Isingeniso: Amandla Okuthula Esenzo Sezakhamuzi EJapane

Isimiso sokubusa ngentando yeningi saseJapane sivame ukuchazwa njengesimiso esiphezulu esiphansi esibuswa yi-Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) ne-bureaucracy enamandla. Kodwa ngaphansi kwalendawo eqinile, izinhlangano zomphakathi ziye zalungisa kabusha isimo sezwe sezombangazwe ngokuphindaphindiwe. Kusukela emikhankasweni yokulwa nongcoliso phakathi kwawo-1960 kuya ekucindezelekeni kwe-Phost-Fukushima, izakhamuzi ezivamile ziye zahlela, zabhikijekela, futhi zaphikisa ukuqondisa imithetho yeqembu emphakathini nasemvelweni yendawo ezungezile. Lezinhlangano aziyona imikhankambiso eqinile yezelelwe ezweni le-Asia; zibaluleke kakhulu ekutheni amaqembu ezombangazwe aseJapane aguqukayo, avumelani, asabela kanjani ekucindezeleni umphakathi. Ukuqonda indima yazo kwembula ukudlala okukhulu phakathi kwezenzo zotshani namandla embusweni yotshani.

Ukuphumelela kwezinhlangano zomphakathi eJapane kuxhomeke ekuphikeleleni kwazo nasekuhlukahlukaneni kobuqili. Ziye zasebenzisa imikhankaso yasemgwaqweni, yokukhahlaza, yokukhangisa, nemikhankaso yezokuxhumana ukuze zandise izidingo zazo. Izikhulu zezombangazwe − ikakhulukazi i-LDP, iKomeito, nokuphikiswa kuphoqelelwe ukufaka lezi zimfuno emapulatifomu azo, ngokuvamile ezindleleni zokuzifaka, nakuba zivame ukuthatha isinyathelo esiwuphawulekayo. Lesi sihloko sihlola izimpande ezingokomlando zezinhlangano zomphakathi, izinhlobonhlobo nemigomo yazo, ithonya labo abaqinile ezimisweni, izinselele ezingokoqobo ezikhona ngempela, nezinselele eziqhubekayo ezibhekenezo. Ngokwenza kanjalo, siqokomisa indlela izakhamuzi ezihlala zibalulekile ngayo, nakuba zikhona ngaphansi kwezombangazwe, ngamandla ezombangazwe esiJapan.

Isizinda Esingokomlando Semibutho Ye - civic EJapane

Isiko laseJapane lokuthatha isinyathelo somphakathi esihleliwe laqala ukulolonga ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II, njengoba izwe lamukela umbuso wentando yeningi ngaphansi kombuso wezwe Ohlangene. Lomthetho - sisekelo omusha waqinisekisa amalungelo ayisisekelo, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokuhlangana ngokuthula nokuhlangana. Izakhamuzi zaqala ukwakha amaqembu okusekela ukuthula, amalungelo ezisebenzi nenhlalakahle yezenhlalo.

IMibutho yezisebenzi (1945-1960) yangemva kweMpi yokuthula

Ngasekupheleni kwawo-1940 nawo-1950, izinyunyana zezisebenzi njenge-General Council of Trade Unions (Sōhyō) zahlela ukuhlasela okukhulu nemibuthano yezombangazwe ukuba zifune izimo ezingcono futhi ziphikise izimiso ezingokwesiko ze-LDP esanda kwakhiwa. Ngokwangoko, kwavela izinhlangano zokuthula ezisabela ekusabelweni kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi kanye nokubambisana kwezokulondeka kwesizwe ne-United States. U-19594-1960 umthetho wokhuseleko ophinde wamiswa ka-U.S.-Japanian Security Trective (Apo) wahilela izigidi zezakhamuzi kulo lonke izwe. Nakuba ekugcineni isivumelwano sagunyazwa, ukudindika kokudilika kweNkulumbuso uNobusbuk Kieshi futhi samisa isenzakalo esinamandla sokuhlanganisa izakhamuzi.

Indawo Ezungezile Ne - Consumer Activism (1960s -1970)

Ukululama kwezomnotho kwaletha ukungcola okukhulu kwezezimboni, okwaholela ezifweni ezifana ne- imamatia [ ne-iai-itai disea. Izisulu nemiphakathi yendawo baqala ukuphula umthetho wemithetho emelene nezinhlangano, bawina imithetho engokonyaka ephoqelela uhulumeni ukuba aqinise imithetho yendawo ezungezile. Le zinhlangano zaziphakathi kwezokusebenzisa ukushintshwa kwemithetho. Amaqembu ase-zikomzimini acindezela futhi uhulumeni ukuba amise umthetho oyisisekelo wokulawulwa kwemvelo ngo-1967, futhi kamuva athole imithetho ye-Active Impactive Assesment Assesmental Control.

Umfundali neNgqungquthela Entsha Yamanxele (1968-1970)

Ngasekupheleni kwawo - 1960 kwaqubuka igagasi labafundi eyunivesithi kulo lonke elaseJapane, befuna inguquko yemfundo futhi bephikisa iMpi yaseVietnam. Nakuba lezinhlangano zazivame ukuhlukana futhi ekugcineni ziqedwe, zashiya ifa lokuhlela abamelene nohulumeni futhi zabangela impikiswano yomphakathi ezindabeni ezinjengenkululeko yemfundo nendima yokulondeka yaseJapane.

Izinhlangano Ezinkulu Zeqembu Nethonya Lazo Lesimiso

Izinhlangano ze - cobic eJapane namuhla zihlukahluka kakhulu, kusukela ekubekeni indawo ezungezile kuya ekulinganani kwabesifazane.

Izinhlangano Zendawo Ezungezile

Inhlangano yendawo ezungezile yaseJapane iye yasuka ekulweni nokungcola kwendawo ukuya ekusingatheni ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu sembulunga yonke. Izinhlangano ezingazuzisi njenge-Japan Environmental Alliance ne-Fee Japan ziye zafuna isilinganiso esivuselelwe samandla kanye nemingcele eqinile yokukhipha igesi eshisayo eshisayo. Ngo-2012, ngemva kwenhlekelele yeFukushima, amaqembu ezakhamuzi asiza ekusunduzeni iNational Diet ukuba idlulise i-Paasease-in Tariffiant Act, eshesha ukuthunyelwa kwamandla elanga nomoya. Muva nje, izinhlangano zentsha ezinjengeDanday for Future Japanevel ziye zahlomisa isikole, zicindezela uhulumeni ukuba avuse isikole sayo [[FLT: 0] ngokunyakaza umthetho we-nethi ka-20[FLT]

Ukuthula Nezinhlangano Ezimelene Nenuzi

IJapane ilokhu iyizwe okuwukuphela kwezwe elahlaselwa ngamabhomu e-athomu, inikeza inhlangano yalo yokuthula igunya eliyingqayizivele lokuziphatha. Ukubhikisha okusakazekile okumelene nezikhali zenuzi ngemva kuka-2011 u-Fukushimaichi kwakuncibilika ngesilinganiso nangesikhathi eside. Ngo-2012, ukuboniswa okukhulu phambi kukaDiet kwadonsa abantu abangaphezu kuka-200 000. Nakuba uhulumeni we-LDP ekuqaleni wamelana nezingcingo zokuvala iziteshi ezihlala njalo, ukucindezela okuqhubekayo kwaholela ekusunguleni kwezindinganiso zokuphepha eziqinile kanye nesigaba esingaphandle samandla enuzi. Izindawo eziningi manje zivimbela ukuqala kabusha kwamandla ezokuxhumana abantu abaphethe izakhamuzi ezifuna ukubiza ama-endreante nokunxusa umphakathi.

Ubulungisa Bezenhlalo Nezinhlangano Ezilinganayo Zoba Nabahlali

Izinhlangano zamalungelo abesifazane kanye nokufakwa kweqembu elincane ziye zakhula ngokubonakala nangethonya. Kukodwa umzabalazo we-[Japane] #MeToo) waletha amacala okuhlukunyezwa ngokobulili nokuhlaselwa, okwaholela ekushintsheni kwezimiso zemisebenzi kanye nemithetho yezezigebengu. I-LGBT+ amaqembu ezempatho njenge-Rom for All Japany [[Foct:1] uye waba yithuluzi enqubeni yemiphakathi ye-ex -. Ngonyaka ka-2025, i-300 yezabe i-acesss imise imithetho yokubambisana, futhi ngo-2023 iNkanto yomthetho yeSithilini yanquma yakhipha umthetho wokuthi ukuvinjelwa okufanayo kwakungekhona. Izepolitiki, ikakhulukazi i-Democtic Partic Party of Japan (P) ihlanganisa ukulingana kwe-LGB) nakugnothties eveza amalungelo awo alokhu emikhankambisweni.

Izinhlangano Zezisebenzi

Izinyunyana zezisebenzi zendabuko ziye zabona ukuncipha kwamalungu, kodwa izinhlobo ezintsha zezenzo zemisebenzi ziye zavela phakathi kwezisebenzi zesikhashana nezingala. “I-Ippan Shokunin” izinhlangano zezisebenzi ezizimele ziye zahlela ukufuna iholo elifanele nesivikelo sezenhlalo. Lemizamo iye yanikela ekuncishisweni kwemithetho yezindinganiso zezemisebenzi ka-2018, eyasungula imithetho eqinile yezivumelwano ezimisiwe zesikhathi neholo elilinganayo lomsebenzi. I-LDP ebusayo iye yaphoqelelwa ukuba ikhulumele ngokuvumelana nemithetho yemisebenzi enciphilekile eJapane.

Imishini Yethonya: Indlela Izinhlangano Ezishintsha Ngayo Umthetho Weqembu

Izinhlangano ze - cobic eJapane zisebenzisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene ukuze zishintshe isimiso.

Isenzo Esiqondile Nezenzo Zokulwa Nempi

Imibhikisho emikhulu iveza ukuvuselelwa okukhulu komphakathi futhi iveze umuzwa onamandla womphakathi. Ukubhikisha kwe-Anti-Anto ngo-1960 kanye ne-2012 yemibuthano yenuzi kuyizibonelo eziphambili. Izenzo ezinjalo zivame ukuthonya umbono womphakathi futhi zingaphoqelela amaqembu ukuba athathe isikhundla sawo, ngisho noma engashinqi isimiso ngokushesha.

Izinselele Zokukhuluma Ngecala Nezomthetho

Izinkantolo zaseJapane ziye zathatha imingcele engokomlando, kodwa ukuphikisa okungokomthetho kwamaqembu omphakathi kuye kwaveza imithetho ebalulekile. Amacala endawo ewonyaka ka-1970 amisa isiqalo sokubekwa kwezinhlangano ngecala, kuyilapho ukumangalelwa kwamuva nje okungaphezu komshado ongokobulili obufanayo nokulondeka kwenuzi kuye kwasunduza amaqembu amaqembu nemithetho ukuba axazulule lezigebengu. Ukunqoba okungokomthetho, ngisho noma kamuva kuphendukile, kudala ithonya lezombangazwe.

Ukuzitika Nokungalawuleki

Ama-NGOs amaningi asungula izindlela ezingokomthetho, njengokunikeza izinkulumo zomphakathi, ukuhlangana nabenzi bomthetho, nokuhlanganyela emikhandlwini yezikhulu zikahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, iJapan Association for the 2000 Women’s Decade, yazisola ngokuphumelelayo ukudluliswa koMthetho oyisisekelo weNhlangano ye-Gerder-Equal ngo-1999. Amaqembu amancane nawo ahlangana namaqembu aphikisayo, ikakhulukazi iCDPJ neQembu lamaKhomanisi laseJapan, ukuze afake izikwele zemali eDiet.

Ukuzama Ukusakaza Imithombo Yezindaba Nemishini

Izezindaba zezenhlalo ziye zanciphisa isithiyo sokungena ekuthembiseni umphakathi. UTwitter no-YouTube bavumela abashisekeli ukuba bashaye imingcele yemithombo yezindaba evamile. “# MyHusband ISPAPEING Tom” umkhankaso wokuxhashazwa kwemikhaya wathola imibono eyizigidigidi futhi washukumisela uhulumeni ukuba aphinde athathe imithetho. Izicelo zezeziteshi ezifana noTshintshi.org nazo ziye zabonakala ziphumelela; isicelo sonyaka ka-20222 sokunqabela ukwelashwa kokuguqula abantu esiqoqwe izigqebhene ezingaphezu kuka-100 000 futhi sanikela ekuvimbeleni umthetho wokuvimbela lo mkhuba.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo Ngokujula

Ukuhlolwa Kwezimo 1: Inhlangano Elwa Nenuzi Ngemva KweFukushima

IGreat East Japan kuzamazama komhlaba ne - tsunami ngo - March 11, 2011, kwabangela ukuba kuncibilike izikhali zenuzi esikhungweni saseFukushima Daiichi.

Inhlangano yafinyelela imiphumela eminingana. Yaphoqelela owayenguNdunankulu uhulumeni Naoto Kan ukuba aqale uphendlo lwezokuphepha lwenuzi. Ngo-2012, uhulumeni wasungula uhlelo olusha lwamandla ayehloselwe ukunciphisa ukuncitshiswa kwezikhali zenuzi. Nakuba i-LDP ngaphansi kweShinzo Abe yaziguqula kamuva izingxenye zalelocebo, izinhlangano zendawo zaphumelela ekuvimbeleni umshini wokuphehla amandla enuzi owenziwe ngemishini eminingi. Ngo-2024, imishini engaphezu kwama-30 yasala ivaliwe, futhi umphakathi waqala ukugxeka amandla enuzi. Inhlangano yathonya futhi iKometo .[4] i-LD PD’s yeqembu elisem.

Ukuhlolwa Kwecala 2: Inhlangano Yokuqaphela Ubuhlobo Bobulili Obufanayo

IJapane ishiyeka ngemva kwemibuso eminingi ecebile yentando yeningi ye-LGBT+ amalungelo. Kodwa inqubo eqhubekayo isetshenziswa ngamaqembu anjenge ukuvuselelwa kwezwe laseJapane lonke [ kuye kwashintsha kancane kancane. Ngo- 2015, i-Shibuya Ward yaseTokyo yaba isikhulu sokuqala sezwe samasipalamende eJapani ukukhipha izitifiketi ezifanayo zobuhlobo obunye. Activezis athathe impikiswano enkantolo, ukuvala izivumelwano ezifundeni eziningi. Ngo-2024, i-Fukuoka Ephezulu yanquma ukuthi ukuvinjelwa emshadweni ofanayo kweze-ex - mthetho, yenza umsebenzi wemithetho ecindezela uDioetletistion ukuba wenze. Izikhulu zezombangazwe zaphendula: iCDP zihlanganisa umshado owezemthetho, kanti ngisho neNkakhulu ze-Pdiohn

Ukuhlolwa Kwecala 3: Ukulwela Ukulingana Kwezinhlanga

Igebe lobulili beJapane lisalokhu likhona phakathi kwezindawo ezibanzi kakhulu ezweni elithuthukisiwe, kodwa uhlazo lotshani luye lwangena. Umzabalazo , usungulwe ngo-2017, ukudalulwa kwesimiso sobulili emsebenzini nasezikoleni. Actijects nazo zamenzela ukubukezwa kokubukezwa komthetho wokudlwengula, owawugxekwe ngokufuna ubufakazi bobudlova obungokomzimba. Ngo-2023, uDiet wadlulisa incazelo yokudlwengula futhi waphakamisa iminyaka yemvume yokuthatha 13 kuya ku 16, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokucindezela kwezinhlangano zabesifazane. Umbutho waqhubela uhulumeni ukuba uthathe isisulu samalungu abesifazane angamashumi amathathu ebhodini angu-2030, umgomo manje uhlanganisa “eHlelo lezentengowodwa kwezentengo yezomnotho.

Izinselele Nezici Ezilinganiselwe

Naphezu kwempumelelo ephawulekayo, izinhlangano zomphakathi zaseJapane zibhekana nezithiyo eziphikelelayo ezilawula ithonya lazo.

Ukuphikiswa Uhulumeni Nokucindezelwa Okungokomthetho

Umthetho waseJapane ubeka imingcele emisebenzini yezombangazwe ngezinhlangano ezingazuzi inzuzo, ulinganisela ikhono lazo lokuthatha i-asemkhankasweni noma ukusekela abazowuthola. UMthetho wezokulondeka komphakathi ka-2012, ogxekwa njengethuluzi lokunqanda ukungavumelani nomthetho, uye wasetshenziselwa ukubheka amaqembu endawo ezungezile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-LDP ephethe i-LDP ivame ukufunwa yizimo ezixutshiwe ukuze kunciphe ukucindezela, ukudlulisa umthetho ongokomfanekiso kunokuba kusetshenziswe izinguquko ezisezingeni eliphansi.

Ukulinganiselwa Kwemithombo Yezinto Nokuhlukana Kwezici

Amaqembu amaningi omphakathi asebenzisa imali yokuhlela izicathulo, athembele ekusebenzeni kokuzithandela naseminikelweni emincane. Lokhu kulinganisela ikhono lawo lokuhlola, ukuqasha abangenisi abangochwepheshe, noma ukusekela imikhankaso emide. Isimiso sezokusebenza kwezindawo nezindawo ezisemkhathini siyahlukana futhi, namaqembu amancane amaningi agxile ezimpikiswaneni ezincane, okwenza kube nzima ukwakha imifelandawonye ephakathi.

Ukunganaki Komphakathi Nokushintsha Kwezizukulwane

Izizukulwane ezisha zisengozini yokungenela i-intanethi kunasemigwaqweni, okungaholela ekuthonyeni ithonya eliphansi kubenzi bezinqumo zeqembu. “iningi” lisho ukuthi izakhamuzi eziningi zivumelana nemigomo yokuzibandakanya kodwa azizimisele ukuhlanganyela ngentshiseko, zinciphisa izindleko zezombangazwe zezinhlangano ezingazinaki.

Ukufakwa kwe-co-optation kanye ne-Institution

Uma izinhlangano sezifinyelele impumelelo ethile, zisengozini yokungena esimisweni. Ngokwesibonelo, indawo ezungezile ejoyina izinkampani zikahulumeni ingase ihluleke ukuphoqelela izinguquko ezibalulekayo ngenxa yesidingo sokuhlehla.

Amaqhinga Ashintshayo: Ikusasa Lemibutho Esebenza Ngemicikilisho EJapane

Umkhankaso omusha wezobuchwepheshe kanye nezindinganiso ezishintshile zezenhlalo ulungisa indlela izinhlangano ezisebenza ngayo. Amaqonga ezokuxhumana, ikakhulukazi i-Twitter and TRIN, avule ukuqoqwa okusheshayo kokubhikisha kwe-hoc, njengoba kuboniswa ngo 2019 “#WANTO THE THE PArk” umkhankaso oye waletha izinkulungwane ukuba zimelane nentela entsha yepaki. Amapulatifomu asebenza njengenkampani aye asetshenziselwa ukukhokhela izimali ezingokomthetho nemikhankanti yokuqaphela. Ukuvela ‘ kwentengo yokuthenga izinto.' futhi kuye kwakhuthaza abashisekeli bezokuthonya izinhlangano zezokucindezela ezinkingeni zezindaba ezimayelana nesimo sezulu nezinhlobonhlobo, ngokungafanele njengoba amabhizinisi elungisa izikhundla zawo eziqondisa izimo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhula kwezinhlekelele zemvelo kanye nesimo sezulu sembulunga yonke kubangela izinhlobo ezintsha zobunye obunyakazisanayo. Amalungu ahlukene phakathi kwendawo ezungezile, izikhali zenuzi, namaqembu okuthula akha amathuba emikhankaso emikhulu, ehlangene ngokwengeziwe. Amaqembu ezombangazwe aqala ukuqaphela, kanye nezinhlangano ezincane ezingenela umphakathi womphakathi.

Isiphetho: Izinhlangano Eziyizinsika Zentando Yeningi

Izinhlangano ze-CUBIC ziye zasuka ekubhikisheni okusendaweni ezungezile zaba imikhankaso eyinkimbinkimbi, enezitho eziningi ehlela uhlelo lwezwe. Ziye zaphoqelela amaqembu ezombangazwe ukuba akhulume ngokungcoliswa komhlaba, ukulondeka kwenuzi, ukulingana kwabesilisa nabesifazane, namalungelo e-LGBTQ (issues) okungahlala kungaphansi kwesimiso esibuswa yi-LDP eqinile. Nakuba izinselele zemithombo yemali, ukunqandwa okungokomthetho, nokubambisana kwemithetho yesizwe kusele, amandla aqhubekayo ezakhamuzi zokusebenza ngokulingana kwabobulili obufanayo ayaqhubeka efaka imiqondo emisha edemocrithelini yamaJapani. Njengoba [[FLT:]] [FLCM]] , impilo yezentengo yezentengiselwano eJapan ixhomeke ekulondolozeni indawo ngenxa yalemizwayo. Iqembu lemithetho lesikhathi esizayo liyo ngeke liqhubeke kuphela kodwa likhiphe imiphumela ekuthole nasekuvinyeni impumelelo ekutheni izinhlangano ezibusayo.