Indima Yamaqembu Abathathi - gazi Ekuvuseleleni Ukuvuselelwa Nokuphoqelelwa

Sekuyisikhathi eside amaqembu asebenzela ukubusa ngentando yeningi esebenza njengebhuloho phakathi komphakathi nabenzi bezimiso. Lezinhlangano zisebenza ekulolongeni imithetho, imithetho, nemisebenzi yokusebenza elawula izimboni, ukuvikela amalungelo, nokusingatha izinselele zomphakathi. Ngokungenisa izithakazelo zemiphakathi ethile, izimbangela, noma izimboni, ziqinisekisa ukuthi amazwi ahlukahlukene azwakala ezinqubweni zomthetho ezihlangeneyo nezingahleliwe. Ekhulwini elidlule, ithonya lamaqembu asebenzela abantu liye lakhula ngokushelela, ngokuthuthukisa intuthuko yokuxhumana, ukuqashelwa komphakathi, ukuqashelwa kwezindaba ezinjengalokhu kushintsha isimo sezulu, ubuchwepheshe, ubuchwepheshe bezokuxhumana nabantu, kanye nempilo yomphakathi.

Nakuba abagxeki ngezinye izikhathi bebheka amaqembu okuthola inzuzo ekhethekile ephazamisa isimiso, indima yabo ekunikezeni ubuchwepheshe, imelela imiphakathi engaphansi, futhi ibeke abaqondisi abalandisayo iqashelwa kabanzi njengebalulekile embusweni wentando yeningi osebenzayo. Lesi sihloko sihlola izilinganiso eziningi zamaqembu ezingane ze-adocalyism .(izinhlobo zazo, izimiso, ukuhlola, izinselele, kanye nezindlela zokuthatha amasu zesikhathi esizayo) okuhlola ngokucubungula ngendlela ezakha ngayo imithetho nezimiso zanamuhla.

Ukuqonda Amaqembu Ezikhulu

Amaqembu abusayo aqoqiwe abantu ngabanye noma amahlelo ahloselwe ukuthonya isimiso somphakathi, ukwabiwa kwezimpahla, nokugcinwa kwemithetho okuza kuqala ezimisweni zezombangazwe, zezomnotho, noma zezenhlalo. Ahlukile emaqenjini ezombangazwe ngoba agxila kakhulu ezimpikiswaneni ezilinganiselwe kunokuba afune ukubusa. Umgomo wawo oyinhloko ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izithakazelo zawo ziboniswa ngemithetho, imithetho, izimiso, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwazo.

Kunezinhlobo eziningana ezibanzi zamaqembu afundisayo, ngalinye elinezakhiwo nezindlela ezihlukile:

  • Izinhlangano zenzuzo : Lezi zihlanganisa izinhlangano ezisizayo, amaqembu ezithakazelo zomphakathi, nezisekelo ezisebenza ngaphandle kwesisusa senzuzo. Izibonelo zihlanganisa iWorld Wildlife Fund ne American Heart Association. Zivame ukuthembela ezibonelweni, ezibonelweni, nasekusekeleni kwevolovoki.
  • Grassroots ntshukumo[: Lena imizamo ephelele eqhutshwa yizakhamuzi ezivamile kunokuba isungulwe izinhlangano. Intshukumo yamagrasroot ingavela ngokushesha ngenxa yosongo olucatshangelwayo noma ukungabi nabulungisa, njengoba kubonakala ngenkathi yomnyaka kaMatshi noma ukuhlasela kwesimo sezulu okuholwa ubusha. Amandla azo asemabusweni obuningi kanye nokucindezela komphakathi.
  • Izinhlangano zomsebenzi wobufundisi: Amaqembu amelela imisebenzi ethile yezobuchwepheshe − njenge-American Medical Association noma i-American Medical Association(i-advocate) yezimiso ezizuzisa amalungu awo. Ngokuvamile asebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obubalulekile nokwethembeka ezingxabanweni ezilawulayo.
  • Izinyunyana: Ama-Union amelela izisebenzi nomsekeli wamalungelo ezisebenzi, iholo elifanele, kanye nezimo zokusebenza ezilondekile. Ziye zaba amandla amakhulu ngokomlando ekulungiseni umthetho wemisebenzi.
  • amathangi okucabanga: Nakuba kungenjalo kubhekwa njengamaqembu afundisayo, imicabango iqhuba ukucwaninga futhi iveze ukutusa kwezimiso okuvame ukuthonya imithetho. Izinhlangano ezinjenge Brookings Institution noma iHeality Foundation zivumelana nombono othile futhi ziveza ubufakazi obusetshenziswa amasekela.

Ezinye zigxila ekutheni kushiwo impikiswano noma kuphikwe impikiswano, kuyilapho ezinye zigcizelela imfundo yomphakathi, ukunxusa ngokuqondile, noma ukuhileleka ekukhetheni imithetho.

Ithonya Linamandla

Amaqembu alwayo asebenzisa izindlela eziningi ukuze alungise imithetho nokugcinwa kwemithetho. Ukukhethwa kwenqubo kuxhomeke emfunweni weqembu, ezombangazwe, nasesimweni salendaba. Ukuqonda lezi zinqubo kuyisihluthulelo sokuqonda ukuthi ngokuphumelelayo kanjani, futhi amaqembu asebenza kanjani.

Ukuntanta

Ukubopha mhlawumbe kuyindlela eqondile yokulawula. Kuhilela ukuxhumana nabamisi-mthetho, izikhulu zezinhlangano eziqondisayo, nabanye abenzi besinqumo ukuba bathonye noma baphikise izimiso ezithile. I-Lobbybys ivame ukunikeza ubuchwepheshe bobuchwepheshe, ulimi lwezishaya-mthetho, futhi inikeze ukusekela kwezombangazwe. Emazweni amaningi, ukunxusa kufanelwe imithetho yokudalula, kodwa lomkhuba uhlala uyingxenye yegumbi lokulawula inqubo. Ngokwesibonelo, amaqembu endawo efuna izindinganiso eziqinile zokukhipha igesi, kuyilapho amaqembu embonini angase asekele ukuphumelela komthetho owengeziwe. Ukuphumelela kokukhuthaza ukubambisana kwezengahlangani, ukulinganisela, ikhono lokunikeza ubufakazi obuqand’ii.

Imizamo Yomphakathi Nokuthungatha Imithombo Yezindaba

Imikhankaso yomphakathi ijongene nokuguqula umbono womphakathi futhi ibangele ukushisekela inguquko. Lemikhankaso isebenzisa imithombo yezindaba engokwesiko, imithombo yezokuxhumana, izikhangiso, nezenzakalo zomphakathi ukuze yazise futhi iqoqe abasekeli. Ukuphakama kwamapulatifomu emishini ye-metalog kuye kwehlisa izindleko zaleyo mikhankaso, kuvumela ngisho namaqembu amancane ukuba andise isigijimi sawo. Amamedi ahlasela ngokuqondile izindaba ezidabeni ngezindlela ezisekela izinhloso zeqembu. Ngokwesibonelo, amaqembu abathengi angenza izindaba eziphathelene nomthetho akhumbula ukuthatha isinyathelo.

Isakhiwo Esihlanganisayo

Amaqembu alwayo asebenza yedwa. Ngokwakha imifelandawonye, amaqembu angahlanganisa imithombo, ubuchwepheshe, futhi ahlangane. Izivumelwano zingaba zesikhashana, zihlanganise ingxenye eyodwa yomthetho, noma isikhathi eside, njengaseNgqungquthela Yesifundazwe Yamalungelo Omphakathi, ehlanganisa izinhlangano zezizwe ezingaphezu kuka 200. Isakhiwo sokubhalisa izimali siphumelela kakhulu ekunqandeni ukuphikiswa okuhlangene, njengoba sivumela amaqembu amancane ukuba aqashe abangenisi noma aqalise imikhankaso emikhulu.

Ukuqamba Amanga Nokuqamba Ngemithetho

Amaqembu amaningi alawulayo asebenzisa izinkantolo ukuze athonye imithetho. Afaka amacala amacala ukuze abeke inselele yemithetho ekhona, ukuphoqelelwa kwamandla, noma achaze imithetho ngezindlela ezintsha. Izinhlangano zomthetho zezentengiselwano zomphakathi njenge-ACLU ne-Earth Justice zibophele imithetho ephawulayo eyashintsha izimiso zokulawula. I-Litigation ingaba ithuluzi elinamandla lapho imizila yemithetho ivalwa, nakuba ngokuvamile ihamba kancane futhi ibiza.

Ukucwaninga Nentuthuko Yezimiso

Amanye amaqembu afaka imali eningi ekucwaningeni ukuze athole ubufakazi obukholekayo obusekela izimo zawo. Quanging tags kanye namaqembu asekelwe ezifundweni akhipha imibiko, amaphepha amhlophe, kanye nezimiso ezilawula ingxoxo. Lendlela inethonya elikhulu kakhulu ezindaweni ezilawula ubuchwepheshe obufana nezokwelapha noma ukuhlola izingozi zendawo ezungezile.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo Zamaqembu Ezihlubuki

Ukuhlola izinhlangano ezithile kubonisa indlela amaqembu afundisayo ahumusha ngayo amasu abe yiziyalezo ezingokoqobo neziqinisekisa ukuthi izinto zihamba kahle.

INgxowa - mali Yokuvikela Indawo Ezungezile (EDF)

I-EDF, eyasungulwa ngo-1967, iyiqembu eliphambili lokulawula indawo ezungezile eliye labumba i-U.S. lihlanganisa isayensi yezesayensi, izomnotho, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezindawo ezizungezile. Enye yezifebe zayo ezinkulu kwakuyindima yayo ngo-1990 yokulungisa i-Ceather Air Act, eyasungula isimiso se-papy-trade-traded se-sulfur dioxide empompelayo ukuze ilwe nemvula ene-acid. I-EDF isebenza nabo bobabili abaqondisi bezemvelo nemboni yokulungisa ikhambiwe engcono kakhulu. Muva nje, i-EDF iye yagxila ekukhipheni i-methane kanye nokushintsha isimo sezulu, okuqhubela phambili ekubekeni iziqondiso eziqinile ze-EPA. Indlela yabo yokuhlola i-adeccovackist nenqubo yokucwaninga engokwesayensi nezimiso zokusebenza ukuze kuklana kweze ikla ehlala isikhathi eside.

Inkululeko YaseMelika Ephakathi (ACLU)

I-ACLU, eyasungulwa ngo-1920, iyinhlangano engathathi hlangothi enikezelwe ukuvikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye njengoba kuqinisekiswe nguMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. Inqubo yayo eyinhloko i-ligitation, enomlando wezenzakalo ezingaphezu kuka-5 000 eziye zamisa umthetho wamalungelo abantu. Ukunqoba okuhlanganisa [ Brown v. Bown [v]. [FLT] i-Act [FL:1] [i-ACP] [indlela] [i-ACU] [i-ace] v.[FUFU:], i-FUP] ayifiki i-ace i-mfish, i-Actus.[FUFU] futhi ayithangaleli kakhulu, [inani eliphambili] futhi i-Active.[FUlglave.] i-Exflavess , futhi i-ess orgall.

Imibiko Ye - Consumer Reports (EyayiyiNhlangano Yabathengisi)

IConsumer Reports iyinhlangano ezimele, engenanzuzo ehlola imikhiqizo kanye nabasekeli bezokuphepha kwabathengi. Ithonya layo ngokulawula ngokuyinhloko lingokucwaninga nemikhankaso yomphakathi. Eminyakeni eminingi, inhlangano yacela izindinganiso zokuphepha kwezimoto ezinamandla, kuhlanganise nezikhwama ze-asemod kanye nokumelana nomthetho ophoqelelwe. Ukuhlola kwayo nokuhlola kuye kwaholela ekukhumbuleni nasekushintsheni ushintsho, njengo 2008 Consumer Product Refect Refective Act, eyafaka imingcele eqinile kumathoyizi. Consumer Reports i-onds, futhi icindezela izinhlangano zokuphoqesha ukuba zisebenze ngemikhiqizo enephutha engalungile. Imikhankampane. “Imikhankatho yabo yeSale” iye yaphumela ekusulweni kokuzithandela nokususwa kwezinto eziyingozi ezitolo.

Omama Abamelene Nokushayela Ngendunu (MADD)

IMADD iyisibonelo esinamandla seqembu lotshani elilawula kabusha umthetho. Yasungulwa ngo-1980 omama abanabantwana ababulawa abashayeli abadakiwe, i-MADD iqhushekela imithetho yokushayela eqinile enqabile, kuhlanganise nokwehlisa isilinganiso esingokomthetho sokufakwa kotshwala (BAC) ku-0. Ngokunxusa okungapheli nokuqapha komphakathi, i-MADD yathonya ukudluliswa kwe-National Selty Age Act ka-1901 kanye nemithetho eminingi ephakeme kahulumeni. I-Ertidract yathuthuka futhi njengoba amaphoyisa emukela izikhokhisi ezihlola i-odroscopeac. Impumelelo yezehlaka lokuxhumana ngokomzwelo ibonise indlela ukuhlangana ngayo nemikhankambiso ephikelelayo yomthetho kanye nemikhuba yokugcinwa.

Izinselele Ezibhekene Namaqembu Ezihlubuki

Naphezu kwethonya lawo, amaqembu alwayo asebenza endaweni egcwele izithiyo.

  • Imali ediliziwe nemithombo yemali: Amaqembu amaningi, ikakhulukazi izimpande zotshani, alwa nokuncintisana namalobho anezimboni aphambili. Izindleko zemali, imikhankaso yezindaba, nobufakazi obungochwepheshe zingaba yisithiyo, iphoqelela amaqembu ukuba abeke phambili noma alinganisele imizamo.
  • ukuphikiswa okungokobupolitiki nokuhlukana : Amaqembu abusayo avame ukubhekana nabalungisi abanonya noma abaphathi abaphikisana nemigomo yabo. Endaweni ehlukene kakhulu, ngisho namaphuzu obufakazi angalahlwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinguquko kuhulumeni zingaqeda iminyaka yentuthuko.
  • Ukunganaki kobuphekula kanye nokungaqondi kahle : Uma umphakathi ungaboni ukuthi indaba iphuthuma, kunzima ukukhuthaza ukusekela. Imikhankaso ye-Misformation ngokuphikisana nezithakazelo ingalulaza ukuthembeka kweqembu lezentengiselwano, njengoba kubonakala ezimpikiswaneni ngoshintsho lwesimo sezulu kanye nokugoma.
  • [ Izimo zokulawula ezilandelanayo ze-productionx: Ukulawula i-linth ye-compant, isifundazwe, kanye nezimiso zendawo kudinga ubuchwepheshe obukhethekile bomthetho nomthetho. Amaqembu amancane angase antula amandla okusebenza ngokuphumelelayo ngaphesheya kwezindawo eziningi.
  • Ukunciphisa nokunciphisa : Ngezinye izikhathi, ukuthembisana nabenzi bezimiso kuholela ekuniseleni imithetho ekholisa iqembu noma abaphikisi balo. Amaqembu kumelwe alinganisele ukuvumelana nokwethembeka ekuthunyweni kwawo.
  • Imingcele esemthethweni ekwahluleni : Imithetho yokuthola imvume, imithetho yezezimali, nemithetho yentela enqanyuliwe (umz., 501(c)(3)) inganqanda indlela amaqembu asebenza ngayo. Inzuzo kumele ilandele ngokucophelela imali echithwayo ukuze kugwenywe izijeziso noma ukulahlekelwa isikhundla sokulahla intela.

Ukulinganisa Ukuphumelela Kwamaqembu Ezisebenzi Zobufundisi

Ukuhlola ukuthi iqembu lobushiqela linemithetho ehlelwe kahle noma ukugcinwa kwemithetho kuyinselele. Impumelelo ayiyona njalo i-(a) iqembu elingathola inzuzo elinganiselwe, lishintshe impikiswano, noma lithonye inqubo yesikhathi esizayo. Izibalo ezivamile zihlanganisa:

  • [[ITL:0] iwina inzuzo noma umthetho : Inani lezindleko ezifakwayo noma iziqondiso ezisetshenziswayo ezivumelana nemigomo yeqembu.
  • Izenzo zokuphoqelela: Ukwanda kwenkokhelo, ukukhumbula, noma ukushushisa ngenxa yokucindezela komthetho.
  • Umbono wePublic ushintsha-shintsha: Ukwenaba kokwaziswa okubonisa ukuqashelwa noma ukusekela umagazini.
  • I-media kanye nokubhala i-frameng: Ikangaki umbono weqembu uvela ezindabeni nokuthi ubumba ukulandisa.
  • Imiphumela ye-ligigation: izinqumo zenkantolo ezimisa isiqalo noma ukuphoqelela ushintsho lokuqondisa.

Nokho, ukuqapha kunzima ngoba izici eziningi zithonya isimiso. Amaqembu afundisayo avame ukubopha incazelo ngemiphumela okungenzeka ukuthi ivela ekuthatheni inqubo ebanzi. Amaqembu abambelele ekulweni asebenzisa ibalazwe elilandelayo nokuhlola igalelo ukuze abonise ithonya lawo.

Ikusasa Lamaqembu Ezihlubuki

Njengoba umphakathi ubhekana nezindaba ezintsha nezixazululekayo, amaqembu okulawula kumelwe azivumelanise nokuphumelela ukuze ahlale ephumelela.

Ubuchwepheshe Nokwaziswa Okubi

Amathuluzi emishini aguqula indlela amaqembu ezokuhlola asebenza ngayo. Amapulatifomu ezokuxhumana enza ukuba kuqoqwe futhi kuqoqwe izimali ngokushesha, kuyilapho ukwaziswa kusiza amaqembu ahlola izinqubo zokuxhumana ukuzwa abenzi besinqumo esiyinhloko, imiyalezo yokuzingela, nokuphumelela komkhankaso wokulinganisela. Ngokwesibonelo, ukusetshenziswa kwemininingwane yezesayensi yezindawo ezizungezile kwamaqembu angakwazi ukuveza i-athomosphective nemishini elawula ukushisa. Nokho, ubuchwepheshe buletha izingozi, ezinjengobandlululo lwe-althmilit kanye nokwanda kwe-transformation. Amaqembu ayizingcweti zokuhlola i-advocatacy ayoba nenzuzo enkulu.

Ukuhwebelana Kwembulunga Yonke Kobushiqela

Izinselele eziningi zokuzihlela ngezantsi ."ukushintsha, ukugwema intela, i-Internet, ukubusa kwe-internet. "i-audivocation" isebenza kakhulu emingceleni. Amaqembu okuphatha izigebengu asebenza ngokunwetshwayo, akha izibopho zomhlaba wonke njengeZizwe Ezihlangene, iNhlangano Yezwe Lohwebo, neNkantolo ye-International Criminational. Izinhlangano ezinjengo Transparency International and Human Rights Watch ziveza lomkhuba, uthonya ukugcinwa kwemithetho embulungeni yonke. Amaqembu emakhaya nawo aboleka amasuntswana akwamanye amazwe, akha amaqhinga okubulala izikhali ze-arnal.

Izinhlangano Ezisebasha Ezingahlali Nhlangothi

Izizukulwane ezisha ziqhuba izingqapheli ezintsha ezihlanganisa amasu angokwesiko nesavvy yezokuxhumana. Ukuhlasela kwesimo sezulu okuholwa uGreta Thunberg kanye noMnyakazo Wethu Wesintu Siphila Kubonisa indlela amaqembu entsha angawakha ngayo amandla asheshayo nokucindezela. Lezi zinhlangano zivame ukuthatha indlela yokuhlukanisa, ukuhlanganisa izimpikiswano ezinjengobulungisa besizwe, ukungalingani kwezomnotho, nokuqina kwendawo ezungezile. Ukugcizelela kwawo isenzo esiqondile kanye nokuhlelwa kwemisebe yezinga kusethubeni kuqhubeke.

Ukwakha Ukukhululeka Ekubhekaneni Nokubhekana Nezingxabano

Amaqembu alwayo abhekene ne-panet ehlelwe ngokuqhubekayo yizimpi ezisebenzisa amasu afanayo . Ukusuka ku- “astraturf” imikhankaso (fake utshani) ukuya ekuhlukunyezweni okungokomthetho (isudi le-SLAP). Amaqembu kumelwe akhe ukuqina ngokusekela ngemali engenisa imali, ngokuvikela imfihlo yamalungu, nangokuthuthukisa amaqembu asabela ngokushesha. Umthetho ofana nemithetho ye-Anti-SLAP kwezinye izizwe usiza ekuvikeleni abashisekeli bempi enkantolo engafanele, kodwa kudinga isivikelo esikhulu.

Umngane Womphakathi

Amanye amaqembu afuna ukubambisana nezinhlangano kanye nezinhlangano zikahulumeni ukuze afinyelele imigomo yokulawula. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Rainforest Alliance iqinisa imikhiqizo eqinile, idala izisusa zokuvumelana. Nakuba ukubambisana okunjalo kungaphumelela, futhi kufaka izingozi zokungezwani uma amaqembu esondela kakhulu entweni afuna ukuyilawula. Ukulondoloza ukuzimela nokubonakala kwangaphandle kuyoba nokugxeka.

Isiphetho

Amaqembu alawulayo angabadlali ababalulekile ezokulawula nokulawula. Bakhulisa amazwi angase angaqondakali, afake ubuchwepheshe ezimpikiswaneni zezemithetho, futhi agcine kokubili uhulumeni nezimboni zinecala. Kusukela ekuvikeleni indawo ezungezile kuya emalungelweni omphakathi kuya ekulondekeni kwabathengi, iminwe yabo isemaqenjini amaningi emithetho nasemisebenzini yokusebenza esiyithatha kalula. Kodwa umsebenzi wabo awusoze wenziwe. Njengoba izinselele ezintsha nezimo zezombangazwe zivela, amaqembu okulawula amaqembu kumelwe aqhubeke esungula izinhlelo zawo, ukwakha imifelandawonye, futhi alondoloze ukuthembana komphakathi. Ikusasa lomthetho liyololongwa yimithetho nezindawo ezikhona kuphela kodwa futhi nangabaqhubi abanolwazi, abanolwazi, nabashisekeli bempindinisa imingcele engcono.

Ukuze ufunde okwengeziwe ngamasu ezindawo zobuhlanga, bheka [[FLT: 0] Britannica ukucaciswa kwamaqembu azimeleyo kanye ne-[FLT]ACLU] engokomthetho yezindawo ezisemthethweni[[. Ekuthinteni i-active coration cookie, hlola [[[FLT:]] iNgxoxo yezentengo yezentengo yezentengo [FLT][FLT]. Ukuqondisisa imizamo yokuzivikela, ukuvakashela imibiko yezemvelo [[FLT][FLT] [FLT]