Igumbi Elizwayo Njengesilwi Sobulungisa

Izindlebe ze-Congress zimelela isiko elinamandla elivelele, elijulile lezombangazwe zaseMelika. Zingaphezulu kakhulu kwemithetho ehleliwe eklanyelwe ukuqoqa ukwaziswa kwabenzi bomthetho noma izihlalo ezifudumele kuC-SPAN. Uma bephumelela, lezi zikhathi zisebenza njengenkundla ephakathi lapho idrama yesizwe yamalungelo omphakathi nobulungisa bezenhlalo ivela khona. Zinikeza isigaba lapho amazwi aphansi angabhekana khona ngokuqondile namandla, ukuvelela okudalula ukungabi nabulungisa kwamehlo omphakathi, nenqubo yokwakha umbhalo ongokomthetho, ongenakuphikiswa wobubi.

Igunya lokuphatha izindaba lisekelwe emagunyeni omthetho nawabeluleli anikezwa iSishaya-mthetho iSiphakamiso I soMthetho-sisekelo. Nokho, ukuzwa kwanamuhla kuye kwashintsha kwaba ithuluzi elibalulekile lokuthuthukisa isilinganiso sombuso, icebo lezombangazwe, nokushintsha kwezenhlalo. Kusuka ebufakazini bonya babantu ababekade begqilaziwe phakathi nokwakhiwa kwenkathi yokuvuselelwa kweNkathi, ukulandisa okuphezulu kobudlova bamaphoyisa ekhulwini lamakhulu angamashumi amabili namahlanu, igumbi lekomiti liye lasebenza njengethuluzi elibalulekile lokuthuthukisa ukulingana. Nokho, le thuluzi linezingasibekezelele kakhulu ekusebenziseni izikhali zezombangazwe, ukumelana nesimiso sezezombangazwe, ukuma kwesimiso esiklanyelwe ukumiswa, hhayi isinyathelo esisheshayo. Ukuqonda indima yokulalela inqubo yokwahlulela ezenhlalo ekusebenzelaneni komphakathi, ukukhonzwa kwabo kokunqoba kwabo, ukuhluleka kwabo komlando, nokulawula kwabo okukhulu.

Umshini Womthetho - sisekelo: Indlela Izindlebe Ezishintsha Ngayo

Umshini Wokuqondisa Nokuphoqelela

Amandla amahle ezindlebe zomphakathi (1927) kanye [i-[FLT]] inamandla okuphoqelela isenzo nobufakazi. Amandla e-subpoena, acwengisiwe ngecala leNkantolo Ephakeme ewuphawu njenge ] Mcrain v. Daughherty [197]) kanye [i-[FLT]] Awatkins v. United States [1957], ivumela amakomiti ukuba aphoqe ofakazi abanqindisanayo, izikhulu zezinhlangano zezentengiselwano, noma izakhamuzi ezizimeleyo, zivele futhi zive izincwadi. [le yokulalela] yilokho okuhlukanisa ukuzwa komhlangano emhlanganweni noma emhlanganweni. Iveza ubufakazi obuveza i-gedurabon engazifihla nokufihla.

Izezinhlangano zobulungisa bezenhlalo, lemishini ibalulekile. Ngokuvamile abaxhasi bemithetho yama-activans bazama ukuzwiwa yizo kanye izinhlangano abafuna ukuziguqula. Ukuzwa kwengqungquthela ngamandla okulawula i-toppoena kungadlula izakhiwo zamandla endawo, abagcini bamasango ezindaba, kanye nama-bureaucracy aqinile. Uma iKomiti yeSigele yeSigele noma iKomiti yeNdlu yeNdlu e-Oversay ne-Reformism inquma ukuphenya imingcele yamaphoyisa, ukuvota imingcele yokuvota, noma ukucwasana, kuthumela uphawu olucacile lokuthi lendaba isifinyelele emnyango wesizwe wekhampathilo. Izwi linikeza indawo lapho ubufakazi bezisulu nochwepheshe berekhodi kahulumeni, umbhalo ongakhonjwa ezinkantolo zesikhathi esizayo nasemibhikisweni yemithetho.

Ukukhethwa KoFakazi: Impi Yezombangazwe Engalwiwa Nesizwe

Esinye sezici eziphikiswa kakhulu zanoma iziphi izindlebe ukukhethwa kofakazi. Iqembu elikhulu lilawula isimiso nohlu lofakazi, kodwa iqembu elincane livame ukuvunyelwa ukuba libize ofakazi balo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukuzwa konke kuyindlela yokuxoxisana, futhi ngokuvamile impi, kuziphi izindaba ezizotshelwa. Kuzothethwa ngamalungelo abantu, lempi ikhona. Ingabe ikomiti izolalela kuphoyisa inqubo yomnyango, noma emkhayeni othandekayo wakhe owabulawa? Ingabe iyozwa ummeli omkhulu we-gasterirgit, noma kumvoti osekhulile oye waxoxile?

Ukukhethwa kofakazi kunquma indlela engokomzwelo nengokwezombangazwe yokuqulwa kwecala. Ukuzwa okuphumelela kakhulu kobulungisa bezenhlalo ngokuvamile kusekela ubufakazi balabo abaye babhekana nobulungisa ngokuqondile. Uma ufakazi ekhuluma ngokuhlangenwe nakho okuphilile, indaba yabo ingaguqula impikiswano eyinkimbinkimbi yesimiso futhi ibangele uzwela lomphakathi. Ukusetshenziswa okunesisekelo kobufakazi ukuze kushicilelwe indaba enamandla yikhono eliyinhloko lamaqembu asebenzela amaqembu ezinhlangano ukuze athole futhi alungiselele ofakazi abaphoqelelayo. Nokho, le nqubo ayiyona inqubo enzima ukuguqula izisulu zibe yizimpikiswa zezombangazwe futhi iphikisa ngokuthi zingaguqula ithonya elingokomzwelo ligxile ekuhlolweni kwesimiso esiqinile.

IMegaphone YaseMedia: Isuka Emsakazweni Iya Emathunjini Angenawo Umuthi

Ithonya lokulalela lihambisana nezindawo ezidayisa izindaba lapho kwenzeka khona. Izezindaba zeButho loMkhosi wango-1954, ezasiza ekuguquleni umbono womphakathi ngokumelene noSenator Joseph McCarty, uSamvin noJohn Dean wekomiti, zaziphakathi kwezokuqala ukuqoshwa nge-temma, zibonisa ikhono le-message lokudambisa inkundla yemidlalo yezezombangazwe exhunyiwe ezilalelini eziningi.

Kulenkathi yanamuhla, amandla okuqulwa kwamacala akhuliswa yimithombo yezezindaba. Ubufakazi obunamandla bokuhlola isiphambano noma ubufakazi bezinyembezi bungafinyelelwa futhi buhlangane kanenyelwa kanenyenya phakathi namahora. Lokhu kwakha amandla amasha lapho ukuzwa konke kungesona isenzakalo somthetho nje kodwa isici sezombangazwe. Ukuqulwa kwamacala ango-2020, ukuqulwa kwecala leSiphakamiso se-Curt Justices, kanye nokuqulwa kwecala ngoJanuwari 6th ukuhlaselwa koCapitol konke kwaqedwa umphakathi ikakhulukazi ngemibhobho yomphakathi, eyakha umbono womphakathi ngesikhathi sangempela nangokuqhubekayo kwezekwehlukana.

ISipho Senhlangano Yamalungelo Omphakathi (1950s - 1960s)

Impumelelo yomthetho ye-Civil Rights Movement ayikholeki ngaphandle komsebenzi oyisisekelo wokuqulwa kwezindaba zomphakathi. Lezi zikhathi zasebenza njengebhuloho eligxekayo phakathi kokuthatha isinyathelo esiqondile semigwaqo nesenzo somthetho weCapitol. Bahumushela amandla okuziphatha aleyonhlangano olimini olungokomthetho lwesimiso.

Ukudalula UJim Crow: Izindlebe Ezashayisa Isizwe

Ngo- 1963, uMongameli uJohn F.Kennedy wahlongoza umthetho obanzi wamalungelo omphakathi ngemva kokuxabana kobudlova eBirmingham, e-Alabama. Ukuze kwakhiwe irekhodi lemithetho elinamandla ngokwanele ukuba linqobe i-monilbuster eSigele, iKomitini seNdlu Yezimemezelo neSishaya-mthetho neKomiti Yezente Yezohwebo baqungatha icala elikhulu. Ubufakazi bezwiwa bethiwa buyincithane. OFakazi, kuhlanganise nabaholi bamalungelo omphakathi, izisulu zokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu, nezikhulu zenkolo, banikeza amarekhodi ahlazo anzima amaphoyisa, ukuphindisela kwezomnotho, nokuncishwa kwenkululeko eyisisekelo.

Esinye sezikhathi ezivusa amadlingozi kakhulu kulenkathi asenzekanga kuphela ekuqulweni kwemithetho kodwa phambi kwe-Credenties Committee of the Democratic National Convention ka- 1964. Fannie Lou Hamer, umxhaphazi noshisekeli wezombangazwe, wafaka ufakazi ngokushaywa ngonya abhekana nakho ejele laseMississippi. Ubufakazi obuqashelwe, obabekiwe ngokwesizwe, obabenziwe bagqashulelwa umhlangano nezwe [FLTLY:1]. Umongameli uLyndon B. Johnson, eqaphela amandla ezombangazwe, wabamba umhlangano wezokusakaza imithombo yezindaba yezindaba, kodwa umonakalo, kunalokho, iqiniso, cishe lalenziwa. Ukulandisa okungokomzwelo kukaHam.

Ukwakha Irekhodi Lomthetho Wokuphana Ngelungelo

Icala elizungeze iVoing Rights Act ka-1965 lalishintsha ngokufanayo. Izenzakalo zobudlova ze “ngeSonto elibi” eSelma zanikeza isizinda sokuziphatha esisheshayo, kodwa ukuthethwa kwecala kwalandela imingcele ehleliwe yokuvota eNingizimu. AmaKomiti ezwa ngokuhlola ukufunda nokubhala okuklanyelwe ukuhluleka, intela yokukhothoza, ukwesabisa, nobudlova obusobala ngokumelene nabamnyama. Lomlando ongokomthetho wawubalulekile ukuze ubonise ukuthi ikhambi elinamandla, eliwumbuso lalidingeka ukuze kuphoqelelwe iSiphendulo se-15.

Ubufakazi bukaDkt. Martin Luther King Jr. nabanye abaholi phambi koMkhandlu banikeza impikiswano engokomthetho nengokokuziphatha eqinile. Baphikisa ngokuthi ilungelo lokuvota laliyisisekelo sawo wonke amanye amalungelo nokuthi uhulumeni unegunya elingokomthetho lokungenela. Umlando wokuzwa wakha umlando wemithetho ozoncikeka ekusekeleni ukuqina komthetho-mthetho we-Act. Lenkathi imelela uphawu oluphezulu lwamanzi oluyinjini eqondile yomthetho wezenhlalakahle, ubonise amandla enhlangano ehlangene, igatsha lesikhulu esinesihawu, neSishayamthetho esizimisele ukwenza okuthile.

IKhomishane YaseKerner: Isixwayiso Esingagwenywanga

Nakuba ingekho ingqungquthela ye-componion, umsebenzi we-National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders (i-Kerner Commission) kanye nokusabela kwengqungquthela okwalandela kubonisa kokubili amandla nemingcele yokuthola iqiniso elingokomthetho. Ikhomishane, eyamiswa nguMongameli Johnson ngo-1967, yalalela izimbangela zesiyaluyalu sasedolobheni. Isiphetho sayo esidumile sathi “Isizwe sethu sihamba sibheke emiphakathini emibili, enye emnyama, enye emhlophe − nengalinganiyo” [ne] yayisekelwe ebufakazi obubanzi obuvela emkhosini, emphakathini, nasezakhamuzini yemiphakathi ethintekile.

Icala le-Congress eliye laphendulelwa ekuphenduleni iKerner Report ekuqaleni lathembisa isenzo esiqinile sokuthatha indlu, umsebenzi, kanye namaphoyisa. Nokho, i-politiki ifuna ukusebenzisa ukutusa kombiko kuxegisiwe. Umfutho wanciswa yiMpi yaseVietnam, ukuphakama kwezezombangazwe, nokubulawa kukaDkt. King. Izindlebe zale nkosi zisebenza njengesikhumbuzo esiqinile sokuthi umbiko onamandla, ngisho nowusekelwa yikhomishana kamongameli, awuguquleli ngokuzenzekelayo. Ukwehluleka ekugcineni ukwenza ngokuvumelana nokutusa kwayo okuningi kuyisixwayiso sanoma yisiphi isinyathelo esibeka ukholo lwayo emandleni okulalelayo ukuze kushintshwe.

Izinhlangano Zokwahlulela Ngezenhlalo Zanamuhla Egumbini LeKomiti

Emashumini eminyaka alandela i - Civil Rights Era, ukuqulwa kwamacala ezinhlangano kuye kwaqhubeka kusebenza njengenkundla eyinhloko yempi yokulunga kwezenhlalo, nakuba isimo sezombangazwe siye saba yizigaba ezinkulu kakhulu nezihlukanisayo.

Unya Lwamaphoyisa Nokufuna Ukulandisa Okude

Ngemva kokushaywa kukaRodney King nokulahlwa kwamaphoyisa aseLos Angeles ngo-1991, iSishaya - mthetho saqunga izikhulu zamaphoyisa zamacala ezahlola ukusetshenziswa kwegunya elingaphezu komthetho nesidingo sobubonisi bukahulumeni. Lamacala ayephakathi kwabantu bokuqala ukunikeza isikhulu sesizwe impikiswano yonya lwamaphoyisa kulenkathi yanamuhla. Zaholela enkathini emfushane yenguquko, kuhlanganise nokudlula kwe-19949 uLawulo lwezigebengu olunobudlova ne-Law Enforcement Act, eyayihlanganisa nelungiselelo lokuvumela uMnyango wobulungisa ukuba uphengulule futhi uqhube iminyango yamaphoyisa ehileleke “esibonelo noma umkhuba wokuziphatha okubi. ”

Ekhulwini lama-21 leminyaka, ukufa kukaMichael Brown e-Forguson (2014, u-Eric Garner eNew York, no-Freddie Gray eBaltimore kwabangela ukuqubuka okusha. iCongregational Black Caucus neKhomittee yeSigele i-Judicary yaba nezinkathi ezahlola ukulwisana kwamaphoyisa, i-profilling yohlanga, nokungabekezeli icala kwabaphathi. Nokho, lezi zimemezelo zahluleka ukuveza umthetho kahulumeni obalulekile. izithiyo zesimiso se-Propublic, izinyunyana ezinamandla, nezingadiza ze-grip.[FLT]]

Ukubulawa kukaGeorge Floyd ngo-2020 kwashintsha lokhu kushukumisa, okungenani okwesikhashana. Ividiyo yokufa kwakhe yabangela umzabalazo omkhulu kakhulu emlandweni waseMelika. Indlu yadlula uGeorge Floyd Justice ku-Policing Act, isikhwama sokuguqula inguquko. Izindlebe eziholela kule voti zagcwala ubufakazi obungokomzwelo obuvela emkhayeni wakwaFloyd kanye nezinye izisulu zobudlova bamaphoyisa. Nakuba ekugcineni imvume yagcinwa eSigebengwini ngenxa yokuhluleka ukufinyelela ukuhlehla kwesimiso sokuzivikela esifanelekayo nezinye izivumelwano eziyinhloko, ukuzwa kwale zincwadi kwaveza umlando obanzi wokuziphatha okubi kwamaphoyisa emlandweni. Babonisa ukuthi ukuzwa komkhaya wesizwe kanye nokuvota, ngisho noma kungenakuqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho.

Ubulungisa Obuphathelene Nezigebengu: Izindlebe Zezigodlo

Imvume yokuqulwa kwecala leSigele seNkantolo Ephakeme uClarence Thomas yayiyisenzakalo sokuguqula, futhi esibuhlungu, sobulungisa bobulili eUnited States. UProfesa Anita Hill, owayesebenza noThomas, wafaka ubufakazi bokuthi wayemchaye ezimpendulweni nasekuziphatheni okusobala ngokobulili. Ukubuza kweKomiti yeSigele Sabesifazane ngokuvamile egxekayo nenonya iHill kwabangela ukudubulana kwesizwe.

Izindlebe zadalula ubulili obujulile phakathi kwesimiso sezombangazwe futhi zaqokomisa ukudlondlobala kokuhlukunyezwa ngokobulili emsebenzini. Ukuphathwa kukaHill kwavusa isizukulwane sabesifazane, okwaholela ngokuqondile ekufakeni iziphakamiso zokuhlukunyezwa ngokobulili, iziqondiso ezintsha zikahulumeni kulendaba, futhi “Unyaka Wabesifazane” ngo-1992, lapho inani eligciniwe labesifazane lakhethwa eSikhundleni. Izindlebe zeHill-Thomas ziyisibonelo esiqinile sendlela ukuzwa okungaba ngayo indawo yokungabi nabulungisa okujulile kanye nesandulela esinamandla sokushintsha kwezenhlalo. Ubuhlungu bobufakazi babungokoqobo, kodwa ukubuya kwezombangazwe kwaveza isisekelo senhlangano yanamuhla yokulingana ngokobulili emsebenzini.

Ukulwela Ibhokisi Lebhola Ekhulwini Lama - 21

Amalungelo aphinde abekwa phambili ekuqulweni kwecala lomphakathi. Ngemva kwesinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme ka-2013 Shelby County v. UHanger, owenqanyulwe kakhulu amalungiselelo ayinhloko e-Voting Rights Act, indinganiso yemithetho yokuvota entsha. ISishaya-mthetho kahulumeni esiye sabekwa kaningi kulendaba, uhlola ithonya lemithetho ye-ID, ukunciphisa ukuvota kwasekuqaleni, kanye nokukhishwa kwemivoti evoti.

Lamacala aye aveza ubufakazi obuvela kubaholi bamalungelo omphakathi, izikhulu zokhetho, kanye nabavoti abaye babhekana nezithiyo. Baye bafeza indima ebalulekile ekubhaleni ukubuya kwenkathi yokulahla futhi bamise icala lomthetho omusha kahulumeni, njenge-John Lewis Voting Rights Advement Act. Nokho, njengamaphoyisa alungisa izikweleti, lezi zinyathelo ziye zabhekana nokuphikiswa okuhlangene eNdlwini yegebezo, kubonisa iqiniso elisha: enkathini yokubekwa kwezwe, ukuzwa kungachaza ngokuphumelelayo inkinga nombono womphakathi ngaphandle kokwazi ukunqoba i-Palcionbionbaster. Ukulalela kusebenza njengethuluzi eligxekayo lemfundo kanye ne-adiv, kodwa akuyikho ukuthatha indawo yemithetho yezombangazwe edingekayo.

Imingcele: Ithiyathi, I - Trauma, Nezikhali Ze - Subpoena

Ukuze umuntu ayiqonde ngokugcwele indima yokuqulwa kwecala kwamaqembu, kumelwe futhi alandise ngokulinganiselwa kwawo okujulile nangamathuba okulimala.

Lapho Ukuqulwa Kwamacala Kuba Inkundla Yezombangazwe

Enye yezinsolo eziphikelela kakhulu zezindlebe zanamuhla ukuthi baye bahlela ezindaweni zembubhiso zezombangazwe. Kunokuba babe ukuphenya amaqiniso ngobuqotho, ngokuvamile kuhlolwa ukuveza izimemezelo ezithandwayo zemithombo yezindaba futhi babhale amaphuzu ezombangazwe. Ukuzwa okuningi kunyaka ka 2012 kaBenghazi kwagxekwa uDemocrats njengomkhankaso ohloselwe ngokwezombangazwe owenzelwe ukulimaza uHillary Clinton kamongameli. Ngokufanayo, ama-2021 alalela “isiko leNdluyalo” phambi kweKomiti yeSiko le-Theli. Abagxeki babonwa njengabagxeki benkulumo yezempi eklanywe ukukhuthaza isisekelo sezentengiselwano.

Lomkhuba owenzelwa “izikhathi zokuzigcina” kanye nokuma kobukhoma okuhlukanisayo kungalulaza ukwethenjelwa kwenhlangano futhi kuthathele phansi izimpikiswano ezingathi sína. Uma ukuzwa konke kuphathwa njengenkundla yempi yezombangazwe, umphakathi ungagxeka, ususe zona kanye izikhathi zobufakazi obuqotho obuhloselwe ukubangela ushintsho. Lombukwane ungawehlula kakhulu lowo mcimbi.

Ukukhungatheka Kobufakazi Bomphakathi

Isenzo sokunikeza ubufakazi phambi koMkhandlu singaba okuhlangenwe nakho okubuhlungu kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ezisulwini zobudlova noma zobandlululo. Ufakazi kudingeka ukuba abubukeze okuhlangenwe nakho kwabo okubuhlungu kakhulu lapho bebhekene nokuphenywa ngonya kwezazi zezombangazwe ezingase zibe nenzondo ebangelwa yizo.

OFakazi bangaxoshwa, baphazanyiswe, baphazanyiswe obala. Okuhlangenwe nakho kuka-Anita Hill kuyisibonelo esinamandla. Ukungasekelwa ngokwanele kofakazi, ukuhlolwa kwemithombo yezindaba, kanye nokuchachana okulandelayo ngokuvamile okungabangela inxeba lesibili. Abanye abashisekeli baphikisa ngokuthi lesi simiso sithatha izindaba ezibuhlungu zabantu abangaphansi kwezwe ukuze bathole inzuzo ngaphandle kokunikeza isivikelo sangempela noma ubulungisa. Lokhu kuphakamisa umbuzo onzima wezimiso: kulapho kufaneleka khona ukuba kunikezwe umuntu ozosinda ukuba afakazele?

Igebe Elingenakuvinjelwa Phakathi Kobufakazi Nomthetho

Ukulinganiselwa okuphawuleka kakhulu kokuzwana kwezindlebe igebe phakathi kokuqaphela nokuthatha isinyathelo. Ukuzwa kungaveza inqwaba yobufakazi, kuveze izikhathi zokuthukuthela, futhi kwakhe icala eliphoqelelayo lenguquko. Nokho, kuhulumeni ohlukene, lokhu kungase kunganele. IKomishi yeKerner izwa, i-Forguson , kanye ne-George Floyd izwa konke kuveza ubufakazi obunamandla nezihlongozo zemithetho ezinamandla. Esimweni ngasinye, umthetho owenziweyo wahluleka ukudlula, wampontshelwa phansi, noma awuzange ufakwe ngokugcwele.

Ukulalela kuyithuluzi lokuthonya, hhayi umthombo wamandla. Kusebenza phakathi kwesimiso sezombangazwe, kungaphansi kwamandla afanayo okulawula imibuso, ukunxusa, nenhlangano ecindezela yonke imisebenzi yomthetho. Umzabalazo oncike kuphela ekuzweni ukuze ufeze imigomo yawo cishe uyodumazeka. Ukuzwa kuphumelela kakhulu uma kusetshenziswa ekhonsathini nezinye izinhlobo zombuso: ukubuthwa kwequqaba, izombangazwe ezithandwayo, i-ligigation, nesenzo esiqondile.

Ithuluzi Elikhuthazelayo, Elibi Lokuguqula Izenhlalo

Ukuqulwa kwecala kwamacala e-Congress kuyinqubo yobuchwepheshe engaphelele kodwa ebalulekile yokulandisa ngentando yeningi.

Nokho, akunakwenzeka ukuthi ziwukhambi. Impumelelo yokulalela ixhomeke engeni lolaka lomphakathi, ikhono lokulawula kwezombangazwe, isibindi sofakazi, nokuzimisela kwabenzi bomthetho ukuthatha isinyathelo. Ukuzwa kungagoba isisekelo sendawo yonke elungile, kodwa ngeke kuthathe indawo yamandla enhlangano yezenhlalo noma isidingo samandla ezombangazwe. Izakhamuzi kanye nabasekeli, baqonde ukuthi bangahileleka kanjani kulenqubo ($) yindlela yokufuna ukuzwiwa, indlela yokukhuluma ngempumelelo, nendlela yokulawula ukulinganiselwa kwayo okukhulu kwempi engokobulungisa.

Kusenkathini yokungatholi mandla ezindaba ezihlukene nokungathembani okujulile kwezombangazwe, ukuzwa kulondoloza amandla ayingqayizivele okuhlela ukunakwa, ukwakha isikhathi sokunaka kwesizwe, nokufaka uhulumeni embhalweni womphakathi. Kuyisikhumbuzo sokuthi embusweni wentando yeningi, ukuhlola ngamandla amakhulu amandla akuyona isongoso sezombangazwe noma isimiso sezombangazwe, kodwa umphakathi ongabona futhi uliqonde iqiniso. Ukuzwa kuyindlela yambulelwa ngokuqondile, ngokuvamile iphutha, kodwa isiko elibalulekile lentando yentando yeningi yaseMelika. Imithetho nezinqubo eziye zababusayo eziye zabekwa emakhulwini amabili eminyaka , futhi zihlala zingenye yezindlela eziningi eziqondile zokuvikela abameleli babantu ekutholeni isibopho sombuso nesizathu somphakathi.