I-PUCS ehlangene ne-Political Action Committee (i-PACs) sekuyisikhathi eside iyimishini enamandla yokuguqula isimiso somphakathi kanye nokuthonya imiphumela ye-volution. Phakathi kwezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene ze-PACs esebenzayo e-United States, i-PACs engasebenzi ngokuzimele futhi engaxhumeneyo inezimo ezihlukene nezinethonya. Ngokungafani nezihlobo zazo ezihlangene ngokomthetho, eziboshelwe ngokusemthethweni ezihlangeneyo, izinyunyana zezisebenzi, izinhlangano zezezohwebo, noma izinhlangano zamalungu ze-PACs ezizisebenza ngokuzimele. Zicela iminikelo kuhulumeni futhi zifake leyo mali ukuze zilwe noma zilwe imibandela ethile, umthetho, noma izinhlelo ezihlobene nezingxoxo ezingokomthetho. Eminyakeni engamashumi ambalwa edlule, indima yezokusebenza kwezentengosi ye-PAC ehlangene nezokuncintiye, ukuhlasela kwezempi yezombangazwe, i-PC. Lesihloko esibonisa ukuhlolwa kweze ngokomthetho, ithonya lazo, nezinkulumo ezihambisana.

Yiziphi Izincwadi Ezingaxhunyiwe?

Ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni wezezimali, i-PAC iyinhlangano engahlangene nenhlangano, inhlangano yezisebenzi, inhlangano ehlanganisa ubulungu, noma noma iyiphi enye inhlangano engase isungule i-PAC. Leligama lichazwa i-Federal Ecompution Commission (FEC) ngaphansi kwe-11 FR 0.5.5 (e). I-PAC engaxhunyiwe yi-project, i-ssue, noma i-active-diactive this amaqembu ahlanganisa iminikelo yokuzithandela evela kubantu ngabanye futhi asebenzise leyo mali ekusekeleni noma ekuphikiseni, umthetho, noma ezigabeni i-balot (e).

Umehluko oyinhloko uxhomeke ekuzimeleni kwabo. I-PAC ehlangene ithola imali yayo ngokuyinhloko kuzisebenzi ezithile zenhlangano, amalungu, noma abaqondisi, futhi imisebenzi yayo ihlangene kakhulu nezithakazelo ezixhasayo. I-PAC, ngokungafani, ixhomeke emalini esekelwe emphakathini. Ababheki kunoma yisiphi isikhwama noma isigaba senhlangano eyodwa, futhi abavumela ukugxila ngokushesha phakathi kwezinkinga futhi balondoloze inzuzo eyodwa ekhethekile efunwayo. Izibonelo ze-PACs zihlanganisa i-Onivinity Union yaseMelika (ACC) PC), i-PaCC) iyakwazi ukunikela abantu ngabanye ngokungekho ngqimba, ngaphandle kwemigomo, futhi i-Rose-RP.

Umlando Nokuziphendukela Kwemvelo

Isakhiwo sanamuhla se-PAC sabunjwa yi-Federal EFomment Campaign Act (FECA) ka-1974 kanye nezinguquko zayo ngo-1974, ezamisa imingcele yomnikelo nezimfuneko zokuveza. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme Bockley v. I-Valeo yahlukanisa kakhulu phakathi kweminikelo (engase ilinganiselwe) kanye nezindleko ezizimele (ezingenakulinganiselwa isikhathi eside uma zingaxhumaniswa nababekiwe).

Phakathi nawo-1980 nango-1990, ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe anda kakhulu njengoba amaqembu emibono eqaphela ukuthi angathola iminikelo emincane futhi abe nethonya ezimpini zomthetho. Ukunyuka kweposi eqondile nokuqoqa imali yemishini kamuva kuvule i-PAC ukuba ifake ezisekelweni ezinamandla zezisebenzini ezinikelayo ngaphandle kokudinga inqubo ekhona. [FLD:] [I-CIZIN] United v.FEC[FLT] [[1] isinqumo esithelwe ukukhokha imali ngokuzimela ngokuvumela izinhlangano nezinyunyana ukuba zisebenzise izimali ezingalingani nakathi ezikhokhelwayo, futhi zisebenzise izikwele izimali ezizimeleyo, futhi zigcine inkantolo eziphansi ziholele ekudaleni indalo ye-PCC. Izikhulu ze-PC zinguhlobo olukhulu lwe-PAC, azikwazi ukunikela ngokungakhethi kodwa zingakhokhi izimali ezizodwa. Iminikelo eziphambili ezisekela kakhulu kuzo zonke izinhlangano ezisezincukuningi, ikakhulukazi (inde, iminikelo) ezisekela kakhulu.

Indima Ekubangeleni Impikiswano Yomkhankaso Wokuthumba

Ama-PAC angenakho ukuxhumana abadlali abayinhloko abadayisa ukuqanjwa kwemithetho − i-campagings eklanyelwe ukubumba umbono womphakathi, ukuthonya imiphumela ye-account, noma ukuhlelwa kwezimiso zezemfundo eziphambili ngaphandle kokuhlasela ukhetho noma ukunqotshwa. Ngokungafani nokho okuqondiswe ku-PAC, ukukhipha i-PACs ehlangene nenhlangano ehlangene ehlanganisayo, izimpikiswano zobuntwana, ukuhlanganisa izinyuko zotshani, kanye nemizamo yemfundo ende. Ukuzimela kwabo eqeshaneni elithile noma inkampani yezenkampani ethile kubanika i-injini yokuthatha ama-fidings okungakwazi ukuhlanganisa i-PACs ehlangene nenhlangano ebanzi.

Ukuphambanisa Umbono Womphakathi

Enye yemisebenzi eyinhloko ye-PACs engekho exhunyiwe i-transmittee ishintsha umzwelo womphakathi. Ngokukhangisa okukhokhelwayo (ithelevishini, inombolo, umsakazo, i-print), imithombo yezindaba ehlawulwayo (ukucindezelwa okukhishwayo, izintambo, imikhankaso yezenhlala-khaya), kanye nokuthembisa okuqondile (izimemezelo, amahholo asedolobheni), bangaphakamisa isimo sempikiswano futhi bayihlele abavoti kanye nabakhi bezimiso. Ngokwesibonelo, i-PAC engaxhunyiwe ekwahluleleni komthetho womthetho womthetho kungaveza ukukhangisa okukhangisayo ekugwetshweni, ngaleyondlela bacindezele abashaya imithetho ukuba benze isenzo.

Ukuphanga Okungokomthetho Nokuqondisa Okuqondile

Ama-PAC angenazo izintambo avame ukusebenzisa abangenisi abangochwepheshe futhi agcine izisebenzi ezihlala njalo eWashington noma enhloko- dolobha. Baqondisa umthetho, bathintana nenqubo yokuhlela, futhi bahlangana nabenzi bomthetho ukuze basekele noma bamelane nezikweletu ezithile. Ngenxa yokuthi ababukelwanga iphepha elizimele lenhlangano eyodwa, bangasekela izimbangela zokungathathi hlangothi kwenetha, ukuguqula okugunyaziwe kwezidakamizwa, noma ukushintsha isimo sezulu okungase kungashaywa indivalwe yizi abashicishi bemibhishosho.

Ama - “rasroot ”

Ngalé kwe-Beltway engenisa abantu, ama-PAC angekho ezinhlanganweni zotshani ezixhumanisayo. Angahlela imikhankaso yokubhalisa ucingo, izixwayiso ze-imeyili, nokuhambela okuhlangene emahhovisi e-componion. Umgomo uwukubonisa ukusekela komphakathi okukhulu (noma ukuphikiswa) ngenkambiso, ngaleyo ndlela kunikeze abenzi bomthetho isembozo sezombangazwe ukuba bavote ngokuvumelana nesikhundla se-PAC. Abaxhumaniswe njalo nezinhlangano ze-compacy, benza imifelandawo efinyelelayo.

Imizamo Yokufundisa

Ama-PAC amaningi angaxhunyiwe agxila kakhulu emfundweni yamavoti, ekunyatheliseni izikhokhi, izingqwembe zamaphuzu, nakubhekisa phambili. Ngokuzisa abavoti ngezindaba eziyinkimbinkimbi zesimiso − njengenqubo yezohwebo, inguquko yezempilo, noma ukumiswa kwezokwahlulela − le mithetho yamaPaC ihlela umongo lapho abavoti benza izinqumo. Lo msebenzi wokufundisa ubeka isisekelo sokuzimisela imizamo kamuva phakathi nemijikelezo yokhetho.

Isihluthulelo samasu asetshenziswa amaPacco angaxhunyiwe

I-PACs ephumelelayo engaxhunyiwe isebenzisa inhlanganisela yamasu avumelana nemithombo yayo, imigomo, nendawo ezungezile yezombangazwe. Ngezansi kunamasu amaningana ayisisekelo:

  • I-Independent Expenditures: Nakuba ama-PAC avamile angaxhunyiwe eminikelweni eqondile, angasebenzisa imali engenamkhawulo ezindlekweni ezizimele(imali, iposi, noma ezinye izingxoxo ezisho ukuthi zisekela noma zimelene nomfundi ngaphandle kokuhlangana nomkhankaso wawo. Lokhu kukhokhelwa ngokuvamile kugxilwa ezifundeni zokuncintisana lapho umagazini owodwa ungathonya khona umjaho oseduze.
  • Izikhangiso zethelevishini ezisekelwe ku- Digital Addists: I-PAC engaxhumeneki ivame ukuveza izikhangiso ezinzima ezigxila erekhodini lovota lomenzi womthetho noma ezisho incazelo yesivumelwano esisele. Ngenxa yokuthi lezi zikhangiso zihamba ngokuzimela emikhankasweni, zingaba ngcono kakhulu, zivuselele impikiswano yomphakathi.
  • Isakhiwo sobukhomanisi: Ngokuhlangana namabutho ahlangeneyo angenzuzo, ama-PC, nezinye i-PAC, i-PAC engaxhumeneki zingahlanganisa imithombo yemali futhi zinikeze phambili elihlangene. Imikhankaso yamabhizinisi ingathenga ukucwaninga okulinganayo nezokuxhumana okukhulu okuthenga amathuba okuthonya umthetho.
  • Litigation ne Amicus Briefs: Impikiswano ethile i-PACs ingenela emaqhingani angokomthetho, ukudlulisa amacala noma ukunikeza i-anclue frames ezinkantolo ezithinta izimpikiswano zazo eziyinhloko. Ngokwesibonelo, ukunqanda izibhamu okusekelayo kungahlanganisa izikhawu ezisekweni ezibekela imingcele yezwe yezikhali inselele.
  • Ukuhlanganisa nokulandisa : Ama-PAC amaningi angaxhunyiwe anyathelisa “amakhadi” abenzi bomthetho wezibalo abasekelwe kumavoti ezindabeni eziyinhloko. Lamakhadi aneziqwembe anikezwa amalungu kanye nabashisekeli, adala ukucindezela kokulandisa kanye nokuvota okushukumisa ukusekela noma ukuphikisa abaxhasi.

Umsebenzi Ongokomthetho Nomthetho

Ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe asebenza endaweni ezungezile yokuqondisa ngokuningiliziwe eqondiswa yi-FEC. Imithetho eyisihluthulelo ihlanganisa:

  • Ukubhalisa nokubika: Ngemva kokuphakamisa noma ukuchitha imali engaphezu kuka-R1 000 ngonyaka wekhalenda, i-PAC engaxhunyiwe kumele ibhalise ne-FEC kanye nemibiko yezikhathi ze-idrakthi yeminikelo etholiwe (kuhlanganise amagama anikeleyo, amakheli, imisebenzi, nabaqashi beminikelo engaphezu kuka-R1,000) kanye nezindleko ezenziwe.
  • Imingcele yokuvota [[FLT: 1]: Umuntu anganikela u-R1 000 ngonyaka e-PAC engaxhunyiwe. I-PAC engaxhunyiwe inganikela ku-R250 kukhetho kukomiti yokhetho (i-primeant ne-oversate direction imingcele ehlukene). I-PAC inganikela ngezindleko ezizimele ezingenamkhawulo.
  • [ Isivumelwano seNkatho yamazwe angaphandle: Amazwe akwamanye amazwe anqatshelwe ukunikela kunoma yiliphi i-PAC, kuhlanganise nalawo angaxhunyiwe.
  • Ukumisa Imithetho[: I-PACs engaxhunyaniswanga akumelwe ivumelanise izindleko zabo ezizimele nabazohlolwa noma amaqembu ezombangazwe. Uma kwenzeka ukubambisana, ukusetshenziswa kwemali kuphathwa njengomnikelo ophakathi kohlobo lwe-athonsiwe.

Ukuze uthole umqondisi wemininingwane oyigunya, bheka ikhasi le-FEC ekubhaliseni i-PAC. Ngaphezu kwalokho, FEC iye yamukela imithetho emisha emisha[[ ngokukhethekile eqondene ne-PACs, icacisa izimfuneko zokuphatha.

Naphezu kwalezimiso, abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi izaba zivumela ama-PAC angexhunyiwe ukuba afihle izici zeqiniso ezinikezelwe ngezinhlangano ezidlula phambili noma ngokusebenzisa okubizwa ngokuthi “imali engakholeki” izinhlangano ezingadingeki ukuze kuthulwe iminikelo yazo. Lokhu kuye kwabhebhethekisa izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngokuba sobala.

Ithonya Kwezombangazwe Nesimiso

Ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe aye aba namandla kakhulu ekuhleleni izimo zomthetho. Ikhono lawo lokuzisebenzela futhi agxile kakhulu kumagazini owodwa liwavumela ukuba afinyelele ithonya elingalinganiyo elihlobene nemali yawo yokuhlela. Ngokwesibonelo, ukukhuthaza okuvuselelwe kahle amandla kungaguqula ingxoxo yesimiso ngokuxhasa ngokuxhasa ngezimali, ukwakha ukusekela komphakathi, nokusunduza izikweletu ezithile zentela. Ngokufanayo, i-PAC egxile emalungelweni eSibili seSikhawulo inganyusa ukuphikisa okunonyanisa izikweleti zezikhali, ngokuvamile i-oacroots nocingo olukhutshwayo lokusakaza izibhamu.

Ithonya le-PAC elingaxhunyiwe libonakala kakhulu ezifundeni ezijiyile nasemthetho we-profile ephezulu. Phakathi nezimpikiswano ngo-Affordal Care Act ngo- 2009-2010, ama-PAC amaningi angaxhunyiwe nhlangothi zombili afakwe kakhulu ezikhangisweni zethelevishini nasemikhankasweni yotshani yotshani, asiza ekuhleleni umbono womphakathi. Muva nje, ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe aye aphakathi ekulweni mayelana namalungelo okuvota, isimiso sezulu, kanye nenguquko yokufuduka.

Izinselele Nokugxeka

Naphezu kokubaluleka kwawo, amaPaC angaxhunyiwe abhekene nokugxekwa okungathi sína:

  • [[NTL:0] I-PaCck of Transparency: Nakuba i-PACs ingaxhunyiwe kumelwe yembule abanikeli bayo kuyi-FEC, ukuphakama kwezinhlangano ezinkulu ze-PAC kanye nezinhlangano zemali ezimnyama kuye kwafiphaza kancane lemigqa. Ezinye i-PAC engahlanganisiwe yamukela iminikelo evela kwezinye i-PACs noma engekho nzuzo 501 [4])[FLT] ezingavezi owazowambuli ezazo iminikelo, ezivikela ngokuphumelelayo umthombo wokuqala wezimali.
  • Ithonya eligcwele kakhulu lama-Doners aMagugu: Nakuba ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe aklanyelwe ukunikela okuncane okungaxhunyaniswanga, ngokwesiko abaningi bathembela kakhulu kubantu abacebile noma ezinhlanganweni ezimbalwa. Lokhu kungalulaza inhloso yentando yeningi yokuhlanganyela ezindaweni ezibanzi.
  • Ukuguqula i-polation and Heodoke Mirayer: Ngenxa yokuthi ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe awaxhunyiwe kubazo, avame ukusebenzisa izikhangiso ezinokhahlo. Le zwi eliphambene lingajulisa ukuhlukana kohlanga futhi linqande ukubopha umvoti.
  • Umehluko phakathi kwempikiswano yokungalawuleki nokuveza ukuxhaphaza ubuqili uyaziwa kakhulu. I-PAC engaxhunyiwe kumelwe isebenzise imithetho ye-FEC ngokucophelela ukuze igweme ukwephula imithetho ehlanganisayo noma ukuvusa izibopho ezengeziwe. Le nkinga engokomthetho ingakhipha imithombo engase ingene ekusebenziseni i-advocacy.

Ukuhlola Icala Lecala Elingaxhunyiwe

Imali Yokuvikela Indawo Ezungezile

I-Evironmental Defense Action Fund (EDAF) iyi-PAC engaxhunyiwe esebenza njengengalo yezombangazwe ye-Evironmental Defense Fund. U-EDAF ugxila ekushintsheni isimo sezulu, umoya ohlanzekile, nezimiso zamanzi ahlanzekile. Phakathi nawonyaka ka-2010, yakhipha impikiswano yeminyaka eminingi yezezimali ukuze yakhe ukusekela komphakathi umthetho wesigungu se-papyrry-trade-dede. Ukusebenzisa inhlanganisela yezikhangiso zethelevishini, izicelo ze-inthanethi, kanye nezindleko ezizimele emijahwebeni ye-buthweni ye-compactal, i-EDAF yasiza ukuba kugcine ushintsho lwesimo sezulu sesizwe ngisho nalapho umthetho obanzi uhlulekile ukudlula. Isu lokusekela izingqwele zempi ye-biss . ."ne-pardexll)

INhlangano Yesizwe Yokunqoba Kwezombangazwe

I-NRA Political Victory Fund (NRA-PVF) iyizilinganiso ezaziwayo kakhulu ezingaxhunyiwe. Izinombolo ezihlolwayo ezisekelwe embhalweni wabo wesibili weSichibiyelo kanye nabasekeli bemijovo. Ngaphezu kokuqondisa iminikelo, i-NRA-PVF ichitha imali eningi ekuzikhokheleni okuzimele − ukulwa nezibhamu ezikhangiswayo kanye nezikhangisayo. Ukuhlomisa kwazo utshani kuyamangalisa; “NRA-ILA” (IN ye-GRA-Lea activegie) ihlanganisa i-NRA-Pidssss nemithetho esemthethweni yesizwe, njenge-“ isholova i-mthetho yezemthetho. NRA-VF iphumelela ekulawuleni kwezikhali ezinkulu ezingamashumi eminyaka.

Uhlu Luka - EMILY

UHlelo lukaEMILY olusho ukuthi “Imali Yakuqala Ifana noYeast” qha, yi-PAC engaxhunyiwe esekela ipro-choice Democratic yabesifazane abafuna ukukhishwa kwesisu. Nakuba ngokuyinhloko i-EMILY iphethe uhlelo olubanzi lokuqeqeshelwa ukuvota. Iqhuba izinhlelo zokuqeqesha, imikhankaso yemfundo yezemfundo elwela amalungelo okuzala, kanye nemikhankaso ezimele ehlanganisa ukufinyelela ekukhipheni izisu nokuvimbela inzalo. Ikhono layo lokuqoqa iminikelo emincane ye-Droollar ehlangene nabesifazane abashisekela utshani botshani bubonisa amandla emali yotshani.

Imizamo Yokubona Izindawo Nezinguquko

Ekuphenduleni izinkathazo eziphathelene nemali efihliwe, kuvele izinyathelo eziningana zokuvezana. I-DSCLOSE Act, eye yasungulwa ngokuphindaphindiwe eMkhandlwini, ingadinga ama-PAC amakhulu kanye namanye amaqembu angaphandle achithayo ukuveza abanikeli abanikeza imali engaphezu kuka-R3 000. Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zathatha imithetho yazo siqu yokudalula, idinga ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe ukuba angeniswe emafayilini imibiko kaningi futhi zikhombe umthombo wokuqala weminikelo enqwatshiwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-FEC iye yanxuswa ukuba ilungise iziqondiso zayo ukuze ifihle izikhala ezivumela abaceli abacebile ukuba bafake iminikelo nge-PCPU engaphezulu.

Ubuchwepheshe bufeza nendima: izinhlangano ezinjenge Center for Responsive Politics (Opensets) umzila futhi unyathelise ukwaziswa okuphathelene nokusetshenziswa kwe-PAC, okwenza izintatheli nezinja zilandele imali. Imizamo enjalo yokubona izinto isiza abavoti ukuba benze izinqumo eziqondiswe kahle, nakuba ingalinciphi ithonya eliphelele le-PACs.

Umbono Wesikhathi Esizayo

Ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe cishe ahlala ekhona kwezombangazwe zaseMelika, ikakhulukazi njengoba ukufakwa kwecala kunwetshwa emingceleni emisha njengezimiso zobuhlakani zokwenziwa, ukungalingani kwe-inthanethi, kanye nokungahlangani kwamanani. Ukukhula okuqhubekayo kwe-diolala encane ku-inthanethi ye-crate compans e-tellingng [1] ukukhuliswa ngamaplatform afana ne-Act Blue and Win Red", kuyokwenza ukuba i-PAC eqondiswe kakhulu ukuba ivele. Nokho, izinguquko zokulawula (njengendlela engathi iNkanto engathi iNkanto ephakeme yeNkanto ekhipha umthetho yokugumbula [[FLT:]]]) i-United[FLT]) ))) ikwazi ukushintsha kakhulu indawo. Ngisho nangaphandle kokulawula okunjalo, ukwenza ukwanda kokukhanya okungaxwelelene-PAC.

Njengoba imijikelezo yokhetho engu-2024 no-2026 isondela, ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe ayogxila ezindabeni ezishisayo: isimo sezulu, amalungelo okukhishwa kwezisu, ukufuduka, nokuguqulwa kwentando yeningi. Ikhono lawo lokuphakamisa izimali ngokushesha, ukuvota, nokulungisa izinkulumo zomphakathi liqinisekisa ukuthi ahlale engabadlali abayinhloko ekukhiqizeni imikhankaso yokudla izimali ngekusasa elilindelekile.

Isiphetho

Ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe amelela isici esibalulekile nesinamandla somkhankaso wezezimali. Ukuzimela kwawo kuwenza akwazi ukusekela izimbangela ezingase zishaywe i-PAC namaqembu ezombangazwe. Ngokuhlanganisa i-paCs, ngokuxhasa imikhankaso yezemfundo, nangokuhlanganyela ekuzikhokheleni okuzimele, anamandla abalulekile kuwo womabili umthetho nombono womphakathi. Nokho zona kanye izimfanelo eziwenza abe namandla okuncika amandla okulawula izikhungo zenhlangano kanye nezimali ezisekelwe ezindaweni ezibanzi. Ngokuhlanganisa i-pacrootss , axhasa izinhlangano zemfundo yotshani, axhasa ithonya ngokuzisekelo olusemthethweni ngokukhanya nangezinganciphi. Ukuqonda indima ye-PACs ongenakuxhumana kuyadingeka kubenzi bemithetho, abasekeli beze, abasekeli bezwe elifuna ukuhlukanisa impikiswano yanamuhla. Njengoba lezindawo zezombangazwe ziqhubeka zihlola imingcele yezentengo yeze yezentengo yeze yezenteleko, ukushiya umkhankaso wokulawula kwezentengo eMelika.