunalokho, baqondisa imikhosi, izikhawu zomhlangano weSishaya-Mkhandlu, nezikhathi lapho kudingeka khona ukuvota okunqanda ukubopha uthayi. Leli lungiselelo libonisa ukuthi isikhulu somongameli sinezici ezimbili njengesikhulu somthetho nesikhulu segatsha.

Ukubuka I - Electoral

Omunye umsebenzi womthetho ngokomthetho wesekela likamongameli uqondisa isimiso esihlangene soMkhandlu owaqhutshwa ngo-January ngemva kokhetho lukamongameli. Phakathi nalesi simiso, isekela likamongameli livula izitifiketi zamavoti akhethwe umbuso ngamunye futhi limemezela umphumela ongokomthetho we-Electoral College. Lendima, echazwa yiSichibiyelo se-12 futhi ichazwa ngokuqhubekayo yi-Electoral Count Act, ngokuyinhloko isho inkonzo kodwa inesilinganiso esikhulu sophawu olungokomfanekiso nolwezimo.

Isekela lenkonzo kamongameli phakathi nobalo lomongameli liye lahlolwa kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva, ngempikiswano yokuthi iphi isekela likamongameli linegunya elizimele yini ngokwamukelwa noma ukwenqaba amavoti. Izazi ezingokomthetho, uMnyango Wobulungisa, kanye noMkhandlu ziye zaqinisekisa ngokungaguquki ukuthi indima yesekela likamongameli isemthethweni kuphela.

Ukuphumelela Kobumongameli NeSichibiyelo Se - 25

Mhlawumbe umthwalo wemfanelo obaluleke kakhulu womthetho-sisekelo wesekela likamongameli usebenza njengesikhulu sokuqala emlandweni wobumongameli. Ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso II, iSiqeshana 1, uClause 6, njengoba kushintshwa iziNguqu zobuProfethi zamashumi amabili nanhlanu, uma umongameli efa, eshiya, noma esuswa esikhundleni, umongameli oyisekela ngokushesha uba umongameli. Leli lungiselelo lokulandela liye lamiswa izikhathi eziyisishiyagalolunye emlandweni waseMelika, kunyukela komongameli oyisishiyagalombili ngenxa yokufa kukamongameli kanye noyedwa (uGerald Ford) ngenxa yokuyeka kukamongameli.

ISichibiyelo sama - 25 esagunyazwa ngo - 1967, sanezela ukucaca okubalulekile enqubweni yokulandelana. Samisa izinqubo ezingokomthetho zokuthi:

  • Ukukhubazeka : Uma umongameli engakwazi okwesikhashana ukukhipha amandla nemisebenzi yehhovisi, isekela likamongameli lingase libe ngumongameli osebenzayo. Lelilungiselelo liye lacelwa izikhathi eziningana ezindleleni zokwelapha nakwezokululama.
  • Ukugcwalisa iphini likamongameli indawo ye-: Lapho iphini likamongameli liphela, umongameli umisa umthatheli omelwe aqinisekiswe yivoti enkulu kuzo zombili izindlu zomkhandlu. Lo mshini uye wasetshenziswa kabili ngo-1973 lapho uGerald Ford ethatha indawo ka-Spiro Agnew, futhi ngo-1979 lapho u-Nelson Rockefeller ethatha indawo ka-Gerald Ford ngemva kokuba u-Ford ewusekeli ka-Ford waba ngumongameli.
  • Ukususwa ngokuzenzekelayo: Ezimweni lapho umongameli engakwazi ukuthatha indawo kodwa engazimisele ukuphambuka, isekela likamongameli kanye neningi lekhabethe kungasho ukuthi umongameli akakwazi ukwenza imisebenzi. Khona - ke uKhongolo lunquma indaba. Lelilungiselelo alizange lisetshenziswe, kodwa linikeza i-valv yokuphepha yomthetho-sisekelo.

La malungiselelo okulandelana nokukhubazeka aqinisekisa ukuqhubekeka kobuholi obuphetheyo ngaso sonke isikhathi, ngisho nasezikhathini zenhlekelele yesizwe noma yempilo ephuthumayo. Ukuzimisela kwesekela likamongameli ukuthatha isikhundla njengomongameli ngesikhathi esithile kuwumthwalo wemfanelo onzima kakhulu ehhovisi.

Ukuziphendukela Kwemvelo Okungokomlando: Ukusuka Ehhovisi Elingahlelekile Kuya Ebuhlotsheni Obuphakeme

Isekela lomongameli lalingokuthile okwakucatshangwa ngemva kwe-Constitution of the Constitution ka-1787. Izihambeli zaphikisana ihhovisi isikhashana nje, futhi abanye abasunguli bazwakalisa ukungaqiniseki ngenjongo yalo. Ingxenye enkulu yekhulu le-19, isekela likamongameli lalingavunyelwa kakhulu ezingxoxweni zemithetho nasekwenzeni izinqumo zezikhulu. Indawo yayivame ukunikezwa izitha zobupolitiki noma izikhundla zesifunda, futhi abaholi abaningi bachitha izikhundla zabo zingaziwa.

Ukuguqulwa kobu mongameli kwaqala ngamandla phakathi nekhulu lama - 20. izenzakalo eziningana eziyinhloko zabangela lolu shintsho:

  • IMpi Yezwe II nokuqala kwenkathi yenuzi : Imithwalo yemfanelo emikhulu yokulawula izimpi zembulunga yonke nezikhali zenuzi yenza kwaba yisibopho ukuba abesekela bamongameli batshelwe ngokugcwele futhi balungele ukuhola.
  • Ukuhlelwa kwendlu emhlophe : Ukwanda kwegatsha eliphetheyo nokwakhiwa kweHhovisi loMphathi ophethe kwakha amathuba amasha okuba isekela lomongameli lihlanganyele ekubuseni.
  • Abameleli bamanxusa abavela kumongameli: Abameli abavela kuFranklin D. Roosevelt kuqhubeke baqala ukwabela amasekela abo imisebenzi yokuzisebenzela, kusukela kumithunywa yezokuxhumana kuya ekuhleleni izimiso.

Umongameli oyisekela uWalter Mondale, okhonza ngaphansi kukaJimmy Carter kusukela ngo- 1977 kuya ku-1 1981, unconywa kakhulu ngokuguqula ihhovisi. UMondale waphikelela ebuhlotsheni obungokomthetho nomongameli, kuhlanganise nesidlo sasemini samasonto onke, ihhovisi le Home emhlophe, ukutholakala kwazo zonke izinto ezihlukaniswayo, kanye nesimiso esicaciwe sesimiso sokubambisana komongameli nomongameli waba yisiphathi sezikhulu ezalandela.

Kusukela iMondale, abasekela bamongameli baye bathonywa kancane kancane, ngezibalo ezifana noGeorge H.W. Bush, Al Gore, Dick Cheney, Joe Biden, noKamara Harris, ngamunye enweba izinga lehhovisi ngezindlela ezihlukene. UCheney, ikakhulukazi, waba nethonya elingavamile ekulondekeni kwesizwe naseminyangweni yegatsha phakathi noGeorge W. Bush, kuyilapho uBiden athatha indima ehlangene phakathi nenqubo yasekhaya neyangaphandle, elawula okuhlangenwe nakho kwakhe kwamashumi eminyaka eNkathi.

Imithwalo Yemfanelo Yanamuhla: UMongameli Oyisekela Njengomngane Obusayo

Namuhla, indima yesekela likamongameli ingaphezulu kakhulu kweyobuncinci bomthetho-sisekelo. Nakuba imisebenzi ethile ihluka kumphathi ngamunye, imisebenzi eminingana eyisisekelo iye yaba izici ezivamile zesekela likamongameli wanamuhla.

Umkhangisi Nomngane Ongumthetho

Cishe kukho konke ukuphatha kwamanje, iphini likamongameli lisebenza njengomeluleki omkhulu kumongameli. Lobu buhlobo bakhelwa ekuthembeni, ekugcineni imfihlo, nasekuqapheleni ukuthi isekela likamongameli kumelwe laziswe ngokugcwele ngazo zonke izindaba ezinkulu. Omongameli abasekelayo baya emihlanganweni yeSizwe so Sezokuphepha, bahlanganyele ezingxoxweni zekhatheli, futhi bathole izinkulumo ezifanayo zobuhlakani njengomongameli. Abaningi bathatha imihlangano eyodwa nomongameli ukuze baxoxe ngecebo, izisebenzi, nezimiso eziza kuqala.

Ngaphandle kokweluleka, abaphathi besekela bavame ukuhola izinyathelo ezithile eziqondile. Ngokwesibonelo, uMongameli u-Al Gore wasekela ezobuchwepheshe nezokusizungezile, uMongameli uJoe Biden waqondisa ukumiswa kwephakethe lezentengiselwano yezomnotho ka-2009, futhi uMongameli Kamara Harris wathatha imithwalo yemfanelo ehlobene nokuvota amalungelo, ukufuduka eMelika ephakathi, kanye nezakhiwo ezishintshwayo. Lezi zabelo zenza ababusi babe nemithetho yabo siqu futhi bafinyelele imiphumela engokoqobo.

Ukumelela Kwamazwe Ngamazwe

Isekela likamongameli livame ukumelela i - United States esezingeni lomhlaba wonke.

  • Ukuhambela kwesimo kanye nemihlangano ye-biteratem: ukuhlangana namanhloko ezinye izizwe zikahulumeni ukuze kudluliselwe izikhundla zenkambiso ye-U.S.
  • [[[UMT:0] I-Multialidal forums: ukuhola amanxusa ase-U.S. ukuya ezinhlanganweni nasemaphethelweni ezwe lonke.
  • [ Izingxoxo zezikhulu zesivumelwano [: ukumelela i-United States emingcwabeni kahulumeni yabaholi bakwamanye amazwe.
  • [[QUE:0] Ukuxhumana kweCUris: ukuhlangana nabasizi kanye nabasizi phakathi nobunzima bomhlaba wonke.

Ngenxa yokuthi isekela likamongameli lingahamba futhi lihlanganyele nabaholi bakwamanye amazwe ngenxa yeziphathimandla, ngokuvamile lisingatha imisebenzi yezobuzwe ezoba nzima noma ngokomfanekiso ukuba umongameli athathe isinyathelo.

Ukubonisana Okungokomthetho Nokwakha Ibhuloho Lezombangazwe

Nakuba isekela likamongameli lingelona ilungu leSishaya-Mkhandlu, ihhovisi liye laba umsakazo obalulekile phakathi kwamagatsha aphetheyo nomthetho. Abasekeli bamongameli abanolwazi olungokwenhlangano olungaphambili [1] njengoJoe Biden, owakhonza iminyaka engu-36 eSigele (iphumelela kakhulu ekwakheni ubuhlobo, ukuxoxa ngokuhlehliswa, nokuvota kumongameli.

Omongameli abaphethe amafa nabo banendima eyinhloko emisebenzini yezombangazwe neyokhetho lukamongameli. Bakhankasela abazothatha idili, baphakamise izimali, bahlanganise abasekeli botshani, futhi basebenze njengezembe kumyalezo womphathi. Phakathi nemikhankaso yobumongameli, isekela lomongameli lingumuntu oyinhloko ongaphawula ukukhethwa kwe-minee ephambili futhi andise umfelandawo ehlangeneyo.

Ukulondeka Nokuhlakanipha Kwesizwe

Njengelungu lemithetho ye-National Security Council, iphini likamongameli lihlanganyela ekuhlolweni okuphezulu kakhulu kwenqubo yakwamanye amazwe nenokulondeka kwesizwe. Lokhu kuhlanganisa izingxoxo ngemisebenzi yezempi, imisebenzi yokuhlakanipha, ubuphekula, i-inthanethi, i-inthaneti, necebo lenuzi. Isekela likamongameli lamukela iDaily Brief futhi liyakwazi ukufinyelela isilinganiso esiphelele sokuhlakanipha okuhlelwayo.

Abefundisi abasekela umongameli baye bathonya izinqumo ezinkulu zokuphepha kwesizwe, kuhlanganise nemvume yebutho lezempi, izingxoxo zezokuxhumana, kanye nokuhlakanipha okuza kuqala. Ithemba lokuthi isekela likamongameli kumelwe likulungele ukuthatha isikhundla sobumongameli nganoma isiphi isikhathi lifuna ukuba baqhubeke behileleke ngokujulile ezindabeni zokuphepha kwesizwe phakathi nayo yonke inkathi yabo.

Umongameli Ongumongameli Negatsha Eliphethe

Phakathi kwegatsha eliphethe, isekela likamongameli linesikhundla esikhethekile. Abasona isikhulu somnyango noma isisebenzi seWhite House, kodwa banegunya elinqamula phakathi kwezinhlangano. Izisebenzi zesekela likamongameli zisebenza ekwakheni i-ofisini yesikhulu sobuProfesi eeishower Office yesikhululo [, esondelene nendlu kaWhite House, futhi zisondelene neqembu likamongameli.

Omongameli abaphethe abahlengikazi bavame ukumisa imikhandlu ehlanganisa izintambo kanye namandla emisebenzi adinga ukuxhumanisa iminyango eminingi. Ngokwesibonelo, uMongameli uDick Cheney wamisa i-National Energy Development Group, nomongameli oyisekela uKamara Harris wabeka isihlalo seSishaya-Mpathilor yeNational Space. Lezi zindima zivumela abaphathi ukuba baqhube umthetho phakathi kwe-silos futhi baqinisekise ukuthi izinto eziza kuqala kubaphathi ziyasebenza ngokuphumelelayo.

Isekela likamongameli lisebenza nasemabhodini ezinhlangano eziyinhloko, njenge-Smithian Institution, lapho bephethe khona isihlalo somthetho, futhi behlanganyela emisebenzini yemikhosi efana nokwamukela izikhulu zezikhulu zangaphandle nokuya emkhosini wakusihlwa. Lemisebenzi, nakuba ngezinye izikhathi inganakwa, ineqhaza endimeni kamongameli njengommeleli wesizwe nomphathi.

Ukusetshenziswa Komphakathi Nokuba Khona Kwemithombo Yezindaba

Isekela likamongameli linendawo ekhethekile ekuphileni komphakathi waseMelika. Ziyisizwe kanye kanye nesici esisekelayo, umenzi wezimiso nomkhulumeli. Isekela labaphathi banamuhla livame ukunikeza izinkulumo, ukunikeza izingxoxo, futhi lisebenzisa imithombo yezindaba ukuthuthukisa isigijimi somphathi. Zisebenzisa namapulatifomu ezokuxhumana ukuze zixhumane ngokuqondile nomphakathi, zifaka inqubo yokuzimemezela nokusabela ezenzakalweni zanamuhla.

Ukuqonda komphakathi kwesekela likamongameli kuyashintshashintsha kusekelwe emsebenzini wezekhono lomphathi, ukubonakala kwesekela likamongameli, nesimo sezombangazwe. Abanye abaphathi besekela likamongameli, njengoDick Cheney, babhekwa njengabanamandla abasebenzisi be-scene. Abanye, njengoDan Quayle no Spiro Aggnew, babhekana nokugxekwa okwanciphisa ithonya labo. Isekela eliphumelelayo likamongameli liyakwazi ukulinganisela: bathembekile kumongameli, bathembekile kubantu, futhi baphumelela ezinkonzweni zabo ezabelwe.

Omongameli Abangabahle Abaphawulekayo Nethonya Labo

Kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika, isekela likamongameli abaningana liye lashiya uphawu oluhlala njalo ehhovisi nasezweni:

  • uJohn Adams (1789-1797): Njengesekela lokuqala likamongameli, u-Adams wamisa izenzakalo zesikhundla, kuhlanganise nendima yamavoti aphula uthayi kanye nobuhlobo phakathi komongameli oyisekela neSigele.
  • Theodore Roosevelt (1901): Wasebenza izinyanga eziyisithupha kuphela njengesekela likamongameli phambi kukaMongameli William McKinley ukubulawa kwakhe kwamphakamisela kumongameli. Umholi wehlombe likaRoosevelt wachaza igatsha eliphethe.
  • .Harry S. Truman (1945): Umongameli oyisekela izinsuku ezingu - 82 ngaphambi kukaFranklin D. Ukufa kukaRoosevelt kwamenza umongameli. Ukufuna kukaTruman amandla ngokushesha nesinqumo sakhe sokusebenzisa izikhali ze-athomu kwabonisa izigxobo ezinkulu zobuphini obulungiselelwe umongameli.
  • Lyndon B. Johnson (1961-19963)[FLT: Wasetshenziswa ngaphansi kukaJohn F. Kennedy futhi wafakwa embusweni wezwe ngemva kokubulawa kukaKennedy. Izinto zikaJohnson zokushaya umthetho, kuhlanganise ne-Civil Rights Act nezinhlelo zeNhlangano Enkulu, zaguqula umphakathi waseMelika.
  • Dick Cheney (2001-2009): Ithonya elingavamile enkambisweni yezokuphepha yesizwe nasegunyeni eliphethe, ikakhulukazi ngemva kokuhlasela kwe-September 11.
  • [[NTL:0] Joe Biden (09-2017): Wakhonza njengomeluleki oyinhloko kuMongameli Barack Obama ngenkambiso yasekhaya neyezwe langaphandle, eqondisa ukumiswa komthetho wobungcono kanye nokwenza indima enkulu ekudingiseni izingxoxo zezokuxhumana.

Ngayinye yalezi zibalo ibonisa indlela iphini likamongameli elingaba ngayo indawo yokuqalisa ithonya elikhulu, indawo yokuhola kwesimiso, noma isikhathi esibucayi sokuqhubeka kwesizwe.

Ubuholi Obunobubi Nekusasa Lokubusa

Isikhundla somongameli esiphethe cishe siyoqhubeka siguquka njengoba izidingo zokubusa ziqhubeka ziyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe.

  • Isimiso esinwetshiwe sokuphatha : Isekela lomongameli besikhathi esizayo lingathatha ngisho nemithwalo yemfanelo yezimiso eziqinile, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinjengobuchwepheshe, ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, nokulondeka kwempilo.
  • ukuthembisana kwezokuxhumana okukhulisweyo: Njengoba i-United States ihlola izwe elinamaqoqo amaningi, abaholi besekela mongameli cishe bayokwenza imisebenzi ethatha isikhathi eside futhi elandela kakhulu.
  • Ukuhlela ukuphumelela nokuzimisela kwenkinga : Ngenxa yezinsongo ezikhulayo zobhadane, izinhlekelele zemvelo, nobunzima bokulondeka, ukulungiselela kwesekela likamongameli ukuthatha isikhundla sobumongameli kulokhu kuyinto ekhathaza kakhulu.
  • Ukuxhumana okuyimfihlo nokulandisa [: Indima yesekela likamongameli njengomphathi wezokuxhumana yomphakathi izokhula njengoba imithombo yezindaba iguquka futhi izakhamuzi zidinga ukuba sobala okukhulu kuzo zonke izikhulu ezikhethiwe.

Isekela likamongameli aliselona isekela lezombangazwe zaseMelika. Liyisikhundla esinethonya elikhulu, esithatha kakhulu esihlanganisa umsebenzi womthetho-sisekelo nethonya lezombangazwe, ukuhola, kanye nokumelelwa kwesizwe. Ukuqonda indima yesekela likamongameli kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda ukuthi uhulumeni waseMelika usebenza kanjani, kokubili ezikhathini zokuzinzisa kanye nasezikhathini zenhlekelele.

Okwenza Ukuba Kwengamele Okuwubuqotho Kube Yizindaba

Indima yesekela likamongameli ngenxa yezizathu eziningana eziyisisekelo. Okokuqala, ihhovisi liqinisekisa ukuba nelungelo likahulumeni. Ezweni lapho umongameli enamandla amakhulu khona, hlanganisa ukubusa kwezempi negunya phezu kwezikhali zenuzi ezikhethiwe zokwenza isiphithiphithi futhi agcine ukuthemba komphakathi.

Okwesibili, isekela likamongameli linikeza [[FLT: 0] ukujula kwe- egatsheni eliphethe ihhovisi. Ngokuphatha itheku elithile, elimelela ukuphatha, nokuqinisa amagatsha aphetheyo nomthetho, amasekela andisa ikhono lomongameli lokubusa ngokuphumelelayo.

Okwesithathu, isekela likamongameli lisebenza njengophawu lwasobala [[[FLT: 1] lwezindinganiso zomphathi kanye nezinto eziza kuqala. Ukukhetha kwabo, ukuthembisana komphakathi, kanye nokuhola kwabo kwezimiso konke kubonisa ukuthi ukuphatha kumelelani futhi kukhonza bani.

Ekugcineni, isekela likamongameli lihlanganisa i-prince ye-. Ngoba isekela likamongameli kumelwe lihlale likulungele ukuthatha isikhundla sobumongameli, ihhovisi lifuna ukufunda njalo, ukuthembisa, nokulandisa. Lokhu kuphakamisa indima ngaphandle kophawu oluyikhonzile futhi kuyenza ibe yingxenye ebalulekile yokubusa kwaseMelika.

Isiphetho

Isekela likamongameli wase-United States linesikhundla esiyingqayizivele nesinamandla ekunqamuleni umsebenzi womthetho-sisekelo, igunya eliphetheyo, ezombangazwe zomthetho, kanye nobuholi bomphakathi. Nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo unikeza uhlelo oluphansi lwehhovisi, ithonya langempela lomongameli likhule kakhulu emakhulwini amabili eminyaka. KuJohn Adams ehlela amavoti ahlukanisayo kumongameli banamuhla abaholayo ezinkambiso ezinkulu zemithetho kanye nezithunywa zezokuxhumana, lendima iye yazibonakalisa ibalulekile ekulawuleni okuphumelelayo.

Ukuqonda iphini likamongameli kusho ukuqaphela kokubili izisekelo zalo ezingokomthetho zomthetho-sisekelo nezivumelanayo nobuntu balo. Ihhovisi yilokho umongameli ngamunye nesekela likamongameli akwenzayo, futhi ezandleni zesokudla, liba amandla okuzinza, intuthuko, nenjongo yobuzwe. Njengoba izinselele ezibhekene nesizwe ziqhubeka ziguquka, umongameli uhlala engumuntu obalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi uhulumeni usebenza ngokuphumelelayo, udemokhrasi, futhi ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa.

ukuze uqhubeke ufunda ngemisebenzi ye-gnome-presidenti yesekela likamongameli, vakashela igatsha eliphethe i House ikhasi elimhlophe [[FLT:]] ne U.S. Umongameli weSigele onguMongameli wezwe ikhasi[[. Imiqondo engokomlando ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwehhovisi ingatholakala eSikhungweni somthetho sesizwe [[[FLT]] kanye nezibonelo zeziQhingiselwano zesizwe zezwe [[FLT] [FLT] [FLT]