Imisebenzi yezengqondo (PSYOP) iye yaba isici esibalulekile emikhankasweni yanamuhla yokulwa nobuphekula. Nakuba izenzo ze-kinetic zigcwele emaphephandabeni, impi yezinhliziyo nezingqondo ngokuvamile inquma impumelelo ende noma ukwehluleka kwemizamo yokululaza amaqembu ayingozi. Ngokuthonya imizwelo, imizwelo, nezenzo, i-PSYOP ihlose ukunciphisa usongo olubangelwa yizinhlangano zamaphekula ngaphandle kokuthembela kuphela empini eqondile. Lesi sihloko sihlola indima ebanzi yemisebenzi yengqondo emelene nokulwa ne-Rhovisis, ukuhlola izinjongo zazo ezihleliwe, ukumiswa kwazo okungokomlando, izenzakalo zezehlakaniphi, nemingcele engokokuziphatha okumelwe ilawule ukusetshenziswa kwazo.

Ukuqonda Ukuhlinzwa Okungokwengqondo: Incazelo Nokuziphendukela Kwemvelo

Imisebenzi yezengqondo, ebizwa nangokuthi ukusekela ukwaziswa kwezempi (MISO) e-United States, ihlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kwezokuxhumana okuhleliwe ukuze kudluliselwe ukwaziswa okukhethiwe nezikhombo kubantu bezinye izizwe. Injongo iwukuthonya imizwelo yabo, izisusa, ukucabanga okunenjongo, futhi ekugcineni ukuziphatha kohulumeni bangaphandle, amaqembu, nabantu ngabanye. Kulokhu kulwa nomthetho, lemisebenzi ayibheki amaphekula akhuthele kuphela kodwa futhi ihlasela nabaqashwa bawo, abaxhasi bezezimali, kanye nabantu abangabuthobile abanganikeza ithonya noma ukusekela okusebenzayo.

Umqondo wempi engokwengqondo ungowasendulo, kodwa ukuqamba kwayo ngokusemthethweni phakathi kwemfundiso yezempi yanamuhla enkathini yeMpi Yezwe II. IHhovisi lase-U.S. leMinyango yaMathetholozo e-OS. kanye nozakwabo baseBrithani basungula imikhankaso eyinkimbinkimbi yenkulumo - ze yokuqeda amabutho esitha futhi balulaze izakhamuzi zesizwe. Phakathi neMpi yomshoshaphansi, i-PYYOP ishintshela ekubeni ithonya elihlala njalo phakathi kwempi yase-U.S. kunye namanye amazwe ahlangene. Ngokunyuka kobuphekula izikhali ezihlanganisa amazwe amaningi ngawo-1990/11 ngempi yembulunga yonke elwa nokwesaba, i-PSYOPYP ishintsha izisulu zokuhlasela okungamele imidlalo enqamula imingcele. Namuhla, imisebenzi yengqondo ihlanganiswa cishe inqubo yobuchwepheshe esukela ekulweni kwezokuxhumana.

Indima Ewusizo Ye - PHYOP Ekumelaneni Nezehlakalo Zobuphekula

Amasu okumelana namaphekula avame ukugcizelela ukuhlasela kwezempi, ukuhlasela kwempi, nokuthatha izinyathelo zokuqinisekisa umthetho. Nokho, lezi zinyathelo zobuphekula zizodwa azikwazi ukuxazulula izimbangela eziyinhloko zezenzo zokuthatheka noma ukuvimbela ukubuthwa. I-PSYOP igcwalisa leligebe ngokuhlasela izisekelo zemibono nengqondo ezisekela amaqembu amaphekula. Imigomo ye-PSYOP ehlelekile emelene nezezezezenhlala-mthetho ingahlanganiswa ezigabanweni ezine eziyinhloko.

Ukuphikisa Ukuthambekela Nokubuyiselwa

Izinhlangano zamaphekula zifaka imali eningi empucukweni ukuze zikhange amalungu amasha. Amaqembu anjenge-ISSES kanye ne-AĺQeda akhiqiza amavidiyo acwebezelayo, omagazini be-inthanethi, kanye nezokuxhumana nabantu okunezinto ezidumisa ubudlova nomvuzo ongokomoya. I-MSYOP iphikisana nalokhu ngokudalula amaqiniso anonya oweqisayo okubusa, iqokomisa ukuhlupheka kwezakhamuzi ngaphansi kokulawula kwamaphekula, nokuveza ezinye izindlela ezingcono. Ngokwesibonelo, u-U. uMyalo oPhakathikathi “Makame u-Reavenvled” wasebenzisa i-inselele i-IS phela namaqiniso avela emalungwini angaphambili. Ngokusakaza ukwaziswa okuyiqiniso ngemiphumela yokujoyina iqembu lamaphekula amaphekula, i-PYSOP ehlela ukudluliswa kwalezi zinhlangano ukuba zinciphe.

Ukusekela Ngokuthandwayo Amaqembu Amaphekula

Amaphekula awanakusebenza ngaphandle kokusekelana abantu bendawo. Athembele ezindlini ezilondekile, ezizimali, nasekwaziswa okuvela ezindaweni ezisebenza kuzo. I-PSYOP ihlasela lezizinhlanganweni ezisekelayo ngokukhuthaza ukungathembani phakathi kwezakhamuzi namabutho. Imiyalezo ingaqokomisa ukubhujiswa okubangelwa yimisebenzi yamaphekula, ukulahlekelwa kwemisebenzi yokuziphilisa, noma ukuhlaselwa kwezakhamuzi zohlanga olulodwa noma inkolo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-PSOPSOP ifaka isandla ekukhukhulekeni kokusekela okuthandwayo kwe-FARC ngokugcizelela ukuhileleka kweqembu leqembu ekushushumbiseni izidakamizwa nasekuthumbeni, imisebenzi eyahlukanisa imiphakathi yasemaphandleni.

Ukushiyeka Okukhuthazayo

Enye yezinyathelo eziqondile zempumelelo i-PSYOP inani lokuphambuka emaqenjini amaphekula. Ngemiyalezo eqondisweyo [1] ngokuvamile enikezwa ngomsakazo, amapheshana, noma igama lomlomo `abaqondisi banikeza ukuxolelwa, indlela ephephile, kanye namathuba okuphinde basetshenziswe ukuze banciphe abalwane abaphansi. “Iziteshi ze-Mujahid” zokusakaza umsakazo e-Afghanistan, ezilawulwa uhulumeni wama-Afghanistan ngo-U.S. Ukusekela, kwakuhlanganisa njalo ukubiza abalwa u-Taliban ukuba babeke phansi izikhali zabo futhi babuyele emikhayeni yabo. Ngokufanayo, amapheshana alahla amazwe e-ISSISVESIŚ́́ttlet e-Iraq e-Iraq naseSiriyania athembisa ukuphathwa kahle ngokwezimali kulabo abanikezela. Lokhu kusebenzisa ukwesaba okungokwemvelo, ukukhathala, ukukhathala, nokuphisana okuzwa yizi.

Ukushintsha Indawo Yolwazi

Kulenkathi yezibalo, amaqembu amaphekula asebenzisa amapulatifomu afanayo nawo wonke umhlaba. I-PSYOP afuna ukuphazamisa ikhono lawo lokulawula ukulandisa. Lokhu akuhileli nje ukwenza ama-propatite kodwa futhi ukudalula ukungavumelani nokungavumelani kokuthumela imiyalezo eyingozi. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho i-ISSIS isho ukuthi yakha i-Islate yase-Ism, izinto eziqokonyiswe ukukhohlakala kwangaphakathi, ukubulawa kwamalungu ayo, nokuncishwa kwe-oyile nokukhokhwa kwentelelwa kwentela yesihlengo. Ngokululaza ukuthelelwa kwenkulumo yamaphekula amaphekula, imisebenzi yengqondo isiza ukunweba ukusakazeka kwemibono ehla kwezilaleli ezintsha.

Amasu Neziteshi Zezifo Ezingokwengqondo

Ukusetshenziswa kwe - PSYOP kuncike emshinini ohlukahlukene, kusukela emithonjeni yezindaba kuya ezindleleni eziphambili zobuchwepheshe. Ukukhethwa komzila kuxhomeke ezibukelweni ezihloselwe wona, endaweni esebenza kuyo, nasemphumeleni ofiselekayo wengqondo.

Imithombo Yezindaba Engokwesiko: Amacembe, Umsakazo Nethelevishini

Naphezu kokukhula kwama-digita, imithombo yezindaba engokwesiko isaphumelela kakhulu ezifundeni eziningi lapho ukungena kwe-Internet kulinganiselwe noma kulawulwa khona ama-instrugent. Ama-Leaplet ayindlela ephansi, esakazwa kalula yokunikeza imiyalezo elula: ukunikezela iziyalezo, ukunikeza izinzuzo zokwaziswa, noma izixwayiso ngezingozi ezithile. Phakathi neMpi ye-Iraq, i-U.S. amabutho alahla izigidi zamapheshana e-Follah naseMosul, atshela izakhamuzi ukuba zigweme izindawo ezithile noma zinikeze izinombolo zokuxhumana ukuze zinikeze intengo. I-Radio Istéqal” e-Afghanistan, inikeza umsele ongapheliyo wezindaba nenkulumo ephikisana ngokuqondile ne-Taliban. I-thelecio, lapho zingasakaza khona, lapho zingenisela amaphekula amaphekula amaphekula noma amaphekula ezincwadi.

Imishini Yezobuchwepheshe Neyezokuxhumana

I-PSYOP yanamuhla ihlanganisa ukusungulwa kwama-technome ezenhlalo ahlanganisa kakhulu ama-plugit ezokuxhumana angenza abantu abafuna ukujoyinana, njenge-Facebook, i-twitter (manje engu-X), i-Telegram, ne-YouTube. La mapulatifomu avumela ukusakaza okuqukethwe, ukuhlasela, futhi ngokuvamile okungaziwa. I-Prequences i-Preferences ihlanganisa ukusungulwa kwama-akhawunti enkohliso ahlangene nabangenisi bezincwadi, aqondisa ukuba basuse imithombo yezentelezi mbumbulu noma banciphe i-mfantula yomuntu siqu. I-U. UMnyango wezwe “umgadi wobu sh Commentice Countercissic Decromation Divisionism , nakuba eminye imizamo yabhekana nokugxekwa kakhulu ngenxa yokunga okunga okunga okungalawule noma okuvamile. Imisebenzi emikhulu isebenzisa ukwaziswa okukhulu ukuze baqaphele futhi badlulisele imiyalezo yabo egcwele abantu abahluliwe.

Ubuso Nobuso Bezindaba Zomphakathi Eziya Ezindaweni Ezihlukene

Imisebenzi yezengqondo iphumelela kakhulu lapho ihlangene nezindaba zomphakathi nezinye imisebenzi engahlangene. Amasosha aqeqeshelwe i-PSYOP avame ukusebenza nabaholi bendawo, izikhulu zenkolo, nezinhlangano zobuntu ukuze bakhe ukwethembana nokusakaza ukwaziswa. EPhilippines, e-U.S.YP. amaqembu aluleka amaQela axhobile asePhilippines ngendlela yokuxhumana nabantu bendawo ukuze balwe nokuncintisana ne-Abu Sayyaf Group. Ubuso no-buso kuvumela ukuxhumana okukabili kwe-662, okwenza ukuba abasebenzi balungise imiyalezo yabo esekelwe ekunikezeni okuqondile ezibukelweni ezisusweni ezisuswe yikho. Le mishini yotshani ibaluleke kakhulu ezindaweni lapho inkulumo - zenkohliso yangaphandle ihlangane ngokunyuswa okukhulu.

Isibonelo: Ukuzimisela Ukusebenza Kungokwemvelo

Umkhankaso ohlangene wokulwa ne-ISSIS e-Iraq nase-Syria unikeza ukuhlolwa kwanamuhla kwezenqubo ye-PSOP. Ama-paglet, imithombo yezindaba, kanye nezinhlelo zomsakazo kwasetshenziswa ekhonsathini ngemishini ye-amoya nangemisebenzi yaphansi. Imiyalezo yagcizelela inhlonipho ehlangeneyo ngokuphila kwezakhamuzi, kuyilapho iqokomisa unya lwe-ISSIS . Ngokufana nokucekelwa phansi kwezindawo ezingokomlando, ukubulawa kwezakhamuzi, nokugcinwa komthetho onzima wemithetho engokwenkolo. Lomkhankaso wasebenzisa nezokuxhumana ukuze ulandele phambi kwezwe langaphambi kwe-ISSIS, uqinisekisa ukulandisa ukuthi leli qembu laletha incithakalo kuphela. IPost 121clistlyglot yabonisa ukuthi le mizamo yabangela ukuwa ngokushesha kokusekela kwezenzwe kwezempi i-ISSISE ezindaweni eziningi.

Ukuhlola I - PSYOP Ngokumelene Nezenzo Zobuphekula

Ukuhlola imikhankaso eqondile kubonisa kokubili ukulinganiselwa kokuhlinzwa kwengqondo.

Impi Elwisana Nephekula: I - Iraq ne - Afghanistan

E-Afghanistan, ama-PSYOP asebenzisa iziteshi zomsakazo, asakaza amapheshana, futhi aqhuba “ihholo le-otown” imihlangano yokuthola ukusekela iRepublic of Afghanistan nokululaza iTaliban. Nokho, ukubhala imiyalezo eguquguqukayo nempucuko e-intensititititititismu ngezinye izikhathi kwakuphazamisa lemizamo. Ngokwesibonelo, amapheshana abonisa izinja (ezibhekwa njengezingahlanzekile emasikweni amaningi amaSulumane) noma ukusebenzisa imifanekiso yokuthi izizwe zendawo zazibheka ukuhlengazeli okungalawuleki. E-Iraq, e-Iraq, i-P yasekela “An Awakeinginginging". Ngokuphindaphinda amazwi ezizwe zaseSunni ezaphendukela e-IraqQada e-Iraq, kodwa impumelelo yayiyimfimza ngenxa yezenzo zikahulumeni ezakhiwa kamuva ezakhiwa yi-PYP.

Ukumelana Nenkulumo - ze Yokungabi Nalusizo

Ukulwa ne-ISSIS mhlawumbe kwabonakala kusetshenziswa kakhulu kwe-PSYOP ye-minuber. Lenhlangano yadala umzabalazo we- “I-Viral Peace”, ikhuthaza i-Iraq ne-Siriya ukuba bahlanganyele izindaba zokumelana ne-ISSIS, ngokuvamile ngokuhlekisayo noma ngokuphathekayo. Inkulumo - ze ka-ISIS ngokwayo yancishwa, kanye nokudalula okuhlangene ukudalula ubuzenzisi beqembu. Nokho, inselele enkulu yayiyilapho i-PYYOP ingehlisa ukuheha i-ISS kulokhu kukhanga izilaleli ezinganakile, yayinomphumela olinganiselwe ezilwaneni eziqinile ezazihlukanisiwe nokwaziswa okungaphandle.

Impi YaseColombia (FARC)

Impi ende yaseColombia elwa neFARC inikeza indlela ehlukile. Imisebenzi kahulumeni yengqondo isebenzisa umsakazo, amapheshana, kanye nemibhobho yokusakaza ukuze kuxhumane neFARC abalwayo. Imilayezo yagcizelela ukuxolelwa, ukuhlupheka okwabangelwa yimpi, nokuntuleka kokusekela okuthandwayo kokungalawuleki. Uhulumeni wasebenzisa futhi i-PSYOP ukukhuthaza ukungathembana phakathi kwabaphathi be-FARC phakathi kwe-interâgeal kanye nomholi wabo ophakeme, ukuxabana kwangaphakathi. Lemizamo yanezela ekuhlukunyelaniseni okukhulu, ikakhulukazi ngemva kwesivumelwano sokuthula 2016, lapho izilwi eziningi zikhetha ukubuyisana esikhundleni sokuqhubeka nokulwa.

Izinselele Nokulinganiselwa

Naphezu kwamandla ayo, i - PSYOP ibhekene nezithiyo ezinkulu ezinganciphisa ukuphumelela kwayo noma zibangele imiphumela engahlosiwe.

Ukuzivumelanisa Nezimo Kwamaqembu Amaphekula

Izinhlangano ezihlola ukuxhumana zishesha ukuvumelana nemiyalezo yazo ukuze zimelane nohulumeni we-PSYOP. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho amapheshana ahlangene enikeza imivuzo yokwaziswa ngabaholi bamaISSIS, i-ISSIS yasabela ngokusakaza amapheshana esixwayiso sokuthi noma ubani obanjwa ebambisana namabutho ahlangene angabulawa, futhi ngokuvamile enza izibonelo zabazimemezeli abasolwayo. Lokhu kwabangela umphumela ohlasizayo owanciphisa amandla e PSYOP. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaqembu amaphekula angasebenzisa noma yibuphi ubuzenzisi obucatshangelwayo emilayelweni kahulumeni, ngokwesibonelo, uma umkhankaso uthembisa usizo lokusiza abantu kuyilapho umoya ubangela izingozi zempi, ukukholeka komzamo we-PSOPSOP kubhulayP kuyabhujiswa.

Ukuphumelela Okungalingani

Ukwandisa ithonya lokuhlinzwa kwengqondo kunzima kakhulu. Nakuba ukwehla kwepheshana kungalinganiswa ngokwenani lamakhophi noma kulinganiselwa ukuthi kufinyelele, ukuguqula ukunciphisa ukubuthwa noma ukwanda kokuphambuka kucishe kungabi nokwenzeka ngaphandle kweqoqo elikhulu lokuhlakanipha. Ukuhlola namaqembu ahlohlayo kunganikeza imininingwane ethile, kodwa ezifundeni zempi bayingozi futhi babiza kakhulu. Abakhuzi abaningi bancike kubufakazi obuqinile bokuxhumana okuthi bezwa ithonya lephepha, noma ukuvinjelwa kwemithetho eqinile. Lokhu kungabikho kwemithetho eqinile kwenza kube yinselele ukuthethelela i-PSYYYP uma kuqhathaniswa nemiphumela ephawulekayo yomoya noma imikhankanyezi.

Ukulondeka Okusebenzayo Nezibhamu Eziqhumayo

I-PSYOP ebhekwa njengekhohlisayo noma esetshenziswa ngokuxhaphaza ingaba nemiphumela ebuhlungu. Uma umyalezo ongamanga udalulwa, ungalimaza ukuthembeka kwayo yonke imisebenzi eyalandela futhi uqede ngisho nokuthembela kohulumeni bonke. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinto ze-PSYOP ezihloselwe izilaleli zakwamanye amazwe zingavinjelwa futhi zisetshenziswe amaphekula ukuqamba noma ukuphehla izimpawu zezenzo zonya eziboniswa uhulumeni. Ukulondeka kudinga ukuhlelwa ngokucophelela kokuqinisekisa ukuthi umthombo we-PSOPSOP ungakwazi ukugcinwa noma ukuncitshiswa.

Ukucabangela Nokunakekela Okufanelekile

Ukusetshenziswa kwenqubo engokwengqondo ekumelaneni nezengqondo kuphakamisa imibuzo enzima yezimiso zokuziphatha. Ukunikeza ukwaziswa okuneqiniso [1] cishe kungabhekwa njengohlobo lokukhohlisa okubekela izindinganiso zedemokrasi inselele. Umthetho wezizwe zonke ulawula izici eziningi zemisebenzi yokwaziswa, kodwa abaqondisi be-PSYOP kumelwe bahambe endaweni empucukweni eqinile phakathi kokusekela ukwaziswa okungokomthetho kanye nenkulumo enqatshelwayo ehloselwe ukukhuthaza ubudlova. Kukhona futhi ingozi yokuthi i-PSOPHP ingahlasela izibukeli zasekhaya, ezivinjelwe emazweni amaningi. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi neMpi ye-Iraq, kunezehlakalo eziqondiswe ezakhamuzini zakwamanye amazwe zaseMelika, ukuhanjiswa kwemibono enikezwa ngenkulumo - zenkulumo - zezindaba kahulumeni eqondiswe kubantu bayo siqu.

Izindlela zokulawula ziyahlukahluka ngokwesizwe. E-United States, imisebenzi ye-PSYOP ivunyelwe yi-Divince of Defense futhi kumelwe ivumelane nemithetho enqabela ukuthonya umbono womphakathi e-United States. I-Bureaument of Public Affairs ishoshoshold emelene nokuxhumana kobudlova. Nokho, ukwanda okusheshayo kwe-PSYOP kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemisebenzi yangasese kuye kwadala igebezo. Iziqondiso zezesayensi zigcizelela ukuthi i-PSOPSOP kumele njalo isekelwe emaqini aqinisekisini, ukuthi kufanele igweme ukukhuthaza ubudlova, futhi kufanele ihloniphe amasiko nokuphatha kwezenkolo.

Ikusasa Le - PHYOP Ekumelaneni Nobuphekula

Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buqhubeka, namathuluzi kanye namasu okusebenza kwengqondo. Ukuhlakanipha kokwenziwa kanye nokufunda ngomshini kakade sekuhlolwa ukuze kwenziwe imiyalezo efuna ukuhlasela abantu ngokuphumelelayo. Ama-iechomo kunye ne-II ekhona kokubili amathuba nezingozi. Kungadala i-creadtal à à à ànarrative, kodwa kungasetshenziswa futhi amaphekula. I-panet phakathi kwe-PYYOP nempi yolwazi ebanzi ifiphaza, ikakhulukazi njengemikhankanti ye-S. I-S. I-PSOPYP yesikhathi esizayo idinga ukusebenza endaweni lapho ukwaziswa kugcwele khona, ukwethembana, futhi izithanekazi ziyinkimbinkimbi.

Enye indawo ephumayo amasu “amasu” asetshenziswayo − amancane, amacomputer aphansi axosha abantu ekuthatheni ithonya elisheshayo ngaphandle kokuthonya. Ngokwesibonelo, isaziso esilula esisesiteji sezokuxhumana esikhumbuza umuntu ngemiphumela yokubuka izinto eziyingozi kungase kunciphise ukuthembisana ngokuphumelela kakhulu kunomkhankaso wenkulumo - ze ogcwele. Lemicroorganmenter kunzima kakhulu ngamaqembu amaphekula ukuba amelane nawo ngoba ngokuvamile asebenza ngaphansi kwezinga lokuqaphela.

Ekuphetheni, ukuhlinza okungokwengqondo kusebenza njengendlela egxekayo, nakuba ngokuvamile inganakwa, yokulungisa inqubo yobuphekula. Uma isetshenziswa ngokunenzuzo engokwesiko, ngobuqotho obuqotho, nangokuzilawula, i-PSOP ingalulaza ukuqashwa kwamaphekula, inciphise ukunxenxelana, futhi ikhuthaze ukuyekelela ngokunciphisa isidingo samandla e-kinetic. Nokho, izinselele zokulinganisela, ukuncintisana nabaphikisi, nezingozi zezimiso zokuziphatha zifuna ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kwemfundiso nokwengamele. Njengoba indawo ezungezile ikhula kakhulu, indima ye-PYYOPFP ingaphakathi ekulungiseni imidlalo yempi yempi iyoba ebaluleke kakhulu ekulweni nobuphekulawuleni. [Bheka izisekelo: [FLT: FUF:][F][3]