Isifungo sobumongameli siyinsika eyisisekelo yokubusa komthetho-sisekelo waseMelika. Asisona isithembiso somkhosi kodwa isithembiso esiqinile esibophayo sokuthi ngokusemthethweni ukudluliswa kwamandla ombuso. Ngayo yonke iminyaka emine, uMongameli ozayo ubeka isandla eBhayibhelini noma komunye umbhalo ongcwele. Uvele aphakamise isandla ukuze aqinise u-(/aphakamisa isithembiso “sokugcina, ukuvikela nokuvikela uMthetho-sisekelo we-United States.” Lesi sigqebhebhezana esisodwa simelela wonke umsebenzi wobumongameli, sisebenza njengemfuneko engokomthetho nekhampasi esebenzela isikhundla esiphakeme kakhulu ezweni. Ukuqonda umbhalo wesifungo, umlando, nezici ezikushoyo kubalulekile ekuqondeni isimo sombuso ngokwawo.

Umbhalo Wendawo Yomongameli

Lesifungo sigcinwe eMthethweni - sisekelo wase - United States, ikakhulukazi eSiphakamisweni II, iSiqephu 1, iSiqeshana 8.

ngifunga kakhulu (noma ngiqinisekisa) ukuthi ngiyolisebenzisa ngokwethembeka iHhovisi likaMongameli wase-United States, futhi ngizokwenza konke okusemandleni ami, ngilondoloze, ngivikele futhi ngivikele uMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States.”

Lomusho omfushane, onegama lama-35 uwukuphela kwesifungo esingokomthetho esimiswe embhalweni womthetho-sisekelo. Abakhi be-flamethi bayishiya ilula futhi iqondile ngamabomu, bagwema izimemezelo ezinde zokwethembeka noma zezimiso. Okuphawulekayo, isifungo asibakhulumi abantu, ifulege, noma isizwe sisonke sigxile ngokuphelele kuMthetho-sisekelo. Umzali “uqinisekisa” ukuthi abantu abazinkolelo zabo zenkolo zinqabela ukufunga, ilungiselelo elisekelwa uGeorge Washington nomphakathi weQuaker eMhlanganweni woMthetho-sisekelo.

Lesi sifungo sinikezwa uMahluleli oMkhulu weNkantolo ePhakeme yase-United States, isiko elaqala noJohn Adams ngo-1797. Nokho, uMthetho-sisekelo awugunyazi ukuthi ubani okhipha isifungo; ezimweni eziphuthumayo, abanye abahluleli bakahulumeni noma ngisho izakhamuzi zangasese baye benza lomkhosi. Ngokwesibonelo, uCalvin Coolidge wafunga kuyise, umphakathi okhulumayo, ngo-1923 ngemva kokufa kukaMongameli Warren G. Njengenzele. Naphezu kwalokhu kushintshashintshashintsha, umbhalo walesi sifungo uyaqhubeka uqinile.

Imvelaphi Yomthetho - sisekelo Nokuhlosa

Abakhi be-flamenti babehlanganisa isifungo sobumongameli njengesehlo emandleni aphethe. Babesanda kugumbuqela umbuso futhi bengathembani kakhulu. Ngokufuna uMongameli ukuba afunge ukwethembeka kuMthetho-sisekelo ($rather") kunabantu noma iqembu lezombangazwe (imishini) yasungula ukuthi ihhovisi ngokwalo lingaphansi kokubusa komthetho. UJames Madison waphikisana [FLT: 0] ku-Profestian Papers [ ukuthi lesifungo “siyisivikelo ekuphuleni kwento ethenjwayo” nesikhumbuzo esingcwele sesibopho sikaMongameli sokuvikela iRGBBE.

Alexander Hamilton, Kuluhlu lwezentengiselwano no. 69, wagcizelela ukuthi amandla kaMongameli achazwa futhi alinganiselwe nguMthetho-sisekelo, futhi isifungo siqinisa lokho kulinganiselwa. UMongameli akayona inkosi ehlanganisa umbuso; kunalokho, uMongameli uyinceku yesisekelo esiphezulu somthetho. Lomehluko wawumkhulu ekhulwini le-18 futhi uhlala uyisisekelo sesazi sezombangazwe zaseMelika.

Ukubaluleka Kwesihlwathi

Isifungo somongameli singaphezu kakhulu kwesiko. Siguqula ummeleli okhethwe abe nguMongameli wase-United States, anikeze igunya elingokomthetho eligcwele nemithwalo yemfanelo yehhovisi. Ngalesosikhathi isifungo siyaqedwa (ngokuvamile) emini emini ngoJanuary 20(16) umuntu uba inhloko kahulumeni, isikhulu, kanye nesikhulu. Isifungo sisebenza njengebhuloho elingokomthetho phakathi kwezithembiso zomkhankaso neqiniso.

Ngaphandle koshintsho olungokomthetho, isifungo sinobukhulu obungokomfanekiso. Sibonisa ukuthi ukudluliswa kwegunya kunokuthula, kuhlelekile, futhi kunomthetho-sisekelo. Ushintsho ngalunye olunokuthula kusukela ngo 1797(noma iluphi ushintsho olusukela okhethweni noma ukuhoxiswa) luphawulwe ngesifungo. Lokhu kuqhubeka kuyisigqizo sokuzinza kwentando yeningi, ikakhulukazi uma kuqhathaniswa nezizwe lapho amandla eshintsha khona ukudubulana.

Isifungo sibopha futhi uMongameli obala ukuba angene esindinganisweni sokuziphatha. Ngokufunga phambi kwezakhamuzi ezikanye naye, uMongameli uyavuma ukuthi unecala. Uma uMongameli engakhaphela uMthetho-sisekelo, ukuqulwa kwecala kwezombangazwe, `ikhambi le-Congress(ikhambi). Ngaleyondlela isifungo sidala isivumelwano somthetho-mthetho-mthetho phakathi komphathi nombusi.

Imithwalo Yemfanelo Eyisihluthulelo Iyadlula E - oyath

Ulimi lwesifungo luyibiza ngokucacile imisebenzi emithathu: ukulisebenzisa ngokwethembeka isikhundla, ukulondoloza uMthetho - sisekelo, nokuwuvikela nokusivikela.

Ukulondoloza Umthetho - sisekelo

Iqoqo[ lisho ukugcina ngenkuthalo uhlelo lomthetho-sisekelo, hhayi nje ukukugwema ukulonakalisa. UMongameli kumelwe aqinisekise ukuthi zonke izenzo zezikhulu, ukusayina iziyalezo zokuthumela amabutho, zihambelana nombhalo nomthetho-sisekelo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuhlukanisa amagunya nokungangeneli emagatsheni omthetho-mthetho noma okwahlulela. Uma uMongameli edlulisa isigqebhezana, kumelwe anqume ukuthi uzosayina noma uzoyisa esekelwe ekucabangeleni komthetho, hhayi nje ekuthandeni umthetho.

INkantolo Ephakeme ibambelele ngokungaguquguquki ekutheni uMongameli unomthwalo wemfanelo “wokunakekela ukuba imithetho ikhishwe ngokwethembeka” (Artle II, Ingxenye 3). Ukugcinwa koMthetho-sisekelo kusho futhi ukuvikela iBhili lamalungelo nenkululeko eyisisekelo. Ngokwesibonelo, uMongameli uFranklin D. Roosevelt ukungenela kwamaJapane phakathi neMpi Yezwe II ugxekwa kakhulu njengokuphulwa komsebenzi wokulondoloza. Kamuva imithetho engokomthetho nokuxolisa kwaqaphela ukuthi isifungo sephulwe kulesosimo.

Ukuvikela Isizwe

Isivikelo sihlanganisa ukulondeka kwesizwe nokuzivikela. UMongameli uphethe amabutho ahlomile futhi kumelwe avikele izwe ekuhlaseleni kwamanye amazwe, ubuphekula, nokuhlasela kweze-ibhuleki. Lomthwalo wemfanelo uhlanganisa nokuqinisekisa ukulondeka kwezakhamuzi zaseMelika kwelinye izwe nokusabela ezinhlekeleleni zemvelo ekhaya. Isifungo sifuna ukuba uMongameli abeke ukulondeka kwesizwe kuqala ngaphezu kwezenhlalakahle yesizwe noma izithakazelo zomuntu siqu.

Isivikelo futhi sisho ukusekela umthetho ekhaya. UMongameli angamisa umthetho kahulumeni ukuze aphoqelele imithetho kahulumeni, avikele amalungelo omphakathi, futhi aqede ukuvukela kwemithetho-mthetho (* kodwa phakathi kwemingcele engokomthetho-mthetho kuphela. UMthetho wokuKhulula ngo-1807 unikeza uMongameli igunya lokusebenzisa ibutho lezempi ekunqandeni ukuhlubuka kwasekhaya, kodwa amandla anjalo kumelwe asetshenziswe ngokuhlakanipha. Ukuthatha umthetho wesizwe kungaphula umthetho ovikelayo, njengoba kubonakala ezimpikiswaneni zokusetshenziswa kwamabutho asebenzayo emadolobhaneni aseMelika.

Ukukhonza Umphakathi Ngobuqotho

Seka ngokuphelele uMthetho-sisekelo ufuna uMongameli ukuba afeze isithakazelo somphakathi, hhayi ukucetshiswa komuntu siqu noma inzuzo. UMongameli kumelwe aqondise igatsha eliphetheyo ngokwethembeka, agweme izingxabano zesithakazelo, futhi aqinisekise ukuthi zonke izikhulu ezingaphansi kwegunya lazo zenza umsebenzi ongokomthetho. Lokhu kuhlanganisa izindinganiso zokuziphatha zokumisa, ukuveza obala ekwenzeni izinqumo, nokulandisa ngezenzo ezingafanele.

Nakuba ingashiwonga ngokucacile, lesifungo sisho futhi umsebenzi wokunakekela inhlalakahle evamile. Amandla omthetho-sisekelo kaMongameli okutusa izinyathelo ezithathwayo ezingqungquthela nasemithethoni ebanzi asho ukuthi kufanele basebenze njengomphathi wokuchuma kwesizwe isikhathi eside. Izenzo zokuqondisa ezimisweni zezomnotho, ukunakekela ezempilo, nemfundo kumelwe zisekelwe ekwakheni umthetho ongokomthetho nasezinzuzoni zangempela zomphakathi.

Ukukhipha Imithetho Ngokwethembeka

Ihholo liyithatha ngokwethembeka ihholo njengendawo ethathayo ehlanganisa ukuphatha isimiso esikhulu sikahulumeni. UMongameli wengamela amakhulukhulu ezinhlangano neminyango, umsebenzi ngamunye owenziwe ngezimiso ezidluliswa yiKhongolo. Ukubulala ngokwethembeka kusho ukungayishalazeli imithetho ephikisana, ukungabambeki ukuphoqelela ukuphoqelelwa kwemithetho yezombangazwe, futhi ukungafaki ukukhetha komuntu siqu ngenjongo yokuhlela. Okubizwa ngokuthi “ukunakekela” isigqebhezana esithathwe eSiphakamisweni II kuyinqubo yomthetho - sisekelo egcizelela lomthetho.

Ukuhlakanipha kobuMongameli kulinganiselwe: uMongameli akanakumane aqede umthetho ngokunqaba ukuwuphoqelela. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqeda imizamo enjalo, njengaku ISivumelwano sezente . (2010]), lapho iNkantolo yathola ukuthi impikiswano yezakhamuzi zeTrump emayelana nokubalwa kwabantu yayibhalwe kusengaphambili futhi ingqubuzana nezindawo ezingokomthetho. Ukubulala kokwethembeka futhi kwenqabela uMongameli ukuba angayifaki imali efanele, impikiswano ephindaphindwayo yemali egciniwe.

Isifungo Esiyisiqondiso Sokuziphatha Komongameli

Isifungo somongameli sisebenza njengekhampasi yokuziphatha, sikhumbuza njalo umsekeli wesibopho sabo esiyisisekelo. Ngokungafani nenkulumo yomkhankaso noma isikhulu seqembu, isifungo siyindinganiso emisiwe, ewumthetho-sisekelo. Wonke uMongameli, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungowayiphi i-politiki, kudingeka abuyele kulendinganiso lapho kubhekene nezinqumo ezinzima. Isifungo sinikeza uhlelo lokucabanga ngemingcele nangobukhulu bamandla ombuso.

Ngokwesibonelo, lapho uMongameli uThomas Jefferson ebhekene neLouisiana Purchase −a ukwahlulela okungagunyaziwe ngokuqondile nguMthetho-sisekelo − walwa nesifungo sakhe sokulondoloza nokuvikela uMthetho-sisekelo. Ekuqaleni wayekholelwa ukuthi ukulungiswa komthetho-sisekelo kwakudingekile, kodwa ekugcineni wanquma ukuthi isivumelwano nezithakazelo zesizwe kwakuwathethelela ukugcinwa. Isinqumo sakhe sakha isiqalo sokuba negunya elibanzi ezindabeni zakwamanye amazwe, kodwa futhi sabangela izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngokwethembeka encazelweni yokuqala yoMthetho-sisekelo.

Muva nje, uMongameli Barack Obama wabhekisela esifungweni sakhe lapho ethethelela isenzo sezempi eLibya ngo-2011. Waphikisa ngokuthi ukungenela okulinganiselwe kwakungadingi ukuvunyelwa kwenhlangano ngoba kwasiza isithakazelo sokhuseleko sesizwe futhi akuzange kube “izisulu” ngokwencazelo yeMpi yeSigqizo se-Rowesters Resol. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi lesi sifungo sasifuna ukuba uMongameli afune ukugunyazwa kwemithetho. Lokhu kuphikisana phakathi kokuthembeka komthetho-mthetho kanye nesidingo esisebenzayo kusekelwe kumongameli.

Ukuzilawula Nokuphoqelelwa Kwesidleke Senkomo

Uma uMongameli ephula isifungo, uMthetho-sisekelo unikeza ikhambi: ukuphoqelela nokususa. ISigqebhezana II, iSiqeshana 4 sithi uMongameli uzosuswa lapho ethola isiqinisekiso se- “Isizathu, Ukufumbathisa, noma ezinye izigebengu ezinkulu kanye noMnumzane.” Ubugebengu obukhulu kanye namaphutha ngokomlando kuhlanganisa ukusebenzisa kabi amandla okululaza uhlelo lomthetho-sisekelo. Indlu yabameli ayizange ihlanganise namongameli abathathu ngenxa yokwephula okunjalo: uAndrew Johnson, noDonald Trian Trump (wrice). ISigebe akukamlahli umongameli, kodwa usongo lokungahloniphisi lusebenza njengenhlolo.

Indima yesifungo ekumangalelweni yayivelele phakathi nokujeziswa kwesibili kukaDonald Trump. Isihloko sokungagunyazi sathi ufaka icala lokuvusa ukuvukela, okwaphikisana ngokuqondile nomsebenzi wakhe ‘ wokuvikela nokuvikela” uMthetho-sisekelo. Izikhulu zendlu zaphikisa ngokuthi izenzo zakhe eCapitol ngoJanuary 6, 2021 zaziwukwephulwa okusobala kwesifungo. Nakuba zazingagunyaziwe yiSigele, icala lagcizelela ukuthi lesifungo asisona isithembiso esingenanjongo.

Izibonelo Ezingokomlando Zesigodlo Ezisebenzayo

Kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika, ababusi baye basebenzisa isifungo lapho kunezinkathazo ukuze bachaze futhi bathethelele izenzo zabo.

U - Abraham Lincoln Nempi Yombango

U-Abraham Lincoln mhlawumbe uyisibonelo esidume kakhulu somongameli oqondiswa isifungo sakhe. Lapho ethatha isikhundla ngo-1861, amazwe ayisikhombisa aseningizimu ayeseyekile kakade. Ekhelini lakhe lokuqala, uLincoln wamemezela: “Ngizoqaphela, njengoba uMthetho-sisekelo ngokwawo usiyalela, ukuba imithetho ye-Union ibulawe ngokwethembeka.” Wamisa ukulondolozwa kwe-Union njengesibopho somthetho-mthetho-sisekelo, hhayi ukukhetha kwezombangazwe. Phakathi nempi, wabeka i-corpus [[FLT:] futhi wakhipha i-Emantacted, izenzo ezazifanele ukusindisa isizwe, kodwa ezazifanelekile njengokusivuna isizwe.

Ukuziphatha kukaLincoln kwabeka isibonelo sokuthi ezimweni eziphuthumayo ezikhona, isifungo singadinga izinyathelo ezingavamile. Nokho, wavuma futhi ingozi: “Kumelwe uhulumeni, uma kungadingekile, uqine kakhulu ukuba ungabi nenkululeko yabantu bakhe?” Ifa lakhe eliyisikhumbuzo sokuthi isifungo sidinga kokubili amandla ekuvikeleni nasekuthobekeni phambi koMthetho-sisekelo.

UFranklin D. Roosevelt Ne - New Deal

Franklin Delano Roosevelt wafunga kane, kusukela ngo-1933 kuya ku-1945. Umongameli wakhe wachazwa ukuwohloka okukhulu kwezomnotho neMpi Yezwe II. Wasebenzisa isifungo sakhe ukuze athethelele ukwanda okungakaze kube khona kwamandla kahulumeni, kuhlanganise nezinhlelo zeNew Deal kanye neziqondiso zezikhulu zokuthi abaningi ababambelele kakhulu ekumelaneni nemingcele engokomthetho-sisekelo. Roosevelt yaduma ngokuzama “ukulahla” iNkantolo Ephakeme ngo-193737, ukuthatha isinyathelo okwakubhekwa kakhulu njengokuphulwa komsebenzi wokulondoloza isifungo. Ukuhluleka kwecebo lenkantolo-pack kwabonisa ukuthi ngisho nomongameli abaningi abadumile abanakusidlulisa isigwebo phakade.

Roosevelt wacaphuna futhi isifungo sakhe lapho eyala ukufakwa kwe-Japane. Ku-1942 u-Order 9066, washo ukuthi uyawadinga amabutho. Kamuva izazi - mlando nezinkantolo zasilahla isenzo njengokuphulwa kwesivikelo somthetho-sisekelo. Lesi sibonelo sibonisa ukuthi isifungo singasetshenziswa ukuze kuthethelelwe kokubili ukwanda komthetho ngokomthetho kanye nokuxhashazwa komthetho-mthetho-sisekelo.

UJohn Kennedy Nosizi LwaseCuba

UJohn F. Kennedy wasingatha iChubian Missille Crisis ka-1962 ubonisa indlela ukuqondisa izifungo okwenziwa ngayo ngaphansi kokucindezeleka okukhulu. Lapho ebhekene nezikhali ezicitshwayo zaseSoviet eziqhele ngamakhilomitha angu-90 ukusuka eFlorida, ukukhetha kukaKennedy kwasuka ekuhlaseleni ngokuphelele kuya ekuvimbeleni ibutho lempi. Wakhetha ukwahlukaniswa, aphikisa ukuthi kwakuyisenzo esilinganiswayo sokuvikela umthetho wamazwe onke kanye nomsebenzi wakhe wokuvikela isizwe. Abeluleki bakhe baphawula ukuthi uKennedy wazibuza ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuthi, “Ingabe lomthetho - ngokomthetho? Ingabe uvumelana nalesi sifungo sami?” Inhlekelele yaphela ngokuthula, futhi kamuva uKennedy wathi loMthetho-sisekelo “wawuthembekile kuphela.”

George H.W. Bush neMpi yaseGulf

UMongameli uGeorge H.W. Bush wafuna futhi wathola imvume yokumisa i-conconontry yeMpi yase-1991, naphezu kokukholelwa ukuthi wayenegunya elingokomthetho lokuthatha isinyathelo sodwa. Washo ukuthi isifungo sakhe sokuvikela uMthetho-sisekelo sasingasho ukuthi wayengasenakubeka isizwe empini ende, ebizayo ngaphandle kwemvume yeSishaya-mthetho. Lokhu kuthobela ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kwaqinisa isibonelo sokuthi isifungo sidinga ukubambisana negatsha lemithetho, ikakhulukazi lapho sithumela amabutho ukuba alwe.

Isihlahla Esiqhathaniswa Nesokuqhathaniswa

I-United States ikude nezwe okuwukuphela kwalo elinesifungo sobumongameli, kodwa inguquko yaseMelika igxile ngokungavamile eMthethwenikazini kunasezweni noma kunkulunkulu. Ephalamendeni lentando yeningi, abaholi bafunga ukwethembeka kumbusi noma kuhulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, uNdunankulu we-United Kingdom ufunga ukuthi “kahle futhi ngempela ukhonza iNdlovukazi enguMkhulu u-Elizabeth II, izindlalifa zakhe kanye nabalandeli bakhe.” Ngokuphambene, i-U.S. ufungo olucacile luphakamisa uMongameli we-deli kuyi-monarial noma uhulumeni.

Amanye amazwe anamasiko aqinile omthetho-sisekelo aye athatha ulimi olufanayo. UMongameli waseNdiya ufunga ukuthi “uvikela, uvikele futhi uvikele uMthetho-sisekelo nomthetho.” UMongameli waseNingizimu Afrika ufunga ukuthi “ukusekela nokuvikela uMthetho-sisekelo weRepublic.” Ukusakazeka kwale nqubo kubonakalisa ithonya lembulunga yonke lesibonelo saseMelika. Nokho, emazweni lapho ubuKhomanisi bomthetho-sisekelo bubuthakathaka khona, isifungo singazenziwa lutho, abayaliphula ngaphandle kwesijeziso. Lokhu kugcizelela ukuthi amandla esifungo axhomeke esimisweni esiqinile sokuhlolwa nokulinganisa nokuqapha kwezakhamuzi.

Impikiswano Nezinselele Zanamuhla

Imibuzo ephathelene nobukhulu begunya eliphethe, ukusetshenziswa kwemibuso ephuthumayo, nemingcele yokuzivikela komongameli konke kuhlobene nezimfuneko zesifungo.

Ukuhleleka Kweqembu Eliphethe Nesenzo Esingekho

Abameli bathembela kakhulu eziyalweni eziphethe ukuze bangangeni ezinqunyweni zomthetho. Abaxhasi baphikisa ngokuthi lesi sifungo sifuna ukuba uMongameli athathe isinyathelo sokuvikela isizwe lapho uKhongoloshelwa unqamu. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi noma isiphi isenzo esingathathi hlangothi esiphazamisayo ekusebenziseni imithetho yeSishayamthetho woMkhandlu siphula isifungo sokubulala ngokwethembeka [ imiyalo] , hhayi ukuyidala. Izinkantolo ziye zangenela ukulwa kwemithetho yokulwa, ukuqinisekisa isifungo njengomngcele. Ngokwesibonelo, iNkantolo Ephakeme yashaya imingcele yokuhamba kweTrump ngo-201818, emagcekeni alinganiselwe, nasepulanini elincane lokukhokha intelo yabafundi ngo-Biden, iphawula ukuthi isenzo sokukhokha lomkhakhakha wemvume.

Ukugadla Kwamandla Empi Nokushayeka

Isifungo ‘ sokuvikela'''''' sisetshenziselwa ukuthethelela ukubulawa kwamaphekula kwamanye amazwe, kuhlanganise nezakhamuzi zaseMelika. Uhlelo lobuphathi be-Obama luphakamisa imibuzo ejulile yomthetho-sisekelo. Isifungo sikaMongameli sokuvikela uMthetho-sisekelo sihlanganisa ukuvikela ukuphila kwezakhamuzi zaseMelika − kodwa ingabe futhi sigunyaza ukubulala isakhamuzi ngaphandle kokuqulwa uma sisongela? Abagxeki baphikisa ukuthi izenzo ezinjalo ziphula umthetho ofanele, lowo uMongameli afunga ukuba avikele. Inkulumo yempikiswano ihlala ingena, nezinkantolo zikhuluma ngomphathi wezokuphepha kwezwe.

Ukwenqaba Ukuhambisana Neziqondiso Zokwahlulela

Uma inkantolo iyala uMongameli ukuba athathe noma agweme isenzo esithile esiqondile, ingabe lesifungo sidinga ukuvunyelwa? Icala elidumile laseUnited States v. Nixon [19974])) yaphendula yebo: uMongameli Richard Nixon kwadingeka ukuba anikeze amakhasethi eWatergate, naphezu kokuthi unelungelo lokulawula. Kamuva, [[FLT:] Clinton v. Jones (1997), iNkantolo ikhomba ukuthi umongameli ohleziyo akagonyiweyo esusweni womthetho womphakathi. Isikhathi ngasinye umongameli uye wabekela inselele igunya lokwahlulela, izinkantolo ziye zaqinisekisa ukuthi izifungo zibopha umthetho, hhayi ngaphezulu.

Amapardon Nokuzivikela

Intethelelo yamandla kaMongameli cishe iphelele ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso II, kodwa ukusebenzisa ukuzivikela komngane noma umuntu ngokwakhe ekuziphenduleleni kuphakamisa imibuzo yokwethembeka kwesifungo. UMthetho-sisekelo awuwabekeli ngokuqondile amadendesi, kodwa izazi eziningi ezingokomthetho ziphikisa ngokuthi umphangi uqobo ungephula isifungo sokukhipha imithetho ngokwethembeka, njengoba bengenza uMongameli ukuba ahlulele ngokwabo. UMongameli uNixon alahle lendaba; uMongameli uTrump wahlenga umqondo kodwa akazange awenze. Ukungaqiniseki okungokomthetho kuhlala.

Isiphetho

Isifungo sobumongameli singaphezu kakhulu komkhosi wesiko. Siyisifungo somthetho-mthetho segatsha eliphethe, sichaza imithwalo yemfanelo eyisisekelo kaMongameli: ukukhipha ihhovisi ngokwethembeka, ukulondoloza uhlelo lomthetho-sisekelo, ukuvikela isizwe, nokusiza umphakathi. Nguwo wonke uMongameli (je kusuka eWashington kuya eBiden) owenze lesi sifungo, futhi zonke izinqumo ezinkulu, izinhlekelele, nempikiswano ziye zalinganiswa namagama aso alula kodwa ajulile.

Isifungo asiqinisekisi ukuziphatha okuhle, kodwa sinikeza indinganiso yokuziphatha okungahlulelwa ngayo. Sivumela izakhamuzi, amaKhongolo, nezinkantolo ukuba ziphendule uMongameli. Ebuthweni lentando yeningi, akukho mholi ongaphezulu koMthetho-sisekelo, futhi isifungo siwukuvuma obala ukuthi ungaphansi kwezwe. Njengoba i-United States ibhekene nezinselele ezintsha − ukuphazamisa isayensi yezombangazwe, nokuhlukanisa phakathi kwezwe, kuhlala kuyihange elihlanganisa isimiso esihlala njalo senkululeko nomthetho. Ukuqonda nokuvikela isifungo akusona nje isibopho somlando; kusemcimbikweni wezwe.