Imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni iyizincwadi eziyisisekelo ezimisa imithetho nezimiso eziyisisekelo zesifundazwe ngasinye e-United States. Nakuba amaMelika amaningi ejwayelene noMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., abangaphansi kwengxenye yamaMelika abazi ukuthi umbuso wabo unomthetho wawo. Nokho lamaphepha afeza indima ebalulekile ekulolongeni ukuphila kwansuku zonke, kusukela ezingeni lesikole somphakathi kuya ekuvikeleni amalungelo ohulumeni wakho. Umthetho-sisekelo unquma ukuthi usebenza kanjani, ukuthi iziphi izinkonzo ezinikezani, nokuthi yimaphi amalungelo onawo njengesakhamuzi. Ukuqonda imithetho-mthetho - ngokomthetho kusiza ekucaciseni indlela ohulumeni abasebenza ngayo nezindlela eziningi abathinta ngayo imisebenzi yansuku zonke nokuhlanganyela komphakathi.

Iyini Imithetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni?

Umthetho-mthetho kahulumeni usebenza njengemithetho ephakeme kakhulu emingceleni kazwelonke. Isebenza njengomthetho ophakeme kahulumeni, iqondisa ukusebenza kukahulumeni wezwe futhi ivikela amalungelo ezakhamuzi. Izwe ngalinye kwamashumi amahlanu linomthetho-sisekelo walo, lidala iqoqo elihlukile lomthetho-sisekelo osebenza ngokulandela umthetho womthetho-mthetho-sisekelo kazwelonke.

Ngokuvamile befanekiswa noMthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni kahulumeni, bahlela isakhiwo sikahulumeni futhi bamise imvume yamalungelo, igatsha eliphethe eliqondiswa umbusi (futhi ngokuvamile isikhulu esisodwa noma ngaphezulu, njengomphathi omkhulu nomphathi-sifundazwe), isishaya-mthetho, kanye nezinkantolo zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise nenkantolo ephakeme kahulumeni. Le zincwadi zinikeza isisekelo esingokomthetho sokubusa umbuso futhi ziqinisekisa ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo ezakhamuzi ezimpilweni ezingekho hulumeni.

Umthetho-sisekelo wombuso ngamunye ubonakalisa umlando wawo ohlukile, impucuko, nezinto eziza kuqala. Lokhu kuhlukahluka okuthakazelisayo kubangela ukuhlukahluka okuthakazelisayo kulo lonke izwe ngendlela imibuso ebusa ngayo, amalungelo, nesimiso somphakathi. Amanye amazwe aye alondoloza umthetho-sisekelo owodwa kuwo wonke umlando wawo, kuyilapho amazwe amaningi aye anemithetho-sisekelo eminingana emlandweni wawo.

Ubuhlobo Phakathi KoMbuso Nomthetho - sisekelo Wesifunda

Umthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni usebenza phakathi kwesimiso somthetho-sisekelo sombili eduze koMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S.. Awukwazi ukuphikisa uMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., kodwa unganikeza amalungelo nesivikelo esengeziwe kulezo ezifunwa umthetho kahulumeni. Lokhu kwakha ungwengwengwezi olubalulekile lwesivikelo kuzakhamuzi, njengoba amazwe enganikeza amalungelo anwebekelwe kakhulu kunalawo afunwa nguhulumeni wezwe.

ISichibiyelo seSichibiyelo seshumi asiphathiswanga uhulumeni kahulumeni wezwe. Lokhu kuvumela ukuba kusungulwe amalungiselelo aningiliziwe omthetho-mthetho akhuluma ngezinkinga zendawo, kusukela ekusekeleni imfundo kuya emithethweni yomshado, uma nje zingangqubuzani nezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo. UMthetho-sisekelo wamazwe unika uhulumeni wezwe amandla athile, kuyilapho konke okunye kuwela ezizweni.

Ngisho namaMelika ambalwa azi imithetho-sisekelo kahulumeni ngokuvamile idlula ukuvikela amalungelo ombuso ezicini ezinjengezinga lendawo ezungezile, ukulingana kwabesilisa nenkululeko yezomnotho. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho-sisekelo wezwe laseHawaii unezela inkululeko eyengeziwe yokukhuluma, inkululeko yenkolo, kanye nokukhululeka ekufuneni okungalungile namalungelo okuthatheka.

Indlela Imithetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni Ehluke Ngayo EMthethweni Kahulumeni

Ubude Nemininingwane

Umehluko omkhulu phakathi komthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni nohulumeni ubude bawo. Umthetho-sisekelo woMbuso mude kakhulu kunomthetho-sisekelo wase-United States, oqukethe amagama angu-4,543 kuphela. Umthetho-sisekelo woMbuso wonke ude kunamagama angu-8,000 ngoba uningiliziwe ngokuphathelene nobudlelwane bosuku nosuku phakathi kukahulumeni nabantu.

Umthetho-mthetho kahulumeni ulinganisela amagama angaba ngu 26 000, acishe abe made kasithupha kunoMthetho-sisekelo kazwelonke. Nokho, le-avareji yezifihlabuso ezihlukile eziphawulekayo phakathi kwezifundazwe. Umthetho-sisekelo we-Alabama udlula amagama angu-310 000, okwenza ibe yincwadi ebusayo ende kunayo yonke emhlabeni. i-California iphezulu yamagama angu-54,000, kanti iVermont ' ingu-500 kuphela.

Imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni ithambekele ekungeniseni imininingwane eminingi kakhulu ngokuphila kwansuku zonke, ukucubungula ezindaweni lapho uMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. ukwenzeka kwale mithetho kufushane noma ngisho kuthule khona. Lokhu kubonisa iqiniso elisebenzayo lokuthi ohulumeni bahulumeni basingatha imisebenzi eminingi yezinsuku zonke ethinta ukuphila kwezakhamuzi ngokuqondile. Imithetho-sisekelo yoMbuso ivame ukuhlanganisa amalungiselelo ezimiso eziningi ezizophathwa yimithetho kahulumeni. Bakhuluma ngezindaba eziqondeneyo njengamalungelo amanzi ezifundazweni zasentshonalanga, izimiso zokugembula, kanye nezinqubo zemfundo.

Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho-mthetho waseNew Mexico unikezela ingxenye yonke ekuniseleni ngenkasa namalungelo amanzi − hhayi ngokwe-state yamanzi entshonalanga. La malungiselelo aqondene nezidingo nezinselele eziyingqayizivele ezibhekene nezwe ngalinye elisekelwe ekuhlelekeni kwalo, ezomnotho, nasemphakathini.

Inqubo Yesichibiyelo

Imithetho-mithetho kahulumeni ilula kakhulu ukuyilungisa kunomthetho-sisekelo we-U.S. Imithetho-sisekelo kahulumeni encintisanayo ivame ukuba lula, futhi abavoti banethonya eliqondile ebhokisini le-colot. Esifundeni ngasinye, isishaya-mthetho singase sihlongoze ukulungisa — futhi ngaphandle kweDelaware, lemithetho kumelwe ibekwe phezu kwe-collet ukuze ithole imvume.

Ubuninzi benguquko bubonisa lokhu kutholakala. Sekuyiminyaka engaphezu kwengu-30 kusukela uMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. ulungiswe okokugcina. Ngaphambi kwalokho, wawusulungiswe izikhathi eziyi 16 kuphela kusukela ekuhlolweni kweBhili yamalungeni ngo-1791. Qhathanisa lokho nokumiswa kwemithetho-sisekelo, eyalungiswa cishe izikhathi ezingama-70 ngo-2022 kuphela.

Ngenxa yokuthi kulula ukukushintsha kunoMthetho - sisekelo waseU.S., imithetho - sisekelo kahulumeni ngokuvamile ibonisa intando nezithakazelo zabantu ngendlela uMthetho - sisekelo waseU.S. ongazifuni ngayo.

Ezifundazweni ezingu-18, izakhamuzi zingasebenzisa inqubo ethandwayo yokuhlobisa ukuhlelwa komthetho-sisekelo ngokuqondile. Ithuluzi elinamandla loshintsho, isinyathelo esithandwayo singasetshenziswa amaqembu anezimpande zotshani ezisekelwe kuhulumeni ukubeka inguquko eyodwa ngesikhathi kumthetho-sisekelo wazo — ubunzima obuwukuthi isigqebhezana esanele sokuvota kumelwe sifakwe, futhi ukuhlenga kungadinga ukunqoba ivoti ethandwayo ezindaweni ezibanzi.

Umda nokugxila

Umthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. uklanyelwe ukunikeza uhulumeni olinganiselwe amandla, kuyilapho imithetho-mthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni ilinganisela uhulumeni kahulumeni onamandla kakade. Umthetho-sisekelo woMbuso ukhuluma ngezindaba zikahulumeni awuwufihli. Lomehluko oyisisekelo endleleni ozothathwa yilezi zindima ezihlukile kuhulumeni waseMelika.

Ngokungafani nomthetho - sisekelo kahulumeni, imithetho - sisekelo kahulumeni ngokuvamile inemikhakha eminingi ephathelene nezindaba ezihlukahlukene, njengentela, imfundo, nokulondeka komphakathi, ukuze kusingathwe izimfuneko ezihlukile zomphakathi wakubo.

Indlela Imithetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni Ethinta Ngayo Ukuphila Kwansuku Zonke

Ithonya lale mibhalo lidlulela ngalé kwezimiso ezingekho ezingokomthetho eziyisisekelo ekuphileni kwethu njengezakhamuzi — ukuvota, inkululeko yomuntu siqu, ukubusa kwendawo, nokunye okwengeziwe.

Imithetho-mithetho kahulumeni ingabonakala iyindawo engavamile yokuphishekela izimiso zomphakathi ezithandwayo – esikhundleni senqubo evamile yokushaya umthetho - kodwa lendlela yokuqala ingxoxo yethu ngemithetho-mthetho kahulumeni ibonisa ukuthi imibhalo yesisekelo ibaluleke kangakanani ekuphileni kwansuku zonke kwezakhamuzi zaseMelika. Kusukela ngesikhathi uvuka uze ufike ngesikhathi ulala, usho amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo athonya imisebenzi yakho, amalungelo, namathuba.

Izwe liqoqa amadollar alinganiselwa ezigidini zezigidi ezingu - 1,7 zamaRandi entela futhi lichithe cishe izigidi zezigidi ezingu - 1,7 zamaRandi kuyo yonke into kusukela emfundweni kuya ekunakekeleni impilo, lithinta cishe zonke izici zokuphila emphakathini wezombangazwe waseMelika futhi lizuzisa abantu ngokuqondile kunaseWashington. Lokhu kutshala okukhulu kwezinkonzo zesilinganiso sikahulumeni kubonisa ukubaluleka komthetho-sisekelo ekulawuleni lezizindleko nezinkonzo.

Izibonelo Zansuku Zonke Zomphumela Womthetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni

Umthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni uthonya izici eziningi zokuphila kwansuku zonke abantu abaningi abazithatha kalula. Ohulumeni banquma izifundo zezikole, imigwaqo emikhulu kahulumeni, kanye namalayisense okushayela okukhipha imoto, konke okuthinta ukuphila kwansuku zonke. Imisebenzi ngayinye ilawulwa ngamalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo amisa igunya nemithwalo yemfanelo kahulumeni kulezindawo.

Lapho uhamba ngemoto uye emsebenzini, imigwaqo ohamba kuyo igcinwa ohulumeni bezwe abasebenza ngaphansi kwemithetho engokomthetho. Lapho uthumela izingane zakho esikoleni, isimiso semfundo ezisifundayo sihlelwa ngokwezimfuneko zomthetho-sisekelo wombuso. Uma uvota okhethweni, imithetho elawula ukuhlanganyela kwakho imiswa umthetho-sisekelo wezwe.

ICalifornia ibeka imingcele yesikhashana kubenzi bemithetho bamazwe, kuyilapho iNew York ingalithinta ngokuphawulekayo izinga lokuhlangenwe nakho nokusabela kwezikhulu ezikhethiwe. Ukungafani okunjalo ezimisweni zokubusa kuthinta ngokuqondile indlela uhulumeni wombuso wakho osabela ngayo futhi ulandise ngayo ezindabeni zezakhamuzi.

Izindawo Eziyinhloko Ezithonywe Imithetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni

Imfundo

Imfundo imelela enye yezindawo ezibaluleke kakhulu lapho umthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni uthinta khona ukuphila kwansuku zonke. Imfanelo ephawuleka kakhulu phakathi kwalemithwalo yemfanelo ilungiselelo nezimali zemfundo yomphakathi, ehlanganisa kokubili imfundo ye K-12 kanye nezinhlangano zemfundo ephakeme njengamakholiji omphakathi namayunivesithi ombuso. Imfundo yomphakathi iyodwa yakha cishe amaphesenti angu-20 okusetshenziswa kwemali kahulumeni.

Umthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni uhlanganisa amalungiselelo adinga umbuso ukuba unikeze imfundo yomphakathi kuzo zonke izingane. Umthetho-sisekelo ungafuna ukuba umbuso unikeze imfundo yomphakathi, kodwa ngokunokwenzeka awunakulawula uhlelo lwezifundo noma izindlela zokufundisa. Lokhu kwakha uhlelo lapho amazwe kumelwe aqinisekise khona ukufinyelela imfundo kuyilapho egcina ukuvumelana ekusebenzeni.

Izimo zomthetho - sisekelo zemfundo ziye zaholela ekwahlukaneni okukhulu emazweni amaningi. INkantolo Ephakeme yaseNyakatho Carolina yasilahla isimo sayo futhi yaqeda iminyaka engaphezu kwengu - 30 yokunikeza isigwebo esihilela ukuxhaswa kwemfundo yomphakathi embusweni. Amacala anjalo abonisa indlela amalungiselelo omthetho - sisekelo ngokuphathelene nemfundo angasishintsha ngayo isimiso semfundo amashumi eminyaka.

Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zathatha isinyathelo esingavamile sokuhlanganisa imithetho yemfundo ethile ekhethekile ngokuqondile emithethweni yazo. Abavoti baseFlorida bavumela ukuhlelwa komthetho-sisekelo ukumiswa kwesigaba esiphezulu ezikoleni zomphakathi, okuye kwaguqula isimiso semfundo kulesosifunda iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amabili. Lesi sibonelo sibonisa indlela izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo ezingavala ngayo emithethweni yemfundo ngemiphumela ehlala isikhathi eside.

Ukusakaza Amalungelo Nezinqumo

Umthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni ufeza indima ebalulekile ekuchazeni nasekuvikeleni amalungelo okuvota. Umthetho-sisekelo woMbuso ufana ngokuphawulekayo ngokunikeza ilungelo lokuvota; amazwe angu-49 ahlanganisa ukuthi ubani ozokufanelekela ukuvota, "uhloniphiswe ukuvota" noma "ukhetho olufanele"" lomthetho-sisekelo owenziwe ngokucacile ohlukile kumthetho-sisekelo, onganikezi ilungelo lokuvota kodwa kunalokho owenqabela izinhlobo ezithile zobandlululo ekuvoteni.

27 imithetho-mthetho yezwe inezinguquko ezithile ze-Free Echools Clausdation ezithi ukhetho lukhululeke "lukhululekile," "lulingana," noma "luvulekile," olungenalutho oluhambisana nohulumeni futhi kanjalo lunganikeza amalungelo ayingqayizivele namakhambi angeke atholakale ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni. Lezi zingcaphuno ziye zasetshenziselwa ukubekela inselele imikhuba yokukhetha ehlukahlukene, kuhlanganise ne-gerryderderriging transmiting meding nemithetho eqoqweni lwe-bolot.

Izigaba zokhetho ezikhululekile kumthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni ziye zabonakala zibaluleke kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva. Izigaba zokhetho olukhululekile kumthetho-sisekelo wezwe zasetshenziswa ngokuphumelelayo ukubulala amabalazwe e-gerrymanche ePennsylvania ngo-2018 ngaphambi nje kokuba uRucho neNyakatho Carolina. Lezivikelo zomthetho-sisekelo zanikeza amakhambi ayengekho ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni.

Amalungelo Endawo Ezungezile

Ingxenye eyandayo yomthetho - sisekelo kahulumeni ihilela ukuvikelwa kwendawo ezungezile, ezinye izifundazwe njengePennsylvania, zinezinguquko ezingokomthetho eziqinisekisa izakhamuzi ilungelo lendawo ehlanzekile. La malungiselelo angasetshenziselwa ukubekela inselele izenzo zikahulumeni ezilimaza imvelo.

Zombili lezi zimo zabekwa ezigabeni zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo wezwe eziqinisekisa ilungelo endaweni esendaweni "ehlanzekile nenempilo" njengo Free Eustations Clauss, lezi zigqebhezana zendawo ezungezile azinalutho olufanayo nomthetho-mthetho. Lokhu kumelela indawo lapho imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni inikeza khona isivikelo esingekho nje ngokwezinga likahulumeni.

Izibalo zamuva nje ziye zabonisa amandla alamalungiselelo endawo ezungezile. Ngokwesibonelo, cabangela izenzakalo zamuva ze-Helden av Montana — lapho inkantolo equlwayo yanquma khona ukuthi ukunqatshelwa kwezinhlangano ukucatshangelwa kokukhishwa kwegesi eshisayo eshisayo kanye nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu okufanayo phakathi nokubukezwa kwendawo ezungezile okuphambene noMthetho-sisekelo weMontana. Izenzakalo ezinjalo zibonisa indlela amalungelo esimiso sendawo ezungezile alawula ngayo isimiso sendawo ezungezile nomthetho wendawo ezungezile.

Njengoba ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuba ukukhathazeka okuphuthumayo, la malungiselelo omthetho - sisekelo kahulumeni angase abe nengxenye ebaluleke nakakhulu emizamweni yokuvikela indawo ezungezile.

IJaji lesigebengu Namalungelo Ezisulu

Umthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni uhlela futhi izimiso zomthetho wobugebengu namalungelo ezisulu zobugebengu. Izifunda eziningi ziye zanezela izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo ukuze zivikele amalungelo ezisulu zobugebengu, njengelungelo lokutshelwa ngecala nokulalelwa isigwebo. Lezi zinguquko zihloselwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amazwi ezisulu azwakala futhi aphathwa ngenhlonipho nangesithunzi kuyo yonke inqubo yokwahlulela kobugebengu.

Amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni anganikeza futhi isivikelo esikhulu kubamangalelwa abamangalelwa ngecala kunokuba kufunwa uMthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni. INkantolo ePhakeme yasePennsylvania yathi ukukhipha isigwebo sokuphila, ngaphandle kwethuba lokugwetshwa, "ukubulala ngokungemthetho" — imfundiso engokomthetho evumela umuntu ukuba abulawe ngokubulawa noma isiphi isigwebo esibangelwa ukubulala phakathi nokukhokhwa kwecala elihlukene, ngisho noma ummangalelwa engahlosile neze ukubulala noma ubani — ukwephula ukuvinjelwa koMthetho-mthetho-sisekelo wasePennsylvania. Lokhu kubonisa indlela imithetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho enikeza ngayo isivikelo esibanzi kunaleyo engokomthetho womthetho-mthetho-mthetho.

Amalungelo Endawo Nendawo Okusetshenziswayo

Umthetho-sisekelo woMbuso umisa imithetho eyisisekelo ngokuphathelene nokuba nendawo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwendawo ethinta abaninimakhaya, amabhizinisi, nemiphakathi.

Ezifundazweni zasentshonalanga, amalungelo amanzi ngokuvamile athola ukunakekela okukhethekile komthetho - sisekelo ngenxa yokuntuleka kwalengcebo ebalulekile. La malungiselelo anganquma ukuthi ubani othola amanzi ezolimo, ezezimboni, nawakusetshenziswa kwezindawo zokuhlala, okwenza kube okubaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukeni kwezomnotho nasekuphileni okusezingeni eliphezulu.

Ukuphepha Komphakathi Nomthetho Ophoqelelwayo

Umthetho-sisekelo woMbuso umisa uhlelo lokuphepha komphakathi nokugcinwa komthetho esifundazweni ngasinye. Imithetho-sisekelo yoMbuso kumelwe ichaze izinhlangano zemfundo, imithetho yezesizwe neyobugebengu, amandla amaphoyisa okumisa imithetho, imithetho yezomnotho njengoba ithinta ukuphila komphakathi nendawo ezungezile.

Amalungiselelo omthetho - sisekelo kahulumeni ngokuphathelene nokufuna nokuqhwaga, inqubo efanele, nezinye inqubo zobugebengu zingavikela kakhulu kunezimfuneko zomthetho - sisekelo kahulumeni. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngisho nalapho izinkantolo zikahulumeni zivumela ukugcinwa kwemithetho ethile, izinkantolo zikahulumeni zingase ziyivimbele ngaphansi kwamalungiselelo omthetho - sisekelo kahulumeni.

Intela Nemali Yomphakathi

Umthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni uvame ukuhlanganisa amalungiselelo anemininingwane ngokuphathelene nentela nezimali zomphakathi. ITaxhayer Bill of Rights (TABOR) yeColorado iyisibonelo esidumile sokulungisa komthetho-sisekelo okuvimbela kakhulu ikhono likahulumeni lokuphakamisa izintela nokusebenzisa imali. Amalungiselelo anjalo angaba nemiphumela enzulu ekhonweni likahulumeni lokuxhasa izinkonzo zomphakathi futhi aphendule ezinkingeni zomthetho.

Lentela ewumthetho-sisekelo nokungasetshenziswa kwemali ekhona kubonisa amafilosofi ahlukene ngobukhulu obufanele nendima kahulumeni. Ezinye izifundazwe zibeka imingcele eqinile yomthetho-mthetho entelani, kuyilapho ezinye zinikeza ukuvumelana okuthé xaxa ekwenzeni izinqumo mayelana nemithetho.

Ukunakekela Impilo Nezinkonzo Zomphakathi

Umthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni uthonya ilungiselelo lokunakekela impilo nenkonzo yomphakathi ezakhamuzini. Izwe lilawula izinhlelo zokunakekela impilo yezakhamuzi ezithola imali ephansi, ezihluka ngokwezwe ngalinye ngokwezimiso zendawo. Nakuba lezi zinhlelo zivame ukumiswa ngemithetho, izinhlelo zomthetho-sisekelo ezimayelana nesivikelo esifanayo, inqubo efanelekile, futhi inhlalakahle evamile ingahlela indlela lezi zinkonzo ezihlelwa futhi zidluliselwe ngayo.

Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zasebenzisa izinguquko zomthetho-mthetho ukuze zivikele amalungelo athile ahlobene nesimiso sempilo noma zifake izimali zezinhlobo ezithile zokucwaninga kwezokwelapha. Ngo-2004 abavoti baseCalifornia bagunyaziwe ukuhlelwa kwe-Procence 71, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-California Stem Celle Research and Curesitive Initive, emelela indaba lapho umbuso ushintsha umthetho wawo ukuze uthole impumuzo esimisweni sikahulumeni esivimbelayo. Akugcini nje ngokufaka u-71, okuqinisekiswe njengeSiphaka-Mthetho-mthetho waseCalifornia 35, okwenza i-stemment i-procession ibe yi-procerder evikelekile ngokomthetho ngaphansi komthetho wezwe laseCalifornia, kodwa futhi i-California Institute for Regenerative Medicine Medicine inikeza izigidi zezigidi ezingu-R3,5,000, ukuze ithole imali emalini eqenjini ukuze inikezwe isikhathi esingaphezu kweminyaka eyishumi.

Amalungiselelo Ayingqayizivele Omthetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni

Ngezinye izikhathi imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni ihlanganisa amalungiselelo abonisa izindinganiso eziyingqayizivele kanye nezinto eziza kuqala zezakhamuzi zayo. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-2021, uMaine waba isimo sokuqala sokuvumela ukubuyiselwa komthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni oqinisekisa ilungelo lokukhula, ukukhiqiza nokudla ukudla "lokuziphilisa, ukudla, impilo engokomzimba nenhlala- kahle" abaxhasi bathi kungasiza ekulweni nendlala ezweni. Le lungiselelo elingavamile libonisa indlela imithetho-mthetho engasingatha ngayo imibandela eqondile ethinta imiphakathi ethile.

Ukwakhiwa Komthetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni

Izingeniso Nezimemezelo Zezimiso

Isethulo sisethulo esingaqondile somthetho-sisekelo esisho ukuthi yini amalungelo nenkululeko abantu abasesifundazweni abanayo. Ngokwesibonelo, isethulo singathi amandla kahulumeni kufanele alinganiselwe emagunyeni abantu abafuna ukuba uhulumeni abe nawo. Imithetho-sisekelo yombuso eminingi iqala ngokunxusa kwesiqondiso saphezulu noma izinkulumo zezimiso eziyisisekelo.

Izimemezelo zezimiso ziyizimiso okufanele zisekelwe kuzo yonke imithetho. Ziqondisa izizukulwane zamuva ukuba ziqhubeke zinikeza imithetho elungile ukuze kuzuze abantu abafanayo.

Izincwadi Zamalungelo

Imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni eminingi ihlanganisa ifaktha yamalungelo avikela inkululeko yabantu. La malungiselelo ngokuvamile abonisa iSigqebhezana samalungelo abantu kodwa anganikeza isivikelo esengeziwe noma esikhulu kakhulu. Icala lamalungelo likahulumeni lingahlanganisa ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo angashiwonga ngokuqondile kuMthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni, njengamalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu, amalungelo emvelo, noma amalungelo ezisulu.

Izakhiwo Zikahulumeni

Umthetho-sisekelo woMbuso uhlela isimo sikahulumeni kahulumeni, kuhlanganise namagatsha ombuso, aphethe, nahluleli. Umthetho-sisekelo woMbuso unquma indlela abahluleli abakhethwa ngayo ezinkantolo eziphezulu zikahulumeni wabo. Kwezingaphezu kwengxenye — 38 — ukhetho lusetshenziswa njengengxenye yokukhethwa kwezwe. Lokhu kumelela umehluko ophawulekayo esimisweni sombuso, lapho abahluleli bemiswe khona ukuze baphile.

Izakhiwo ezithile zihluka kakhulu phakathi kwezifundazwe. Ezinye izindlu zomthetho ezingochwepheshe ngesikhathi esigcwele, kanti ezinye zinezindlu zomthetho zezakhamuzi ezithatha inxenye. Ezinye zikhetha izikhulu eziningi zegatsha ngokwehlukana, kuyilapho ezinye zigxilisa amandla aphezulu kumbusi. Lokhu kungafani kokwakha kuthinta indlela ohulumeni bombuso abasabela ngayo futhi baphendule ngayo ezakhamuzini zabo.

Imithetho - sisekelo YoMbuso Iyizinto Ezivimbela Ukushintsha Kwezenhlalo

Isazi somthetho - sisekelo woMbuso uJohn Dinan siphikisa ngokuthi ukushintshwa kalula kwemithetho - sisekelo yombuso kuye kwayenza yaba izisekelo zokushintsha kwezenhlalo ezindabeni ezisukela enkululekweni engokwenkolo kuya elungelweni lokuphatha izikhali.

Esikhathini esidlule, amazwe aseMelika aye alungisa umthetho-sisekelo wawo kaningi ngenxa yezinhlangano ezinkulu zezombangazwe nezezenhlalo zangaleso sikhathi. Njengoba ukunakekela komphakathi kunyakazisa ngokugcwele ukuhlangabezana nenselele yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu nentuthuko eqinile, kubonakala kucacile ekuhloleni kwethu umlando womlando wezimo ozokwazi ukuhlanganisa amalungiselelo afanelekile emithethweni yesizwe ehlukene.

Le nqubo yokulungisa yenza izakhamuzi zikwazi ukuhlanganisa izindinganiso nezimiso ezibalulekile ezisemthethweni, okwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuzishintsha ngomthetho ovamile. Nokho, lokhu kungadala izinselele lapho izimo zishintsha futhi izinhlelo zomthetho - sisekelo zibonakala zingenakushintsha noma ziphelelwe isikhathi.

Indima Yezinkantolo ZoMbuso Ekuchazeni Imithetho - sisekelo YoMbuso

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zinendima ebalulekile ekuchazeni nasekusebenziseni amalungiselelo omthetho-mthetho wezwe. Ngenxa yokuthi amajaji enkantolo kahulumeni akhethwa ezifundazweni eziningi, ngokungafani nabameleli babo abamisiweyo ezinkantolo zikahulumeni, amajaji enkantolo yesifundazwe ngokuvamile anomuzwa onamandla wokuhlobana "nabantu" kunamalungu ejaji likahulumeni. Ngenxa yalokho, izinkantolo zikahulumeni zisengozini kakhulu kunaleyo yezinkantolo zikahulumeni ukuba zikhiphe izimemezelo futhi zilalele amacala angeke ahlolwe.

Abaqambi baphendukela kakhulu ezinkantolo zikahulumeni nakumthetho - sisekelo ukuze bafune amakhambi angekho ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni. Lokhu kubonisa ukuqaphela okwandayo ukuthi imithetho - sisekelo kahulumeni inganikeza isivikelo esibalulekile umthetho womthetho-mthetho kahulumeni ongasinikezi.

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zinegunya lokuchaza imithetho-mthetho yezwe ngokuzimela ekuchazeni umthetho - sisekelo kahulumeni. Nakuba izinkantolo zikahulumeni kumelwe zivumelane nemithetho elinganiselwe kahulumeni, zikhululekile ukuchaza imithetho yazo siqu ewumthetho ukuze zinikeze isivikelo esikhulu kunesidingo somthetho kahulumeni. Lesi simiso sokuchaza umthetho ngokomthetho ozimele sivumela ukwahlukahluka nokucwaninga umthetho - sisekelo ezizweni zonke.

Izinselele Nokugxekwa Komthetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni

Ubude Obeqile Nemininingwane

Okunye ukugxekwa okuvamile komthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni ukuthi mide kakhulu futhi inemininingwane. Imithetho-mthetho eminingi kahulumeni ihlanganisa imininingwane esebenzayo eshiyelwa umthetho kahulumeni. Ingachaza ngokuqondile ukuthi bangaki abahluleli abakhonza ezinkantolo ezithile, bamise amazinga aqondile entela, noma bachaze izinqubo ezithile zokuphatha. Lemininingwane, nakuba iwumthetho sisekelo, isebenza njengomthetho-mthetho.

Lemininingwane eminingi kakhulu ingenza ukuba kube nzima ukufunda nokuqonda imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni. Ingenza futhi ukuqina, njengoba ukushintsha lamalungiselelo anemininingwane kudinga inqubo enzima yokulungisa umthetho-sisekelo kunokuba kube umthetho ovamile.

Izinqumo Eziqhubekayo

Nakuba ukushintshwa kalula kuvumela imithetho-sisekelo kahulumeni ukuba iphendule izimo ezishintshayo, kungaholela futhi kumthetho - sisekelo ogcwele izinto ezingase zilungiswe kangcono ngomthetho ovamile. Ukushintsha okuvamile kungenza kube nzima ngezakhamuzi ukugcina imithetho - sisekelo yakhona isho futhi ifuna lokho ngempela.

Ukuhlukahluka Nokuyinkimbinkimbi

Ukuhluka okuphawulekayo phakathi kwemithetho - sisekelo kahulumeni kwenza ukuba kube yinkimbinkimbi ezakhamuzini, emabhizinisini, nakochwepheshe bezomthetho abasebenza ezifundazweni eziningi.

Ikusasa Lomthetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni

Imithetho kahulumeni izoqhubeka iguquka isabela ekushintsheni kwezinkinga zezenhlalo, zezomnotho nezemvelo. Njengoba ithonya elingase libe khona lokushintsha kwesimo sezulu sembulunga yonke liba sobala kakhulu – ngokwesibonelo, amazinga olwandle, iziphepho ezivame kakhulu nezinamandla, iqhwa elinamandla, isomiso esingaphambili, imvula esandisiwe, imvula eshisa kakhulu nemililo eshisayo ezindaweni ezinamahlathini agqibile – ezinye izifunda ezithatha isinyathelo ezizothatha isinyathelo eziqondiswe ekuthuthukiseni intuthuko eqinile kanye nokuzinzisa umphakathi endaweni yazo ewumthetho - sisekelo.

Izimpikiswano ezihlanganisa imininingwane eyimfihlo, ukuhlakanipha kokwenziwa, noshintsho lwezobuchwepheshe nazo zingabangela izinguquko ezizayo zomthetho - sisekelo. Amazwe angase afune ukuvikela imishini eyimfihlo yemishini, alawule ubuchwepheshe obusha, noma abhekane nezinye izinselele ezazingenakucatshangwa lapho imithetho - sisekelo yamanje isetshenziswa.

Bangaguqula ukubusa kwezwe, ukufinyelela izinjongo ezingafinyeleleki enkundleni yesizwe, ukuthonya umthetho, namalungelo agunyaza izinkolo zabo anganikezwanga ngokwezinga likahulumeni. Lokhu kushintsha kwenze imithetho-mthetho yezwe ibe izimboni ezibalulekile zokuhlola nokusungula idemokhrasi.

Isizathu Sokuba Ukuqonda Umthetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni Kubaluleke

Ukuqonda umthetho-sisekelo wezwe lakho kungakusiza futhi ube isakhamuzi esinolwazi futhi esithembisene. Ngokwazi amalungelo akho nendlela uhulumeni wakho asebenza ngayo, ungahlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo enqubweni yezombangazwe futhi ubeke izikhulu zakho ezikhethiwe ukuba zibe nesibopho sokulandisa.

Naphezu kokuvota kaningi ukuthi ingabulungisa yini ubushiqela bezwe labo, amaMelika akunakekeli kakhulu indima efezwa imithetho-sisekelo yombuso ekulolongeni uhulumeni, ekuthuthukiseni ukubusa ngentando yeningi, nasekunikezeni amalungelo. Ukwanda kokuqashelwa nokuqonda imithetho - sisekelo kahulumeni kubalulekile ukuze kulondolozwe imibuso emisha enempilo.

Imithetho kahulumeni engokomthetho ibalulekile ukuze ulawuleke.

Imithombo Yokufunda Ngomthetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni Wakho

Izakhamuzi ezifuna ukwazi okwengeziwe ngomthetho-sisekelo wazo wezwe zinemithombo eminingi ekhona. Imithetho yombuso eminingi itholakala ngewebhusayithi zikahulumeni ezisemthethweni. Izifundazwe eziningi zikhipha nezinguqulo ezicacisiwe zemithetho yazo ehlanganisa amaphuzu achazayo nezikhombo zezinqumo zenkantolo ezichaza amalungiselelo omthetho - sisekelo.

Izinhlangano zezezimali nezinhlangano ezingatholi nzuzo ziye zakha imithombo yokwenza umthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni utholakale kalula. Ngokwesibonelo, i State Democracy Research Initive iye yakha isizinda esisenesesho esiseceleni kuyo yonke imithetho-mthetho engu-50 kahulumeni, yenza kube lula ukuqhathanisa amalungiselelo akhona phakathi kwezifundazwe nokuqonda ukuthi amazwe ahlukene asondela kanjani ezimpikiswaneni ezifanayo.

Imitapo yezincwadi yendawo, imitapo yezincwadi yomthetho, nezinhlangano zomphakathi ngokuvamile zinikeza izinhlelo zokufundisa ngohulumeni wezwe nangomthetho - sisekelo wezwe.

Izinyathelo Eziwusizo Zokuhlanganyela Kwesidumbu

Ukuqonda umthetho - sisekelo wezwe lakho kumane kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokuzibophezela ngokuphumelelayo embusweni wezwe. Izakhamuzi zingathatha izinyathelo eziningana eziwusizo zokuhlanganyela ekubusweni komthetho-mthetho kahulumeni:

  • Funda uMthetho-sisekelo Wezwe Lakho: Zinike isikhathi sokufunda okungenani ingcabo yamalungelo namalungiselelo okwakha ayinhloko omthetho-sisekelo wezwe lakho. Ukuqonda lezizimiso eziyisisekelo kuzokusiza ukuba uqaphele uma izenzo zikahulumeni zingaphula izimfuneko zomthetho-sisekelo.
  • Izigwebo zomthetho-mthetho ezilandelayo: qaphela izinguquko zomthetho-mthetho ezihlongozwayo ebhokisini lakho lokuvota. Cwaninga ukuthi lezinguquko zingenzani nokuthi zingawathinta kanjani amalungelo akho kanye nokubusa kukahulumeni wakho.
  • Participate eMthethweni weSichibiyelo:[ Ezizweni ezinezinqubo ezithatha isinyathelo kuqala, izakhamuzi zingahlongoza izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo. Ngisho nasezimini ngaphandle kokuthatha isinyathelo, izakhamuzi zingasekela ukulungisa ngezinqumo ngezimemezelo zazo.
  • Izinqumo zeNkantolo yeSizwe:[ Izinqumo zenkantolo yoMbuso ezichaza umthetho-sisekelo wezwe lakho zingawathinta kakhulu amalungelo akho. Ngemva kwecala likahulumeni omkhulu ukusiza ukuba uqonde ukuthi umthetho-sisekelo wakho usetshenziswa kanjani.
  • Xhumana nabameleli Bakho:[ Lapho kuphakama izimpikiswano zomthetho-sisekelo, thintana nabamisi-mthetho bezwe lakho ukuze usho imibono yakho. Abameli-mthetho badinga ukuzwa kuvela ku-propatial mayelana nezindaba zomthetho-mthethweni.
  • Imfundo ye-pivic : Abameleli bemfundo yomphakathi engcono ezikoleni nasemiphakathini ukuze izakhamuzi eziningi ziqonde imithetho-sisekelo yombuso wazo nendlela uhulumeni osebenza ngayo.

Isiphetho

Umthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni usebenza izincwadi ezisebenza cishe zonke izici zokuphila kwansuku zonke, kusukela emfundweni nasekulondekeni komphakathi kuya elungelweni okumelwe kuvotelwe kanye nasekuvikelweni kwendawo ezungezile. Nakuba zivame ukunganakwa kakhulu kunomthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni, imithetho-sisekelo elawula ngokuqondile ithinta ukuphila kwezakhamuzi ngezindlela ezijulile. Ohulumeni boMbuso nemithetho-mthetho-sisekelo yabo bagcwalisa isithembiso saseMelika sokuhlangana okuphelele ngokwengeziwe.

Le zincwadi zibonisa umlando oyingqayizivele, izindinganiso, nezinto eziza kuqala zesifundazwe ngasinye kuyilapho zinikeza izici zokubusa nokuvikela amalungelo entando yeningi. Ukuvumelana kwazo nezimo kuzenza zikwazi ukusabela ezimweni ezishintshayo futhi zivele izinselele ngokushesha kakhulu kunoMthetho - sisekelo kahulumeni.

Ukuqonda umthetho-sisekelo wezwe lakho kukunika amandla okuba ube isakhamuzi esinolwazi oluthenjiswe kakhulu. Kukusiza ukuba uqaphele amalungelo akho, uqonde indlela uhulumeni wakho asebenza ngayo, futhi uhlanganyele ngokuphumelelayo ezinqubweni zentando yeningi. Njengoba amazwe eqhubeka esingatha izinselele ezicindezelayo kusukela ekushintsheni isimo sezulu kuya ekunakekeleni impilo kuya ekuvoteleni amalungelo, imithetho-mthetho iyakuhlala ingamathuluzi abalulekile okulungisa nokuvikela izindinganiso eziyisisekelo.

Ngokufunda nangokuhlanganyela nomthetho-sisekelo wezwe lakho, ungasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi lencwadi ebalulekile iyaqhubeka ifeza izidingo zomphakathi wakho futhi ivikela amalungelo azo zonke izakhamuzi. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngokuvota ngezinguquko zomthetho-mthetho, ngokusekela izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo, noma ngokumane nje uqonde amalungelo akho omthetho-sisekelo, isakhamuzi ngasinye sinendima okumelwe siyenze kumsebenzi oqhubekayo wokubusa komthetho-sisekelo kazwe.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngomthetho-mthetho wezwe nendlela osebenza ngayo, vakashela i- Conferenceal of State Legistratures, enikeza imithombo ebanzi kuhulumeni wombuso nomthetho-sisekelo. Ungahlola futhi umsebenzi [ 50] womthetho-mthetho-sisekelo [, owenza wonke ama-constitution ahlolwe endaweni eyodwa, noma uthintane newebhusayithi kahulumeni kahulumeni wombuso wakho ye-webhthi yombhalo womthetho-mthetho-sisekelo wezwelonke nokwaziswa okumayelana nomthetho wakho ohlolwayo.