Ukuziphendukela Kwemvelo Okungokomlando Kwesimiso Sojuy

Umqondo wokuqulwa kwecala liqulwa amajaji uqala emuva eNgilandi enkathini ephakathi, uvela phakathi nokubusa kukaHenry II ekhulwini leshumi elineshumi nanye. Amajaji akuqala ayengezona izifinyeleli ezingokwahlukanisayo kodwa amaqembu ezakhamuzi zendawo afunga ukusho iqiniso ngokusekelwe olwazini lwazo siqu lwezenzakalo. Emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka, isimiso saqala ukuvela ejajini lanamuhla elingakhethi elizwa ubufakazi futhi linikeze isinqumo esisekelwe ngokubekwa enkantolo. IMagna Carta (1215) ngokuvamile ikhonjwa njengencwadi yesisekelo sesisekelo, iqinisekisa ilungelo lokwahlulela kontanga. Kamuva lesi simiso safakwa enkantolo ezindaweni ezivamile [[FLT:] [FLD] [FLD] [FLD] [1:] [Izimendex] ku-U.SProvinitestials, iqinisekisa ukuqulwa kwecala lokulunga necala elivamile, i-susela phambili kwecala lomthetho emphakathini, isala phambili somthetho womphakathi.

Ukuze ingene juqu emlandweni, i-[FLT]Melikan Bar internation inikeza ukucubungula okubanzi [ kokukhula kwejaji kusukela ekusungulweni kwalo kwe-Anglo - Saxon kuya endleleni yalo yanamuhla.

Umtapo Wezinsimbi

Abakhokhi basebenza njengezithakatho zeqiniso kokubili emacaleni obugebengu nawomphakathi. Umsebenzi wabo oyinhloko ukuhlola ubufakazi obunikezwayo, ukukala ukwethenjwa kofakazi, nokusebenzisa umthetho njengoba ufundiswa umahluleli ukuba ufinyelele isinqumo. Ngokungafani namajaji, abusayo ezindaweni zomthetho, abahluleli banecala elikhethekile lokunquma ukuthi kwenzekani ngempela.

  • Abacwaningi kumelwe bahlole ubufakazi obudingekayo:[ abavumisi kumelwe bahlole ngokucophelela yonke imibukiso, ubufakazi, nobufakazi obuhleliwe. Banquma ukuthi ukushushiswa (emacaleni obugebengu) noma i-patritiff (emacala omphakathi) kuhlangabezane nomthwalo odingekayo wobufakazi [ ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo [[ ezindabeni zobugebengu noma kwezembukwakho obukahulumeni.
  • Ukunquma ukuthembeka kofakazi: Umsebenzi oyinhloko ukwenza izinqumo ezithembekile. Abagcini baqaphela isimo sofakazi, ukungaguquguquki, nobandlululo olungase lube khona. Isahlulelo seqembu labasizi bejaji ngokhuluma iqiniso ngokuvamile sinquma umphumela.
  • Ukufuna ukufinyelela ukuvumelana: Ngemva kokuphetha izimpikiswano, abasizi bejaji bathatha umhlala-mhlala-phantsi endlini yokuzicatshangelela yangasese. Baxoxa ngamaqiniso, ubufakazi obuphinde baphinde babuye, nezincazelo zenkulumo - mpikiswano. Umgomo ukufinyelela isinqumo esivumelanayo ezicabeni zobugebengu eziningi e-U.S., nakuba amanye amazwe evumela izinqumo ezingakhiwe kwezezezemiphakathi.
  • Ukwethula isinqumo: lapho isinqumo sesifinyelelwe, ijaji limemezela isinqumo salo enkantolo evulekile. Lesi sinqumo, uma sivumelana, samukelwa umahluleli. Esimweni samajaji alengiswe, uma ijaji lingase likhiphe icala elingafanele futhi icala lingase ligwetshwe.

Ukubaluleka Kwabaqondisi Emphakathini Obusa Ngentando Yeningi

Isimiso sokwahlulela sivame ukubizwa ngokuthi isayensi yomphakathi [[FLT: 1]. Iqinisekisa ukuthi izinqumo zomthetho zibonisa izindinganiso zomphakathi kunamandla avinjelwe ahulumeni. Ukubaluleka kwabahluleli kudlulela ngalé kwenkantolo:

  • Ukudluliselwa komphakathi: Izikhombisi zithathwa engxenyeni exhunyiwe yomphakathi(izinhlanga ezingafani, izizinda zezomnotho, iminyaka, nokuhlangenwe nakho kokuphila. Lokhu kuveza imibono ehlukene etafuleni lokuhloba futhi kusiza ekuvimbeleni izahlulelo ezicatshangelwe ngokulandelana noma ngokukhetha.
  • Ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo abantu ngabanye: Ngokufaka umphakathi phakathi komangalelwa nohulumeni, amajaji asebenza njengesivikelo ekushushisweni okushiseka ngokweqile. nelungelo enkantolo yamajaji [ iyisivikelo somthetho-mthethweni ekumelaneni nobushiqela.
  • Ukukhokha icala: Isinqumo somahluleli sibeka isimiso sokwahlulela esizahlulelweni somphakathi. Ijaji linganqaba ukubopha uma likholelwa ukuthi umthetho usetshenziswa ngokungafanele, inqubo eyaziwa ngokuthi [ ukuchithwa [[FLT], nakuba kuyivelakancane futhi iphikisana.
  • Imfundo ye-pivic:[ Ukukhonza ejajini kunikeza izakhamuzi ukuqonda komuntu siqu ngendlela isimiso somthetho esisebenza ngayo. Kususa izigijimi zasenkantolo futhi kuveze umuzwa wobunikazi phezu kobulungisa. Abaningi ababeyijaji babika inhlonipho ejulile ngokubusa umthetho ngemva kwenkonzo yabo.

Ukucwaninga kwe-[QLT:0] National Center for State Courts kuqokomisa ukuthi inkonzo yamajaji ithuthukisa ukuthembela komphakathi ejajini, njengoba izakhamuzi zibona ukuthi amacala aqulwa kahle nangokusobala.

Inqubo Ye - Voir Dire: Ukukhetha Abaholi Abangakhethi

Voirdad jh jnq igama lesiFulentshi elisho “ukukhuluma iqiniso” qha, inqubo yokukhetha abahluleli. Injongo yayo ukuhlukanisa nokususa abantu abanobandlululo noma abangakufanelekeli, ukuqinisekisa iqembu elinganikeza isinqumo esingakhethi. Inqubo ivame ukwembuleka ezinyathelweni eziningana:

  • Ukukhomba ibhodi labahluleli: Abahluleli abakhona bakhethwa ngokuzenzekelayo emithonjeni enjengemiqulu yokuvota, amarekhodi ephepha-mvume lomshayeli, noma izikhombi zokuchaza umbuso. Bathola izimemo zokuvela enkantolo ngosuku oluthile.
  • [[QTL:0] Umbuzo oquliweyo: Umahluleli nabameli babuza ngamunye ozoba ijaji. Ikheli langaphambi kokwazi icala, ubuhlobo neqembu, ukucwasana, nokuzimisela ukulandela umthetho. Zombili izinhlangothi zingabekela inselele imbangela yentambo [[[FLT:] (umz., ukuveza ubandlululo noma ukuxabana kwesithakazelo).
  • Izinselele: Izinhlangothi zonke zivunyelwe inani elilinganiselwe lezinselele, ezingasetshenziselwa ukuxosha ijaji ngaphandle kokunikeza isizathu. Nokho, lezinselele azinakusetshenziswa ukuhlukanisa ngesisekelo sohlanga noma ubulili ngaphansi Batson v. Kentucky [1986].
  • Idla ijaji lokugcina: Uma inani elanele labasizi bejaji lisinda ezinseleleni, bafungela. Abameleli abahlukene nabo bangakhethwa ukuba bathathe indawo yanoma yibaphi abagulayo noma abavunywayo phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala.

Inqubo enzima ye - voir ibucayi ngoba ijaji elinobandlululo lilulaza ukulunga kwalo lonke icala.

Imithwalo Yemfanelo Yabavikeli Phakathi Nokuqulwa Kwecala

Uma sebekhethiwe, abasizi bejaji baboshwa ngemisebenzi eqinisekisa ubuqotho bezehlakalo. Lemithwalo yemfanelo iqala lapho icala liqala futhi liqhubeka kuze kube yilapho kufinyelelwa isinqumo:

  • Ulalele ngokucophelela: [ Abaqondisi kumelwe babunake kakhulu bonke ubufakazi, izimpikiswano, neziyalezo ezivela kumajaji. Abavunyelwe ukuphenya noma ukuhlola icala ngaphandle kwenkantolo.
  • Ilandela iziyalezo zomahluleli emthethweni: Umahluleli uchaza imithetho esebenzayo nendlela okufanele isetshenziswe ngayo. Abaqondisi kumelwe bamukele lezoziyalezo, ngisho noma bengavumelani nomthetho.
  • [[NTL:0] Ukugcina imfihlo:[ Abavumi abakwazi ukuxoxa ngecala nonoma ubani (kuhlanganise umkhaya, abangane, noma imithombo yezindaba) kufike kuthi kukhishwe isinqumo. Lokhu kuvimbela ithonya langaphandle futhi kuqinisekisa ukuthi izingxoxo zihlala ziyimfihlo.
  • [[FLT: 0] ehlonishweni ngenhlonipho: egumbini labahluleli, ijaji ngalinye linelungelo lokuveza imibono nenselele kwezinye. Izingxoxo kumelwe zibe zezesizwe futhi zigxile ebufakazini. Umgcini wejaji oyedwa angaphoqelela ukucatshangelwa kwalo lonke icala.
  • Ukuthatha amanothi (uma evunyelwe):[ Izinkantolo eziningi zivumela izijaji ukuba zithathe amaphuzu ukuze zisize ukukhumbula ubufakazi obuyinkimbinkimbi. Amaphuzu asetshenziselwa umuntu ngamunye futhi akumelwe asuswe egumbini labasizi bejaji.

Ukwehluleka ukunamathela kulemithwalo yemfanelo kungaphumela enkantolo noma ngisho nokudelela inkantolo. Izinkantolo zinikeza isiqondiso kumajaji; U.S. inkonzo yenkantolo yejaji kwiphepha ichaza amathemba asemthethweni.

Inqubo Yokuzinqumela: Ukufinyelela Isinqumo

Isinqumo siyinhloko somsebenzi wejaji. Ngemva kokuphetha izimpikiswano necala lomahluleli, abahluleli bathatha umhlalaphansi endlini yangasese ukuze baxoxe ngecala. Le nqubo iyimfihlo futhi ingathatha amahora amade noma ngisho nezinsuku. Izici eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

  • Ukwahlulela ubufakazi njengeqembu: Abavuni bavame ukuthatha i-re
  • Ukuveza imibono engafani: isho umbono ohlukile. Ukungavumelani kungokwemvelo futhi kufanele kukhanyiswe obala. Ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi amajaji ahlukene ngamabomu aphelele futhi enza amaphutha ambalwa.
  • Ukukhipha isinqumo esivumelanayo: Ezindabeni zobugebengu, isinqumo kumelwe sihlangane ezifundazweni eziningi. Ezimweni zomphakathi, amanye amazwe adinga ukuqapha okukhulu. Uma amajaji engenakuvuma, umahluleli angawayala ukuba aqhubeke evala. Uma i-ocklea iphikelela, i-av age jamp [ iyamenyezelwa.
  • Ufaka umthwalo wobufakazi:[ Phakathi nokucabangela, abasizi balokhu behlola ubufakazi ngokulandela indinganiso efanelekile, (ngokweqa ukungabaza okunengqondo ezicabeni zobugebengu, noma ukuqashelwa kobufakazi ezicabeni zomphakathi. Loluhlelo luqondisa ukucabanga kwabo.

Umholi, okhethwe yijaji, usiza izingxoxo futhi uqinisekisa ukuthi wonke amazwi azwakala. Ubuqotho balesi sigameko buvikelwa ngemithetho eqinile emelene nokuphazamisa kwangaphandle.

Izinhlobo Zeziqalekiso Nezimfuno Zazo

Isinqumo sinqunywa abahluleli futhi imiphumela yabo iyahlukahluka ngohlobo lwamacala:

  • Icala noma icala (icala eliphethe): Isinqumo `artimon' sisho ukuthi umshushisi uhlulekile ukufakazela icala ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo. Akusona isimemezelo sobumsulwa kodwa ukuthola ubufakazi obunganele. Isinqumo “icala” siholela ekugwetshweni umahluleli.
  • Icala elivumelekile noma elingakholeki (icala eliyikhonzi): Ekuqulweni kwecala lomphakathi, ijaji linquma ukuthi ummangalelwa unecala ngokomthetho yini ngezingozi zommangalelwa. Uma enecala, ijaji elifanayo linquma ukulimaza, nakuba amanye ama-ocensi ehlukanisa lezi zigaba.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ijaji eliyinqaba: Uma abasizi bengenakufinyelela inani elidingekayo, umahluleli ukhipha icala elingalungile. Icala lingase liphinde lilungiswe neqembu elisha labahluleli, noma amaqembu angahlala. Ijaji lejaji alivamile kodwa lingaba khona emacaleni aphakeme noma ahlukanisayo.
  • Izinqumo ezikhethekile:[ Kwezinye izifunda, izijaji ziphendula imibuzo eyiqiniso (isinqumo esikhethekile) kunokuba ithole icala noma ungenacala. Umahluleli ube esesebenzisa umthetho kulezo zimpendulo ukuze angene ekwahluleleni.

Isinqumo sinezilinganiso ezinkulu. Singathinta inkululeko yomuntu, ukuma kwezimali nedumela, okuyisizathu esenza ukuba ibekwe isisekelo sobufakazi [.

Izinselele Abahlaseli Ababhekana Nazo

Inkonzo kaJury iyavuza kodwa ngokuvamile idinga izinto eziningi.

  • Ukuqonda ukwaziswa okuyinkimbinkimbi komthetho nobuchwepheshe: Ukulingwa kungahlanganisa ubufakazi obuyinkimbinkimbi, amarekhodi emali, noma ubufakazi bezokwelapha. Abaqondisi kumelwe balwisane nemiqondo eqinile nengokwesayensi ngaphandle kokuqeqeshwa okungokomthetho. Izinkantolo zinikeza iziyalezo ezicacile zezinhlamvu ezingu-76 futhi zivumele abagcini bejaji ukuba babuze imibuzo ebhaliwe.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukucindezeleka okungokomzwelo: Icala elihilela ubudlova, ukuxhashazwa kwabantwana, noma izingozi ezibuhlungu lingaba elicasulayo kakhulu. Abavukeli bangase babhekane nokukhathala okusheshayo[[[FLT:] noma ukukhubazeka. Izinkantolo eziningi zinikeza izinkonzo zokweluleka ngemva kovivinyo olunzima.
  • [ Ukulondoloza ukungakhethi phakathi kombono womphakathi: Amagalelo aphezulu aheha imithombo yezindaba. Abaqondisi bayayalwa ukuba bagweme zonke izindaba ngecala futhi bangazinaki izingcindezi zangaphandle. Nokho, ukuvela kwezezindaba kwenza lokhu kube nzima kakhulu. Ukuphula umthetho kungaholela ekuxoshweni.
  • Ukuthatha isigwebo:[ Ezimweni ezibaluleke kakhulu, amajaji angacelwa /ayindlu esehhotela futhi ahlukaniswe nomphakathi (hhayi lapho isinqumo sifinyelelwa khona. Nakuba kungavamile, ukuthatha ikhefu kungabangela ukucindezeleka okukhulu komuntu.

Izinkantolo ziyaqhubeka zicwengisisa izinqubo zokusekela abasizi bejaji, ziqaphela ukuthi inhlalakahle yazo ibalulekile esimisweni sobulungisa esisebenzayo.

Umphumela Wenkonzo KaJury Kwabahlaseli

Ukusebenza ejajini kungaguqula. Izijaji eziningi zibika umuzwa owengeziwe wesibopho somphakathi nokuqonda kangcono indlela isimiso somthetho esisebenza ngayo. Ukuhlolwa kwezenkantolo okwenziwa i-National Institute of Justice kubonisa ukuthi abahluleli ngokuvamile bashiyana ngenhlonipho ekhudlwana ngombono wokwahlulela nombono ocacile wezobulungisa. Ukuhlolwa kwale nqubo kuveza ukuqulwa kwenkantolo futhi kuqinisa isimiso sokuthi izakhamuzi ezivamile zifeza indima ebalulekile ekusekeleni umthetho.

Imibono Eqhathaniswayo: Izimiso Zokugcina Imali Emhlabeni Wonke

Nakuba abahluleli bewuphawu lwamazwe avamile omthetho, ukusetshenziswa kwawo kuyahlukahluka embulungeni yonke:

  • United States: Imajaji asetshenziswa kokubili emacaleni obugebengu nasemacaleni omphakathi. UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. uqinisekisa ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala lomahluleli emacalani angathi sína. Ijaji lamajaji ahlangene lidinga izinqumo ezihlanganyelwe ezinkantolo zobugebengu; izimo zingavumela izinqumo ezingagunyaziwe ezicabeni zomphakathi.
  • Umbuso we-United Kingdom: iNgilandi neWales zigcina amacala amacala okwahlulela ejaji ecala elingathi sína (Inkantolo yeNkantolo). AmaJurio awavamile emacaleni omphakathi, azwakala kakhulu kubahluleli kuphela. IScotland isebenzisa i-projekthi ekhethekile engu-15 761 nesimiso sokunquma esiningi.
  • Amazwe e-Civil-mthetho: Amazwe amaningi aseYurophu (umzk., eFrance, eJalimane) asebenzisa izinkantolo eziyingxube lapho abahluleli abangochwepheshe futhi bafaka izinqumo ndawonye ngamabomu. IJapane yasungula i-santéin[ [umthetho owenziwe ngo-200] (uhlelo olumisiwe), ihlanganisa ukuthatha iqhaza nokwahlulelwa.
  • [ ukusetshenziswa kokukhipha: Amanye amazwe, njenge-Indiya ne-South Africa, aye asuka ezinkantolo ezimweni eziningi ngenxa yokukhathazeka ngobandlululo noma ukuphumelela. Noma kunjalo, amajaji ahlala eyisibonakaliso esinamandla sobulungisa bentando yeningi.

Ukuqhathanisa izimiso kwembula ukuthi nakuba isimo singase sihluke, umqondo oyinhloko wokuhilela izakhamuzi ekwenzeni izinqumo ezingokomthetho uwukulangazelela komhlaba wonke.

Isiphetho

Abasizi basemajaji bangaphezulu kakhulu kokuba abathatha iqhaza; bahlanganyela ngentshiseko esimisweni esilinganisela izindinganiso zomthetho nomphakathi. Kusukela ekulweleni okungokomlando kwelungelo lokuqulwa icala ngabahluleli kuya ezinkingeni zanamuhla zempi eyinkimbinkimbi, abahluleli bahlala bewunembeza wenkantolo. Indima yabo ekuhloleni ubufakazi, ukuqinisekisa ukulunga, nokukhipha izinqumo ibalulekile emphakathini olungile. Ukuqonda lendima kukhuthaza isakhamuzi ngasinye ukuba sithathe inkonzo yamajaji ngokungathi sína, kodwa njengelungelo nesibopho.