Imvelaphi Yesigungu Sikamongameli EMhlanganweni Womthetho - sisekelo

Imfuneko yesifungo sobumongameli yavela ezimpikiswaneni eMhlanganweni woMthetho-sisekelo ka-1787. Izihambeli zalwa nendlela yokubopha umqondisi omusha kumthetho obhaliwe owawuzolinganisela amandla kahulumeni. UJames Wilson wasePennsylvania waphikisa ngokuthi isifungo sasidingeka ukuqinisekisa uMongameli “singaphansi kwezibopho ezingathi sína kakhulu zokuvikela, nokuvikela”. Ukuhlanganisa kokugcina, ukuhlanganiswa kweSiphakamiso II, iSigaba 1, uClause 8, kwakuyisivumelwano phakathi kwalabo ababefuna isifungo esingokwenkolo kanye nalabo ababefuna ukuvunyelwa okungokwenkolo okuphelele. Umbhalo ngamabomu uvumela uMongameli ukuba“ abophe noma aqinisekise,” uMthetho-Constitution, ulwe kanye namanye amaqembu enkolo abambelele ekufungeni.

Isinqumo somhlangano sokufaka isifungo ngokungagwegwesi ngaphakathi koMthetho-sisekelo kunokuba kube semthethweni owagcizelela ukubaluleka kwawo okuyisisekelo. Ngokungafani nezifungo ezidingekayo kuzikhulu zikahulumeni noma izikhulu zempi, isifungo sobumongameli sithola igunya laso kumthetho ophakeme ngokwawo. Lokhu kuqinisa isimiso sokuthi umthetho kaMongameli uphumele kuMthetho-sisekelo, hhayi ekufuneni ukunqoba okuthandwayo noma kokhetho kuphela. Ngokuvumelana nemininingwane yezingxoxo zomhlangano, bheka i-Profethispital Constitution yesizwe [[FLT:]]

Umbhalo Nobukhulu Bawo Obungokomthetho

Amazwi aqondile esifungo aye ahlala engashintshi iminyaka engaphezu kwengu- 230: ngifunga kakhulu (noma ngiqinisekisa) ukuthi ngiyolisebenzisa ngokwethembeka iHhovisi likaMongameli wase-United States, futhi ngizolisebenzisa kahle kakhulu ikhono lami, ngigcine, ngivikele futhi ngivikele uMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States.” [ Amazwi athi “kungcono kakhulu kwekhono lami” aletha indinganiso ehloniphekile, kodwa isibopho esiyinhloko, kodwa ukuvikela, nokuvikela uMthetho-Cricial (is). Izazi ezivamile ziphawula ukuthi lolulimi luveza umsebenzi womuntu siqu ongekho umthetho noma uhlelo lwezehlakalo.[FLD:3]

Isifungo sinikezwa ngokushesha ngaphambi kokuba uMongameli athathe amagunya ehhovisi. Uma uMongameli ebenganqaba isifungo, ngeke afanelekele ngokwemithetho-mthetho ukufezwa. Lemfuneko ayiwona nje umthetho ongokomthetho; iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yakhomba isifungo njengobufakazi besibopho somthetho-mPresidente sokusekela ukubusa. Ezimweni ezihilela ilungelo lobucukubhede noma ukuthulwa, isifungo sisebenza njengebhentshi ukuze kunqume ukuthi izenzo zobumongameli zidlula imingcele yomthetho.

Umehluko Phakathi Kwesifuba Nokugula

Ukufakwa okucacile koMthetho-sisekelo “noma ukuqinisekisa” kwakuwukwephula kwasemthethweni ngenxa yenkathi yayo. ISivumelwano siphethe amandla angokomthetho afanayo nesifungo kodwa asinxusi unkulunkulu. Omongameli abakhetha ukusekela kunokuba bafunge basabeka isandla sabo eBhayibhelini noma komunye umbhalo uma bethanda, kodwa amazwi aqinisekisayo kuphela anele. NguMongameli oyedwa kuphela oqinisekisa kunokuba afunge, futhi ubeka isandla sakhe encwadini yomthetho kunokuba afake iBhayibheli. Lokhu kugcizelela inhlonipho yomthetho ngonembeza ngamunye kuyilapho ukulondoloza isibopho esingcwele.

Indlela I - oath Eqinisa Ngayo Umthetho - sisekelo

Ukuphakama komthetho-sisekelo kusho ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo ungumthombo ophakeme kakhulu wegunya elingokomthetho e-United States. Akukho mthetho kahulumeni noma kazwelonke, akukho komiti yezikhulu, noma isinqumo sokwahlulela esingaphikisana nayo. Isifungo sikamongameli sihlanganisa lokhu kuphakama ngezindlela eziningi:

  • Ukuzithoba okusezantsi: Ngokufunga ukuthi “nivikele, nivikele futhi nivikele” uMthetho-sisekelo, uMongameli uyavuma ukuthi igunya labo lithathwe futhi lilinganiselwe yileyo mibhalo. Noma yisiphi isenzo esiphula uMthetho-sisekelo (hhayi noma yisiphi esithandwayo ) ukwephulwa kwesifungo.
  • Ukulandisa okungokobuningi: Isifungo sithathwa obala, ikakhulukazi phambi koMahluleli omkhulu nezilaleli zesizwe. Lokhu kubona kwenza isithembiso sikaMongameli sibe indaba yomphakathi, senze iziKhongolo, izinkantolo, nezakhamuzi ukuba zigcine izinqolobane zesizwe zilandisa. [[FLT]] izinqolobane zesizwe [ zilondoloza imibhalo yokuqala yesifungo ngasinye.
  • Ukuqhubekeka okungaqondakali: Isifungo siphawula isikhathi esiqondile lapho uMongameli-mkhethe eba uMongameli. Sidala umugqa okhanyayo womthetho-sisekelo: ngaphambi kwesifungo, umuntu uyisakhamuzi sangasese; ngemva kwalokho, baboshelwa ngemisebenzi yehhovisi. Lokhu kuqinisa ukuthi igunya lomthetho-sisekelo alilona elenzeka ngokomuntu siqu kodwa liyinhlangano.

Isikhwama Nokuhlukana Kwamandla

Isifungo senza okungaphezu kokubopha uMongameli − sihlobene futhi nokuhlukanisa amagunya. Amandla oMkhandlu ukuba unikeze uMongameli “obugebengu obuphakeme nobuPhasayo” ngokuvamile agxila ekutheni uMongameli uye waphula isifungo sabo yini. IGaeo House Judicary Committee ibhekisela ekufungeleni kuka-19691 izihloko ezimelene noRichard Nixon njengendiciso engokomthetho yamagatsha ombuso nomthetho, iqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho uhlala uyinto yokugcina yesivumelwano.

Izibonelo Ezingokomlando Nethonya Lazo

Cishe wonke uMongameli uye wasebenzisa isifungo njengendinganiso edinga impendulo, ikakhulukazi ngezikhathi zenhlekelele yesizwe.

Ukuvuselelwa Kokuqala KwaseGeorge Washington (ngo - 1789)

NgoApril 30, 1789, uGeorge Washington wafunga uvulandi weHholo leFederal eNew York City. Wanezela amazwi athi “ngakho - ke ngisize uNkulunkulu” ekupheleni kwamazwi angokomthetho, isiko abalandeli abaningi besikhathi abalandeli besikhathi. Isenzo seWashington sasingesona nje isenzakalo esivamile; kwabonisa ukuthi ngisho nomphathi wesimo ohlonishwayo ohloniphekile wayezozithoba emingceleni engokomthetho-mthetho. Kamuva wabhala ukuthi lesi sifungo sasiwukuthi “isifungo esiqotho sokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo uzoba yisiqondiso sesimiso sami.”

U - Abraham Lincoln Nempi Yombango

Phakathi nokunikezelwa kwakhe kokuqala ngo-1861, enezifunda eziyisikhombisa esezihlukene kakade, uLincoln wanikeza inkulumo eyayimnxusa kakhulu ukuba afunge. Wathi: “Namuhla ngisenza isifungo esingokomthetho ngaphandle kokungabaza, futhi ngaphandle kwenjongo yokuqinisekisa uMthetho-sisekelo noma imithetho eyingozi nganoma yimiphi imithetho enzima.” Isifungo sikaLincoln saba isithiyo sobuholi bakhe bempi. Lapho eyeka i-habeas corpus noma ekhipha i-Emancipration Proclame, ngaso sonke isikhathi wayebeka lezizenzo njengezidingekile “ukuvikela, nokuvikela nokuvikela i-mthetho - sisekelo. Izikhombo zakhe eziphindaphindiwe zeSifungo zasiza ukuhlanganisa isizwe esasingahlanganiwe ngenxa yegunya lomthetho.

UFranklin Roosevelt Nokwanda Kwamandla Alawulayo

Franklin Roosevelt, okuwukuphela kukaMongameli okhethwe ukuba abe namagama amane, wathatha isifungo izikhathi ezine. Inkulumo yakhe yokuvula ikhulu, eyanikezwa phakathi nokwehla kwezomnotho okukhulu, yayihlanganisa umugqa odumile ayezocela kuwo uKhongolo-Sishaya-Mkhandlu ukuba alwe “namandla okuBusa Amandla okulwa nosizi, namandla amakhulu njengamandla ayenganikezwa mina uma empeleni besihlaselwa isitha sangaphandle.” Naphezu kwalolulimi olubanzi, uRoosevelt wayehlala eqinisa izenzo zakhe eMthethweni-Mthethweni, ngokuvamile eveza isifungo njengegunya lokuthatha imingcele yesimo esiqinile. Ukusebenzisa kwakhe isifungo kuqokomisa isimo esinzima: amazwi afana nawo amandla kamongameli anganikezwa futhi ukuba athethelele ukwanda kwalo, uma nje umgomo wokugcina ukulondoloza isimiso somthetho womthetho.

Omongameli Banamuhla Namandla Alawulayo EOath

Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, abaMongameli baye basebenzisa isifungo ekuxazululeni izimpikiswano. URonald Reagan, phakathi nokumiswa kwakhe ngo 1981, wakhumbuza amaMelika ukuthi amagunya kahulumeni “ayenziwa” nokuthi isifungo esambopha ukuba ahloniphe amalungelo ezwe. uBarack Obama, ekunikezelweni kwakhe kwesibili, wasebenzisa isifungo njengesisekelo sokubiza kwakhe“ ukuvikela, ukuvikela, nokuvikela” amalungelo omphakathi nenkululeko. UDonald Trump ka-2017 wabhekisela esifungo njengesithembiso sokudlulisela amandla avela eWashington kubantu. UMongameli ngamunye uchaza isifungo ngebala lakhe siqu lezombangazwe, kodwa isenzo sokusithatha obala ukuqinisa uMthetho-mthetho oqhubekayo.

Isifungo Nomthetho

Isifungo sobumongameli siyinsika yokubusa komthetho waseMelika. Iqinisekisa ukuthi akukho Presidenti, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uthandwa noma igunya lokuzikhethela, ongathola igunya ngaphandle komthetho-sisekelo. Lesi simiso siye savivinywa kaningi, ikakhulukazi phakathi nehlazo leWatergate. Lapho iNkantolo Ephakeme iyala uMongameli uNixon ukuba akhulule amakhasethi eWatergate, isinqumo seNkantolo siveza isifungo sakhe njengobufakazi bokuthi akangaphezu komthetho. Isifungo siyisikhumbuzo sokuthi uMongameli uyinceku yokuqala yoMthetho-sisekelo, hhayi inkosi yayo.

Emhlabeni wonke, isifungo sobumongameli sisebenza njengesibonelo samanye amademokrasi. Umthetho-mthetho wamazwe amaningi uhlanganisa izimfuneko ezifanayo zezifungo zamakhanda kahulumeni, ngokuvamile uboleka ngokuqondile embhalweni wase-U.S. U.S. uMnyango woMbuso[ uye wafakazela indlela lomqondo wesifungo oye washintshwa ngayo emazweni kusukela eNingizimu Korea kuya eNigeria, uqinisa izindinganiso zembulunga yonke zokuphakama kwemithetho-mthetho.

Ukungaqondi Nezinganekwane Ezivamile

Naphezu kokucaca kwayo, isifungo sikamongameli ngezinye izikhathi siyaqondwa kabi.

  • Myth: UMongameli kumele abeke isandla eBhayibhelini. UMthetho-sisekelo awufuni mbhalo wenkolo. Nakuba isiko lihlanganisa iBhayibheli, uMahluleli oyinhloko wenza isifungo ngisho noma kungekho ncwadi. John Quincy Adams wasebenzisa incwadi yomthetho; uTheodore Roosevelt akasebenzisanga nayikho incwadi.
  • Myth: Isifungo sihlanganisa ukuthi “ngisizeni uNkulunkulu.” Lamazwi awakho embhalweni womthetho-sisekelo. Aye afakwa nguMongameli ngamunye kusukela eWashington, kodwa ayiwona umthetho ovamile. UMongameli angawakhipha ngaphandle komthetho.
  • Myth: Isifungo senza uMongameli abe ukuphela komvikeli woMthetho-sisekelo. Empeleni, zonke izikhulu zikahulumeni zifunga ukusekela uMthetho-sisekelo, futhi isifungo sezempi sihlanganisa isithembiso sokulalela imiyalo engokomthetho. Isifungo sikaMongameli sihlukile kuphela ekugxileni kwakhe kulo lonke idokhumende, kodwa asinikeli igunya lokuchaza kuphela.

Isihlwathi Namandla Alawulayo

Isigaba sokungavumelani noMthetho-sisekelo esiseSiphakamisweni II, iSigaxa sesine sinikeza ukususwa kukaMongameli “Isulelo, Ukufumbathisa, noma okunye ubugebengu obuphakeme nobuMasidears.” Nakuba isifungo singabalwanga ngokucacile njengecala elingathandeki, ukwephulwa kwesifungo ngokomlando kuye kwabhekwa njengecala eliphezulu. I-House Judicary Committee isho ukuthi “ukuthatha isifungo sokulondoloza, ukuvikela, nokuvikela uMthetho-sisekelo ngokwawo kuyisibopho somthetho; ukuhluleka ukwenza kanjalo kuyisizathu sokungalungisi.” Lokhu kwenza isithembiso sibe umthetho onecala: uMongameli owephula ngamabomu isithembiso somthetho wango-19979 uphule isithembiso sawo.

Icala lokuqulwa kwamacala angu - 2021 likaDonald Trump ngemva kokuhlasela kweCapitol ngoJanuary 6 lagxila kakhulu esifungweni. Izikhulu zendlu zaphikisa ngokuthi imizamo kaTrump yokugumbuqela imiphumela yokhetho lwama - 2020 yayenza ukwephulwa okuqondile kwesifungo sakhe ‘ sokuvikela nokuvikela” uMthetho-sisekelo. Nakuba iSigebengu singawumangalelwanga, lenkulumo yaqokomisa ukuthi isifungo siyingxenye ephilayo yomthetho - sisekelo, hhayi inkulumo engokomlando.

Ikusasa Lesicathulo Esibukeka Ngokushintsha Komthetho - sisekelo

Njengoba i-United States iguqula, isifungo somongameli sizoqhubeka sisebenza njenge-alpharamenti yomthetho-sisekelo. Izimpikiswano eziphathelene neziqondiso zezikhulu, imibuso yempi, nezimemezelo eziphuthumayo zibuyela emuva kumbuzo: Ingabe uMongameli uye wahlala ethembekile esifungweni? Ukuvela kwezenhlalo zezokuxhumana namahora angu-24 kwenza ukuba isifungo sokumiswa kwesifungo sibonakale kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili, kodwa futhi sidala izinselele ezintsha. Izinkantolo zingaba nokuzimisela koMongameli ukuvumelana nemisebenzi eqinile. Izazi ezingokomthetho zixoxa kakhulu ngokuthi isifungo sidala indinganiso elungile yini, ukuthi izifungo zikamongameli zingenza izenzo zokujezaphula umthetho. Ngakho, izinkantolo bezimadoloza ukwenza kanjalo, zishiye ukugcinwa kwenqubo yezombangazwe nokungagunyazwa.

Noma kunjalo, amandla esifungo angokomfanekiso ayaqhubeka. Njalo eminyakeni emine, izigidi zamaMelika zibuka isenzo esilula sokuphakamisa isandla sokunene nokuphindaphinda amazwi angu-35. Lowomcimbi uhlanganisa uMongameli ngamunye omusha nabasunguli nomthetho-sisekelo abawumisayo. Isifungo asiqinisekisi ukuthi abaMongameli bayo bayolandela uMthetho-sisekelo njalo, kodwa siqinisekisa ukuthi abanakuzisho ukuthi abazi lutho ngezicelo zabo.[

Isiphetho

Isifungo sobumongameli singaphezu kakhulu komkhosi wemikhosi. Siwumshini womthetho-sisekelo obopha umphathi omkhulu kumthetho wezwe, obangela ukulandisa ngokunganaki, futhi onikeza iqophelo lokuhlanganisa phakathi nezinkinga zesizwe. Kusukela kumazwi okuqala angenakuqinisekiswa eWashington emikhosini yanamuhla eqoshiwe, isifungo siye sakhumbuza amaMelika ukuthi amandla obumongameli awakho ngokuphelele, futhi anikezwa nguMthetho-sisekelo futhi abuye abekelwe ukuthembeka uma lokho kuthenjelwa kukhashelwa. Uma nje i-United States isahlala iyi-Riphabliki yomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo, isifungo sikamongameli siyoba insika kahulumeni wayo, sigcizelela umqondo wokuthi akukho muntu okhona ngaphezu kwencwadi eyadala isikhundla.