IGazethi liyisisekelo sentando yeningi emelelwa abameleli, isebenza njengenjini eyinhloko yokwenza umthetho nesimiso somphakathi. E-United States, leligatsha lihlanganiswe eqephisweni I loMthetho-sisekelo, elimisa i-bidameral Congress eyakhiwe yiSishaya-Mnyango neNdlu yabameleli. Amandla ayo nemithwalo yemfanelo mikhulu, ethinta zonke izici zokuphila kwesizwe kusukela ekukhokheleni intela nasekuvikeleni inhlalakahle yezenhlalo nezentengiselwano. Kubafundisi, abafundi, nabafundi abathembisezakhamuzi, ukuqonda okujulileyo kwe-Legiblislative Band akuyona nje imfundo kuphela."Imfanele ukuba umuntu ahlanganyele ekuzibekeleni icala futhi abe negunya lokuziphendulela.

Isisekelo Esingokomlando Segatsha Elingokomthetho

Umklamo we-Legislative Branch wavela empikiswaneni enkulu phakathi noMhlangano woMthetho-sisekelo ngo-1787. Abakhi be-frames bafuna ukwakha isishaya-mthetho esilinganisela izithakazelo zezifunda ezinkulu nezincane, kuyilapho sivimbela noma yisiphi isici esisodwa ukuba sibuse. Umphumela waba ukuThishelwa kwe Great Treaverance, eyasungula isimiso se-bidamaral: iSigeqe sanikeza izimpawu ezilinganayo zezwe ngalinye, kuyilapho iNdluyalo yaba izihlalo ezabelwe ngokusekelwe emphakathini. Le sakhiwo sakhiwe ngamabomu ukuze kuqinisekiswe kokubili ukuqina nokusabela. Igatsha le Nhlangano yanikezwa amandla ahlelwe eSiphakathini se-I, i-galelo-Scond, ihlanganisa amandla okuqoqa intela, ukuboleka imali, ukuphatha imali, ukumemezela impi, nokugcina ibutho lempi. Phakathi kwesikhathi, lemibuso iye yachazwa ngokulinganayo futhi i-Cela i-Celaclessssss.

Isakhiwo Sezishaya - mthetho: Izindlu Ezimbili, Izindima Ezihlukile

Isimo se-bimeral congress asiyona nje into engokomlando; ifeza izinjongo eziwusizo ekubuseni. ISigele nendlu yabameleli isebenza ngaphansi kwemithetho ehlukene, amagama, nezindawo ezisemthethweni, iphoqelela umthetho ukuba udlule ngezisefo ezimbili ezihlukene ngaphambi kokuba ube umthetho. Lesisakhiwo sikhuthaza ukucubungula, sinciphisa ingozi yokuthatha isinyathelo ngokuphamazela, futhi siqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho ibonisa kokubili izithakazelo zentando nentando ethandwayo.

ISigele: Isiteshi Esiphakeme

ISigele sakhiwa amalungu ayikhulu, amabili avela esifundazweni ngasinye, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi inani labantu. Ama-senator asebenza ngokunyakaza okuyisithupha, cishe ngengxenye eyodwa kwezintathu zeSigele esikhuphukele ukhetho njalo eminyakeni emibili. Leligama elide nomthetho olawulayo kabanzi unikeza abaqondisi bamazwe umbono obanzi nowengeziwe kukucindezela kwezombangazwe okufushane. Amandla ayinhloko akhethekile eSigeqeni ahlanganisa:

  • I-Advice kanye ne-connect: ISigele sibukeza futhi siqinisekise ukumiswa komongameli, kuhlanganise nonobhala bamaKhabhinethi, abahluleli bakahulumeni, amanxusa, namajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme. Lenqubo iqinisekisa ukuthi ama-mine afanelekile futhi acushwe ngokuqinile.
  • I-Ratiation: UMongameli angaxoxa ngezivumelwano namazwe angaphandle, kodwa adinga amavoti amabili-mithathu eSigeqe ukuba abopheke. Izibonelo zamuva zihlanganisa i-New STARTTY Treaty nezivumelwano zesimo sezulu sezizwe ngezizwe.
  • Ukuqulwa kweMizamo: Lapho Indlu ibeka isikhulu sikahulumeni, iSigele siqhuba icala. Iningi eliyisithathu lidingeka ukuze liboshwe futhi lisuse isikhulu. Ukuqulwa okungalindelekile kuhlanganisa nokwamaMongameli uAndrew Johnson, uBill Clinton, noDonald Trump.

Umholi weSigele uhlanganisa uMongameli oyisekela njengoMongameli weSigele (uhlela amavoti ahlukanisayo) noMongameli oveza inkathi yesikhashana, ngokuvamile umholi weqembu leningi. Umholi weMajority unamandla amakhulu ohlelo lwemithetho. ISigele futhi usebenzisa "amahhala" ne "i-filibusters," okuvumela izinkampani ukuba zibambezelele noma zivimbele umthetho ngaphandle kokuba kufezwe ukuvota (ukuvota okungu-60).

Indlu yabameleli: Indlu yabantu

Indlu yabameleli inamalungu ayizi-455 okuvota, abelwe phakathi kwezifunda ezisekelwe ehlalweni labantu. Ummeleli ngamunye ukhonza isigaba seminyaka emibili, okwenza amalungu aphendule kakhulu ekukhathazweni kwendawo. Indlu inamandla okuqala izikweleti zemali (intela nemali) kanye nezikhulu zikahulumeni. Eminye imithwalo yemfanelo eyinhloko ihlanganisa:

  • [ Ukunikeza ulwazi: Indlu ihlola futhi ivote ezihlokweni zokungathonyeli. Abaningi banele ukuba bashiye, bathumele icala eSigeqeni ukuze kuqulwe icala.
  • Ukugunyaza uMongameli kukhetho olunciphileyo: Uma kungekho mvoti othola iningi lamavoti eElectoral College, iNdlu ikhetha uMongameli, ngokuvota okukodwa kwenxusa ngalinye likahulumeni.
  • Izimiso ze-committee: Isimiso samakomiti endlu esibanzi siphatha ukuhlolwa kwemithetho ngokuningiliziwe. Amakomiti endlu ahlanganisa ukuhlolwa, izindlela, naMashwa, noMnyango noMnyango woMbuso.

Umphathi we House uphethe isikhulu sesikhulu seqembu, esikhethwe yi-caucus yeningi. USithethi ungowesibili ohlwini lobumongameli, ngemva kobuKhosi bukamongameli. I-Majority noMholi we-Minority, kanye noWips, baphatha amasu eqembu namavoti. Ngenxa yokuthi izinqumo zendlu zifinyele, abameleli bavame ukugxila ezidingweni zobuPhontshi kanye nasezimpikiswaneni zobuzwe.

Umtapo Wegatsha Eliyincwadi

Ngaphandle kokwenza umthetho, uMkhandlu wenza eminye imisebenzi eminingana ebalulekile egcina ukulinganisela kwamandla nokuqiniseka ukuthi uzolandisa.

Ukwenza Imithetho: Umsebenzi Oyinhloko

Umsebenzi oyinhloko womthetho kahulumeni uwukwakha imithetho. Umthetho uhlanganisa izindawo ezinkulu, ezimboza izindawo ezinjengokunakekela impilo (Affordcable Care Act), amalungelo omphakathi (Umthetho we-Voting Rights Act), isivikelo sendawo ezungezile (I-Devil Air Act), nomthetho wezomnotho (Dodd-Frank Act). Umthetho uhilela ukucwaninga, ukuzwa, ukuphikisana, nokuhlehla. Amalungu avame ukuthembela ebufakazini obunolwazi, ukwaziswa okuvela eKhomishinini le-Congregation Department Office, kanye nokufakwa kwe-mfakela emaqenjini. Le nqubo iyacotha futhi ivimbela ngamabomu ukuthatha umthetho ngemiphumela engalindelekile.

Ukumelela: Izwi Labantu

Ilungu ngalinye leSishaya-Mkhandlu limelela i-consontmentationeeevolution yezwe ethile − a State noma isifundazwe sobukhomanisi. Ukumelelwa kuhilela ukuhlanganisa imibono, izidingo, kanye nezithakazelo zabameleli ezimpikiswaneni zezesimiso. Amalungu aphethe amahholo amahholo amadolobha, alondoloza amahhovisi esigodi, athola izincwadi ezihlangene, futhi avote emthetho ngendlela ebonisa intando yabavoti bawo. Nokho, ukumelela akuqondile ngaso sonke isikhathi: amalungu kumelwe alinganisele inhlalakahle yendawo nenhlalakahle yesizwe, futhi ngezikhathi ezithile avotela izakhamuzi eziningi zesifunda sabo uma ekholelwa ukuthi ifeza okuhle. Lokhu kuveza ukubusa kwabo ngentando yeningi.

Ukugada: Ukuhlola Isigungu Esiphethe

Izishaya - mthetho ziqondisa igatsha eliphethe ukuze ziqiniseke ukuthi imithetho ikhishwa ngokwethembeka nokuthi abakhokhi bentela basetshenziswa ngokuhlakanipha.

  • Committee Livings: Amakomiti angabiza onobhala beKhabhinethi, iziphathi zezinhlangano, nezinye izikhulu ukuba zifakazele ngezenzo zazo.
  • I-Investigition: I-Congress ingaqala uphenyo olungokomthetho ezindabeni ezikhathaza isizwe, kusukela ekungasebenzini kahle kwezwe kuya ekuhlulekeni kokuhlakanipha. Izibonelo zihlanganisa uphenyo lweWatergate, ukuzwa kwe-Benghazi, ne-Komiti ye-6 ka-January.
  • Ihhovisi lobugani (GAO): IGAO iyinhlangano ezimele ehlola izinhlelo zikahulumeni futhi ikhiphe imibiko ngempumelelo nokuphumelela.

Ngaphandle kokuqondisa okuqinile, igatsha eliphethe lingasebenza ngokungenacala. Amandla esikhwama semali, qha nekhono lokulawula ukuxhaswa kwemali, — linikeza iKhongolose amandla engeziwe okuphoqelela lokho elikutholile.

Ukusebenzisa Imali Nokusikisela

UKhomishane uphethe "amandla esikhwama semali," okusho ukuthi ilawula yonke imali kahulumeni nentela. Inqubo yokuhlelwa kwemali iqala ngesiphakamiso sohlelo lwemali kaMongameli, kodwa uMkhandlu kumelwe udlulisele isinqumo sawo siqu sokuhlela imali kanye nezindleko zokukhokha. I House Ways and Ash Tray Committee neMagency Committee isingatha inzuzo yemali (intela), kuyilapho amakomiti ahlela imali enikezela imali ezinhlanganweni ezithile nezinhlelo ezithile. Izibopho ezinjenge-Social Security and Medicareare zigunyazwe umthetho futhi zixhaswa ngemali ngezimali, kodwa izishayamthetho zingayiguqula leyo mithetho. Izinqumo zemali zingayiguqula kakhulu inzuzo yezezomnotho, ukutshala imali, ukutshala izimali zomphakathi, nezikweletu yesizwe.

Inqubo Yomthetho: Ukusuka Engqondweni Kuya EMthethweni

Uhambo lwemali ngeKhongolose luyinkimbinkimbi futhi lulula. Ukuqonda lenqubo kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukuthi kungani ezinye izihlongozo ziphumelela kanti ezinye zingaphumeleli. Izinyathelo zinjena, nakuba kwenzeka izinto ezihlukahlukene:

  1. Imposiso neSingeniso: Icala libunjwa yilungu loMkhandlu, ngokuvamile ngosizo lweseluleko semithetho yemithetho, amaqembu enzalo, noma izinhlangano eziphethe. Liqala eMzini noma eSigeqeni (ngaphandle kwezindleko zemali okumelwe ziqale eNdlu). Imali inikezwa inani futhi ibhekiswe ekomitini efanelekile.
  2. Ikomiti ye-Committee Action: AmaKomiti "amahhashi asebenzayo" e-Congress. Isivumelwano sabelwe ikomiti engaphansi ukuze kuzwelwe futhi kucocwe. Ochwepheshe, abagcini, nezikhulu zezinhlangano zifakazele. Ikomiti engaphansi ingasisusa isibeko futhi ivote ukuthi ingasithumela yini ekomitini egcwele. Ikomiti egcwele khona ibukeza isibeko, inganezela ukubuyiselwa, futhi ivoti ifake okunye kokusingeniswa kokusiyisa egumbini eligcwele (noma ingafaka u-"iphendulo"e"kuhlisiwe" ekomitini).
  3. Indlu noma iSigeqe isenzo: Lapho sibikwa, isigwebo siya phansi ukuze kuxoxwe. Endlini, impikiswano ilinganiselwa ngesikhathi nemithetho ebekwe yiKomiti yemithetho. ESigeqeni, impikiswano ingaba nemingcele ngaphandle kokuba ukunyakaza kwehluleke kufakwe futhi kudluliswe (amavoti angu-60). Izigwebo zinganikezwa. Ngemva kwenkulumo-mpikiswano, indinganiso iyavolwa. Iningi liyadingeka ukuze kudluliswe.
  4. Ikomiti yokuhlanganisa: Uma iNdlu neSigele kudlulisa izinguqulo ezihlukene zomthetho ofanayo, ikomiti yengqungquthela(iqoqwe yamalungu avela kuwo womabili amagumbi(---negotication) ihlehlisa. Umbiko wokugcina wengqungquthela uthunyelwa emuva kuzo zombili izindlwana ukuze kuvunywe ngaphandle kokulungiselwa.
  5. I-Predéssidential Action: Isivumelwano sokugcina sithunyelwa kuMongameli, onezinsuku eziyishumi (ithathe amaSonto) ukuba enze isenzo. UMongameli angasayina incwadi yomthetho, iveto (iyibuyisela eMkhandlwini ngempikiswano), noma ayivumele ukuba ibe umthetho ngaphandle kokusayina uma kungekho sinyathelo esithathwayo. Uma amaKhomishani ekhona phakathi naleyo nkathi yezinsuku eziyishumi, isibambiso sifakwa esikhwameni (awubeki umthetho).
  6. ukunganakwa kweVeto: Uma uMongameli ekhipha umthetho, uMkhandlu ungalawula iveto ngevoti yenani eliphindwe kathathu kuzo zombili izinkambini. Lokhu kuyivelakancane; njengoba uGeorge Washington, cishe u-4% kuphela wevetoes oye wangamelwanga. Ukudukiswa kuhlanganisa iSigqi Samandla Sempi (1973) ne-Civil Rights Act ka-186 (kumphathiswa uMmeli u-Andrew Johnson's.

Inqubo yonke ingathatha izinyanga noma ngisho neminyaka. Izikweletu eziningi zifa endleleni. Eqinisweni, izindleko ezingaphansi kwezinhlanu kwezingamaphesenti eziqalayo ziba umthetho. Lokhu kuzimisela kuklanywe: kuvimbela iningi elincane ekukhiqizeni izinguquko ezisheshayo, ezicatshangelwa kabi.

Amasheke Nokulinganisela: Ukulinganisela Amandla

Igatsha loMthetho linamandla futhi licindezelwe. Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela asiqinisekisi ukuthi igatsha alikho elilawulayo. Ngaphandle kobuphekula nokungagunyazi, ukuxhumana okuningana kubaluleke kakhulu:

  • Ukuqinisekisa: UMongameli akanakugcwalisa izikhundla eziyinhloko ngaphandle kwemvume yeSigele. Lokhu kuhlola kuvimbela ukuphambana kwesikhulu futhi kukhuthaze ukucabangisisa.
  • Jodicial Review: INkantolo Ephakeme ingamemezela imithetho engekho emthethweni. Nakuba le sheke livela egatsheni lokwahlulela, iSishaya-mthetho singaphendula ngokudlulisa uMthetho-sisekelo (igunyaza izivumelwano ezimbili-ntathu kuzo zombili izigungu nezintathu zezifundazwe) noma ngokumisa umthetho omusha okhuluma ngezindaba zeNkantolo.
  • IRight Powers Resolution (1973): Lomthetho ufuna uMongameli ukuba azise uMkhandlu phakathi namahora angu-48 okusebenzisa amabutho ahlomile futhi ulinganisele ukuthunyelwa kwempi izinsuku ezingu-60 ngaphandle kokuba uKhongolo-khampathi lugunyaze esinye isenzo. Lokhu kuhlola kuvimbela ikhono lomphathi lokulwa ngaphandle kwesikhathi.
  • [[I-FLT:0] I-Livential Balting Control Act (19974):[ Lomthetho uvimbela uMongameli ukuba enqabe ukusebenzisa imali evunyelwe yiSishaya-mthetho (impoqo) ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa yinhlangano, ukuqinisa amandla esikhwama semali.

Izibonelo ezingokomlando zokuhlola nokulinganisela okusebenzayo zihlanganisa uMongameli Franklin D. Roosevelt's secapting ques (ehlahlwe yisiKhomishane), uMongameli uRichard Nixon's ukufakwa kwezimali (ukuholela kuMthetho woHlathiso-mthetho), kanye noMongameli Donald Trump's ukunqatshelwa (Isenzo sendlu esihlolwa yiSigebengu sokukhulula). Lezizenzakalo zibonisa ukucindezeleka nokubambisana okusemzalweni.

Indima Yezidili NeziKomiti Zezombangazwe

ISishaya-mthetho sanamuhla sithonywe kakhulu amaqembu ezombangazwe. Iqembu elikhulu lilawula uhlelo lwezinhlelo, izihlalo zamakomiti, nesimiso sesitezi. Amakomiti alapho umsebenzi ophansi kakhulu wenziwe khona. Kunezinhlobo ezine zamakomiti:

  • Amakomiti amisayo: Indawo ezihlala njalo eziphethe izindawo ezithile (umzk., Izolimo, Izinkonzo zezikhali, Imfundo nezisebenzi). Ziyinkundla eyinhloko yokumisa umthetho.
  • [[QURT:0] Khetha amakomiti:[ amakomiti esikhashana enzelwe injongo ethile, njenge Komiti Yokukhetha ku-Januwari 6th Attack.
  • AmaKomiti ahlotshisiwe:[ Amalungu avela kuwo womabili amagumbi, avame ukugxila ekuqondiseni noma ekucwaningeni (umz., i-Joint Economic Committee).
  • [ Isivumelwano samaKomiti:[ Indawo zesikhashana ezihlanganisa umehluko phakathi kwendlu nezindleko zeSigele.

Izihlalo zamakomiti, ezikhethwe ngokomlando ngobukhulu, zinethonya elikhulu ekutheni yiziphi izikweletu ezicatshangelwayo. Emashumini eminyaka amuva, ukuhola kweqembu kuye kwandisa amandla alo, kusetshenziswa ushintsho lokuhlela nokulawula ukuze kuthuthukiswe izici eziningi. Ukuqonda amakomiti anamandla kuyisihluthulelo sokubikezela imiphumela yemithetho.

Isivumelwano Somsebenzi Wendawo Ehlukile: Indlela Izakhamuzi Ezilithonya Ngayo Igatsha Elisemthethweni

I-demokrase esebenza ixhomeke ekuhlanganyeleni kwesakhamuzi ngokukhuthele. Igatsha le-Legislative liyigatsha elifinyeleleka kakhulu kubantu abavamile. Nazi izindlela eziqinile zokuhileleka:

  • [[FLT: 0] Ukuvota: Isenzo esiyisisekelo kakhulu. Abavoter bakhetha abameleli babo phakathi kwesikhathi sokhetho nomongameli. Okhetho oluyinhloko lubaluleke ngokufanayo, njengoba benquma abazothatha i-costant. Uhlelo oluphambili e-US luphansi kunemibuso eminingi elawulwa ngentando yeningi; ukuthatha isinyathelo okwandayo kuqinisa ukumelelwa.
  • Izazi eziqondene nezikhulu: Izincwadi, ama-imeyili, izingcingo, nezigijimi zezenhlalo yezokuxhumana. Izincwadi ezilandela imibono, kanye nemiqulu ephezulu yokuxhumana engxoxweni ethile ingathonya ukuvota kwelungu. Izindaba zomuntu siqu ziphumelela kakhulu.
  • Ukubhakuza nokuvula imilomo: [[FLT]] I-Grassroot isebenzisa izinhlangano ezinjengeNhlangano yabesifazane Voters noma i-ACLU iqinisa amazwi ezakhamuzi. I-Lobbanding, nakuba igxekwa njalo, iyisivikelo esivikelweyo ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Nokho, izinhlangano ezinkulu namaqembu esithakazelo zinemithombo ephezulu, ewumthombo wempikiswano eqhubekayo. Izakhamuzi zingalinganisela lokhu ngokwakha noma ukuhlanganisa amaqembu ezokuphatha abantu.
  • Amalungu abhekisa phambili amaHholo eTown kanye namaWear: aqhuba imihlangano yomphakathi ezifundeni zawo noma ezifundazweni. Ukuya ngasese noma cishe ukuvumela ingxoxo eqondile. Ukuqulwa kwamakomiti nakho kuvulekele umphakathi (imingcele yokhuseleko esemthethweni iyasebenza). Ubufakazi obuvela kwizakhamuzi ezivamile ngezinye izikhathi bumenywa.
  • Ukugijimela ihhovisi: Uhlobo oluqondile lokuthembisana. Noma ubani ofanelekela ukubhalisa ihhovisi lendawo, lombuso, noma lombuso. Inqubo yentando yeningi ixhomeke emaphingeni amasha avela ezizindeni ezihlukene.

I-Intanethi ikwenze kwaba lula ukulandelela umthetho. Iwebhusayithi njenge Conrer.gov inikeza umbhalo ogcwele wezindleko, amarekhodi okuvota, nezimiso zekomiti. Izinhlangano ezinjenge i-OpenSEcrets. org izimali zomkhondo nokuyaluza. [[FLT:]] USUSA.A.gov] unikeza amathuluzi okuthola abameleli bakho. Ukuhlanganyela ne-Gractivesbat ayiyona nje into elungile kodwa umthwalo wemfanelo kuyi-rbactional.

Izinselele Nezinguquko Zesikhathi Esizayo

I-Legislative Branch ibhekene nokugxeka nokuphikisa okuningi kwanamuhla. Ukuhlaziywa kwezindawo ezibandayo kuye kwaholela ekubeni i-griplock inqandwe, lapho umthetho obalulekile uvalwa khona. I-Divbuster eSigeqeni, ekuqaleni ithuluzi lokuphikisana okunwetshiwe, manje isetshenziselwa ukuvala izikweletu. Abaningi baphikisana ngokuguqula, njengokususa i-Religinbuster noma ukufuna ukuba "ikhuluma ne-palbuster" ukuze kwandise ukulandisa. Ukusetshenziswa obeluleki abaphethe kanye nesenzo sokuqondisa sabefundisi sekususwe amandla eKholeni, ukuphakamisa ukukhathazeka nge "ipereal Relitivery". Izinguquko zokuqinisa i-Gregisbad Brants zihlanganisa:

  • Ukubuyisela inqubo yokusetshenziswa kwemali nokudlulisa izikweletu ngesikhathi.
  • Ukunciphisa ithonya lemali kwezombangazwe ngenguquko yezezimali (isisho, ukugumbuqela izakhamuzi ezihlangene).
  • Ukuphoqelela amakhono nezimali zezisebenzi zomhlangano ukuze zengamele kangcono indikimba enkulu yezikhulu.
  • Ukusebenzisa imingcele yesikhathi esithile kumalungu (isicelo esisekelwa umphakathi kakhulu kodwa esinezithiyo ezingokomthetho).

Ukuqonda lezimpikiswano kubalulekile kubafundi bakahulumeni waseMelika. IGatya-mthetho alikho ngokomthetho; liyashintsha liphinde lizinze ngezinselele zesizwe. Ngokufunda umlando walo, isimo, nemisebenzi, izakhamuzi zingasekela kangcono iSishaya-mthetho esimelela abantu ngempela futhi sifeze okuhle okuvamile. [ Umthetho-sisekelo uhlala ulokhu uyisiqondiso sokugcina, kodwa ukuchaza nokusebenza kwayo kusemisebenzini esizukulwaneni ngasinye.