Indima Yeziphakamiso Ezingaxhunyiwe Ekuhwebeni Kwezombangazwe Nokucabanga Ngezigwegwe

Amakomiti ezenzo zezombangazwe (PAC) sekuyisikhathi eside ekhona ezamabhizinisi lezezimali zomkhankaso e-United States, kodwa iqoqo elincane elaziwa ngokuthi i-PACS lidlala indima ehlukile nengasetshenziswanga kakhulu, engenakuhlukaniswa. Lamakomiti azimele aphakamisa futhi achithe imali yokusekela izimpikiswano, ukusekela noma ukuphikisa, kanye ne-((*] ngokugxeka ukucwaninga nesisekelo esilawulayo esihlela umthetho womphakathi. Cabanga ngezimiso, izimiso, nezinhlelo zokucwaninga zezemfundo zezezimali zincike kakhulu ekusekeleni okungahlangani izifundo, imibiko, imibiko, nokutusa ukuthi umthetho, ukusekela, nokuphikisana.

Ukuchaza amaPapa angazihlanganisi

Ngaphansi komthetho wokhetho kahulumeni, i-PAC engaxhunyiwe yikomiti yezombangazwe engasungulwanga, engasetshenziswa, noma esekelwa ngokwezimali yi-occounting, inhlangano yezombangazwe, noma enye “exhunyiwe” njengenhlangano yenhlangano noma yezisebenzi. I-Federal Evolution Commission (FEC) ikhetha lamakomiti ngokuthi“awangaxhunyiwe” ngokuqondile ngenxa yokuthi asebenza ngaphandle kwanoma yimuphi umkhandi wezombangazwe noma inhlangano. Lenkululeko iwenza avumelane kakhulu nendlela aphakamisa ngayo futhi afaka ngayo imali.

I-PAC engaxhunyiwe ingathola iminikelo engenamkhawulo evela kubantu ngabanye, nakuba ibhekene nemingcele eqinile yomnikelo lapho inikela ngokuqondile kwabazokufaka noma emaqenjini. Bangamukela futhi izimali ezivela kwezinye i-PAC, futhi abanye bathola iminikelo evela ezisekeni noma kwezinye izinhlangano ezingazuzisi. Ngokungafani nama-PAC, avela ngemva kwemikhawulo ehlangeneyo yeNkantolo ePhakathi Ephakeme [[FLC:]] .[FLT]N] Nhlangano [ Isinqumo esiwumbuso futhi ungaphakamisa izimali ezingenamkhawulo ezinkampanini nasemikhakhekheni ezimele, i-PaCs esebenza ngaphansi kwemingcele efanayo yomnikelo ehlangeneyo ye-PCC] ngonyaka kunoma yimuphi umuntu ophakathi kwe-PACC. Nokho, eziningi ezingaxhunyiweyo ezingokwayo zilondoloza “izinto ezizimele noma izakhiwo ezizimele kuphela ezizimele, i-paCCCCC.

“ I-PAC engaxhunyiwe yinoma yiliphi ikomiti yezombangazwe engelona ikomiti egunyaziwe yombhalisa, ikomiti yeqembu, noma isikhwama esihlukene esihlukanisiwe senhlangano, inhlangano yezisebenzi, noma inhlangano yamalungu.” — Federal Evolution Commission

Umehluko oyinhloko uwukuthi ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe awathandwa yinoma yimuphi umbhalisa, isithakazelo, noma inkampani ethile. Akhululekile ukubeka ezawo izinto eziza kuqala, ukucwaninga ngezihloko ezingase zidideke kakhulu ezinhlanganweni ezinkulu, futhi asekela izikhulu ezicabanga ukuthi imibono yazo ivumelana nomsebenzi wazo. Lokhu ukuzimela kunamandla amakhulu kakhulu futhi, abagxeki baphikisa, umthombo wesici esingase sibonakale sithandeke kakhulu futhi sithatheke.

I - Ecosystem Exhasa Ukusetshenziswa Kwemali: Umthombo Nemishini

I-PAC engaxhunyiwe iphakamisa imali ngokuyinhloko evela kubantu abanikelayo abahlanganyela izinhloso zabo zezombangazwe noma zemibono. Laba abanikelayo kungenzeka ukuthi bangaba abashisekeli abacebile, ochwepheshe, noma abanikela nge-dilor-mncane abaqoqwe ngemitapo yamanani. Umthombo omncane kodwa obalulekile ukuthunyelwa kweminye i-PAC, engakhipha iminikelo emincane kakhulu ngokwezimali ezinkulu zokuxhasa ukucwaninga. Abanye abangaxhunyiwe nabo bathola iminikelo evela ezisekelweni zangasese, nakuba izivumelwano ezinjalo kumelwe zivumelane nemithetho enqabela intela ukuze bagweme ukukhokha isisekelo sentela esiyidelelayo.

Izindlela zokuhlela i-PACs eqoqa izinhlangano ezingaxhunyiwe zezombangazwe kanye namathangi okuhlola ziyahlukahluka. Indlela eqondile kakhulu ukwenza iminikelo noma iminikelo ethangini lamathangi angu-501(c)(3) noma 501(c) ingalo (4). Nokho, ngoba izinhlangano ezingu-501 (c) ezihlangeneyo zingase zivinjelwe ekungeneni imisebenzi enzima yezombangazwe, eziningi zicabanga ukuthi amathangi alondoloza 501(c)(4) ezikwazi ukwamukela iminikelo ye-PAC futhi ziyisebenzisele ukusakaza i-accacy, ukucwaninga, nemikhankankatho. I-peeat-exned PAC ingafaka futhi imisebenzi yokucwaninga ekhethekile ngezivumelwano ezingokomthetho, ngokusekela izivumelwano noma ngokuthengisa izinhlangano, nangokuthenga imibiko yokusakaza izinhlelo zezokuxhumana.

Omunye umzila ovamile ukusetshenziswa kwe- “izindleko ezizimele” ezikhuluma noma ezithuthukisa umsebenzi we-patcorn. Ngokwesibonelo, i-PAC engaxhunyiwe ingaveza ukukhangisa kwethelevishini okuphawula ukuhlola okuvela esikhungweni esithile, ngaleyondlela indisa ukucwaninga kuyilapho isekela imigomo ye-PAC yokukhetha noma yokukhipha izimali. Ezimweni ezinjalo, izimali zisekela ngokungaqondile inqola ngokuthuthukisa ukubonakala negunya elicatshangelwayo lokukhishwa kwayo.

Imithombo eyisihluthulelo yenzuzo ye-PACs engaxhunyiwe

  • [ Iminikelo engokomuntu [ — ngokuvamile evela kubashisekeli, ochwepheshe, noma abasekeli abanenethi eliphezulu abavumelana nohlelo lwempikiswano ye-PAC.
  • Abavela ezinhlanganweni zophicotho — ikakhulukazi ezinhlanganweni ezithatha indinganiso noma ezithuthukayo ezisekela kokubili ukucwaninga kwezimiso kanye nokulawula kwezombangazwe.
  • [ Izenzakalo ezilungisayo nemikhankaso ye-inthanethi [ — ukudla okusanhlamvu kwe-gala, ama-webinar, kanye ne-divosi ye-injini ye-injini ekwazi ukwakha isisekelo sabanikeli abaphindi abaphindaphindwayo.
  • [[IZIKLO] Izikhombi ezivela kwamanye amakomiti ezombangazwe[[[QURT:1] — kuhlanganise namakomiti eqembu noma amanye amaPaC afisa ukusekela imigomo efanayo yokucwaninga.

Indlela I - pacs Engaxhunyiwe Ngayo Endleleni Eyisa Ephuzwini Lezombangazwe

Ukuqonda ukugeleza okuqondile kwezimali ezivela kuma-PAC angayi ezinhlangano zokucwaninga kudinga ukuthatha ulwembu lwezakhiwo zomthetho. Iminikelo eqondile esuka e-PAC ukuya ku-501(c)(3) ecabanga ukuthi ithangi lilinganiselwe kakhulu: 501(c)(3) ayinakwamukela iminikelo egunyazwe kunoma yimuphi umsebenzi wezombangazwe noma ezuzisa kakhulu isithakazelo somuntu siqu. Ngenxa yalokho, i-PAC eningi igeleza ngemali e-501 (c) yengalo yokucinga (4) noma ikomiti yezombangazwe ehlukile engasebenza emsebenzini owengeziwe.

Amanye ama-PAC asungula ezawo siqu emaqenjini okucwaninga asendlini, asebenza ngokuphumelelayo njengamathangi amancane. Ngokwesibonelo, i-American Bridge Century 21st PC igxila ekucwaningeni nasekuhloleni okuphikisayo, iveza imibiko eningi esetshenziswa yiDemocratic commertification nezinhlangano ezithuthukayo. Nakuba i-American Bridge iyisambatho sokucwaninga sezombangazwe, umsebenzi wayo ucishe ufane kakhulu nalokho okucatshangwa amathangi, ukuveza isimiso sokuhlola nokuhlolwa kwemiyalo. Ohlangothini olusadlangile, Club ye-Grodetic P[FLT[FLT[FF:3] ukucwaninga kwezentengo kanye nokukhipha izingqwembe zemali ezibhalwe ngomthetho, njengoba kusebenza kokubili ithonya lemithetho emicimbi emicimbini.

Enye indlela evamile i-PACs ukuxhasa imisebenzi ethile yokucwaninga. I-PAC ingahlangana ne-yunivesithi noma i-temu elicabangayo ukuze ikhiqize ucwaningo ngesihloko esithile (_ngokwesibonelo, ithonya elingokomnotho lentela ehlongozwayo noma imiphumela yendawo ezungezile ye-relapring. Umbiko olandelayo usetshenziswa i-PAC ezintweni zayo zokucwaninga, ezikhonjwe ngobufakazi phambi koKhomishane, noma ukwabelwa kwabacoli bezindaba. Leli lungiselelo livumela i-PAC ukuba isho ukuthi izikhulu zayo zisekelwe ebufakazini kuyilapho inikeza abacwaningi ngezimali ezidingekayo ukuze baphishekele umsebenzi.

Ithonya Ekucwaningeni Kwezombangazwe: Ukuzimela Nokubuyiselwa

Abasekeli bezimali ze-PAC ezingaxhunyiwe baphikisa ngokuthi ithuthukisa isimo sokucwaninga esinamandla kakhulu nesihlukahluka kakhulu ngokwemibono. Ngenxa yokuthi le -PAC ayiboshelwanga kunoma yimuphi umbhanqwana noma umkhakha, bangasekela imiqondo yezimiso engase ingavumelani kakhulu nokucwaninga okugunyaziwe nohulumeni noma ukusekela kakhulu izikhungo zemfundo ezixhomeke ekutholeni imvume kahulumeni. Lenkululeko yenza ukuba ukuqashelwa kwezinto ezisetshenziswa ngokwezimiso ezingase zincishiswe, kusukela ezindleleni zokunakekela impilo kuya ekuhloleni izinhlelo zezenhlalakahle yezenhlalo.

Ukuzimela kwama-PAC angaxhunyiwe kuvumela ukuba afake izimali zokucwaninga ezibekela inselele isimo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-PAC enikezelwe ekuguqulweni kwezemthetho kungaxhasa ukuhlola ngemiphumela yemisho elinganiselwe ephoqelelwe, iveza ubufakazi obungasetshenziselwa ukusekela izinguquko zenqubo. Ngokufanayo, i-PAC egxile esimisweni sobuchwepheshe ingafaka uphenyo lwemininingwane eyimfihlo, ukubusa kobuhlakani obungakhelwanga, noma umehluko wezibalo ovame ukufakwa ngaphansi kwemisuka ezingeni ezifundweni zezemfundo ezingokwesiko ngaphandle kokuba ihehe isithakazelo esikhethekile.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-PAC angasebenza njengezinjini zokucwaninga ezisheshayo, uku-oda ukuhlolwa kokunqanda izindaba phakathi nezinsuku noma amasonto. Lokhu kushesha kuhlukile ngokuhamba kancane kokucwaninga kontanga futhi kunganikeza ukwaziswa okufike ngesikhathi kubenzi bomthetho, izintatheli, nomphakathi. Ikhono lokuveza ukuhlaziywa kokushintsha ngokushesha kokubekwa komthetho noma ukuphenyelwa kwemithetho kuyinzuzo ephawulekayo endaweni yezezindaba yanamuhla.

Inkulumo Ehlukanisayo Ezimpikiswaneni Zemithetho

Ngokuxhasa ukucwaninga okubanzi okuvela kumathangi acabangayo nabahlaziyi abazimele, ama-PAC asiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi imibono eminingi izwakala ezimpikiswaneni zezimiso. Ngokwesibonelo, i-PAC esekela amandla avuselelwayo ingaxhasa kokubili ukuhlaziywa kokusetshenziswa kwe-atle ekhululekile yokuthengisa izinto ezisekela ugesi kanye nombiko wenhlangano eqhubekayo wezinhlelo zomphakathi ze-so solary. Lokhu mbono okuhlukahlukene kungathuthukisa ukucubungula kwentando yeningi, ngisho noma ucwaningo ngalunye lunemibono ephelele.

Ithonya Endleleni Yokucabanga: Ubuhlobo Nezinsephe

I-PACS exhunyiwe isebenza ngokulandelana okubalulekile kwe-PACs efuna ukuqinisekisa izikhundla zayo zenqubo. I-odoli eqondiswe kahle ye-opera egunyaza i-PAC inganikeza imibiko esemthethweni ye-PAC, isize ekufakeni abavoti abangahlolwanga kahle noma ukuqinisekisa izishayamthetho ukuthi icebo elithile lilungile. Ngokulandelayo, cabanga ukuthi ama-anki athola umthombo othembekile wezimali ovumela ukuba aqashe abacwaningi, asakaze imibiko, izenzakalo ze-aces, futhi akhiphe intethelensi yeze zindaba.

Nokho, lobubuhlobo obuxubile buphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngokuzimela kokucwaninga ngamathanga. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi bacabanga ukuthi amathangi athembele kakhulu ekuxhaseni imali i-PAC angavumelana nalokho akutholayo ukuze ajabulise abanikeli bawo, acindezele iziphetho ezingasusa abasekeli be-PAC. Ithuba lokuqinisekisa ubandlululo lungokoqobo: isethi elicabangayo elithola isipho esikhulu esivela kumthetho we-PAC wokwehlisa i-regious lingasenekwenziswa ukusakaza ukuhlola okubonisa ukuthi ukuvimbela ukungcola noma ukulimala komthengi.

Ukubona ngaphaya kwangaphandle kuhlobene nokukhathazeka. Amathangi amaningi acabanga ukuthi awadingeki ukuba achaze imithombo yezimali zawo ngokuningiliziwe, okwenza kube nzima ngomphakathi ukuba kuhlolwe ukuthi ukutadisha okuthile kwathonywa yini uhlelo lwezombangazwe. I-opensecrets[ imikhondo yokuhlola iminikelo evela kumakomiti e-PAC afuna ukubhaliswa kanye namakomiti eqembu, kodwa ukulandelela ukugeleza kwemali evela e-PAC kuya eproject ethile enengqondo eqondile kuvame kakhulu. Abanye bacabanga ukuthi amathangi ayazi ayazidalula ngokuzithandela iminikelo yabo, kodwa awaziwawo awafani.

Naphezu kwalezi zingozi, amathangi amaningi acabangayo alondoloza izindinganiso zangaphakathi eziqinile ukuze alondoloze isisekelo sawo. Bangase bamelane nokuxhasa imali ehambisana nezimo ezicacile, bamukele izimiso ezivimbela abanikeleyo ekuthonyeni iziphetho zokucwaninga, futhi bathathe umsebenzi wabo ekubukezeni ontanga noma ekuqiniseni isisekelo. Inselele iwukulinganisela isidingo sezimali sokwamukela i-PAC ngokusekela imali ngokwethembeka okudingekayo ukuze kwenziwe ukuhlaziya okunengqondo.

Izibonelo Zokucabanga Ngobuhlobo Obungenazibopho Neziphakamiso Ezingaxhunyiwe

  • Ifanda yefa — Nakuba ifa ngokwalo lingu 501(c)(3), inhlangano yalo engudadewabo iLifa Lendawo Isenzo saseMelika (a 501(c)(4)) ihlanganyela ekufundiseni kwezombangazwe futhi ingamukela iminikelo evela e-PACs. I-PAC ehlangene nezimbangela ezingokwesiko ngokuvamile ifaka i-Lifarance Act’s procement ne-act.
  • Isibambo se-American Progress — Ilungu elihamba phambili elicabangayo letanki lingu 501(c)(4) ingalo, i-CAP Action, isebenza eduze ne-PAC eqondiswe i-Democratic PC ukuze ithuthukise ukucwaninga kwezimiso nothunyelo lweposi. I-PAC eningi engaxhunyiwe iye yaxhasa imibiko ye-CAP ngezempilo, ukungalingani kwezomnotho, nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.
  • Inhlangano ye-CATO — Lelitanki elicabanga ukuthi lithola imali evela emithonjeni ehlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nabantu abaphana nge-PACs engaxhunyiwe. Nakuba i-CATO ingayamukeli iminikelo eqondile ye-PAC, imisebenzi yayo yokufundisa ivame ukukhonjwa futhi ikhuliswe ngezindleko zabo ezizimele.

Ukucabangela Okunezimiso Nokuhluzeka

Isimiso somthetho sokulawula ama-PAC okungaxhunyaniswa nokusekela kwawo ukucwaninga kuwumsebenzi ombaxa-shiya womthetho wezezimali wezezimali, umthetho wentela, nezimfuneko zokuveza. I-FEC iphoqa izibopho eziqinile zokubika kuma-PAC, ifuna ukuba bafake iminikelo nezindleko ezingaphezulu kweminyango ethile. Nokho, lemibiko igxile emisebenzini yezombangazwe − ukunikela kwabafuna ukuvota, amakomiti eqembu, kanye nezindleko zokuzimela ngokwawo zezenzwelentengo zezemfundo, futhi njalo ayizibambi izimfuneko ezifanayo zokucwaninga. I-PAC yenza ukuba kunikezwe iminikelo ethathile ehambayo (501)(c)(4) ingalo) kumelwe ibike ukuthi uma ikhokhelwa injongo yokuthonya ukhetho, kodwa inikeza inzuzo yemfundo noma ukucwaninga kungakhushukukhuliswe izimfuneko ezifanayo.

Umthetho wentela unezela olunye ungqimba lobunkimbinkimbi. Izinhlangano ze-Internter Revenue Service (IRS) zivumela 501(c)(3) ukuba zithole iminikelo evela kuma-PAC uma nje imali ingeyokwabela izinjongo zokusiza abasweleyo, ezemfundo, noma zezesayensi futhi zingakhiqizeli umsebenzi wezombangazwe onqatshelwe. Ama-PAC anikela ku-501(c)(3) kumelwe aqinisekise ukuthi iminikelo ayibekelwe ukusetshenziswa kwezombangazwe. Ngakho ama-PACC amaningi anikela ngeminyango yezentengiselwano noma ngemali emisiwe eqoqa izindleko zezombangazwe noma ezingekho kwezombangazwe.

Izinkinga zezenguquko zixhomeke ekutheni i-pac i-operant kanye nasekuzilandiseni. Uma umsebenzi wokucwaninga ongaxhunyiwe i-PAC ukhonjiwe embukisweni wezombangazwe noma wobufakazi obuhlangene, umphakathi ufanelwe ukwazi umthombo wezimali. Abasekeli benguquko abaningana baye babiza ukufuna ukuba abantu bacabange ngamathangi nezinhlangano zokucwaninga ukuba badalule amagama abanikela nge-PAC, okungenani ngeminikelo engaphezulu komnyango othile. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi isimiso samanje sisebenza ngokufanele ngoba u-PAC ngokwawo kudingeka ukuba bambule iminikelo yabo, ngakho uketango lwemali lungafunwa yizintatheli ezizimiseleyo noma amaqembu abukayo.

Isiphetho: Indima Elinganiselayo Enkulumweni Yentando Yeningi

I-PAC engaxhunyaniswanga isendaweni ebucayi eMelika enesimo sezombangazwe. Ngokuthumela imali yomuntu siqu ekucwaningeni kwezimiso nasekucabangeni kwemisebenzi yamathangi, isiza ekusekeleni izisekelo ezihlakaniphile ezizisa impikiswano yomthetho nombono womphakathi. Ukuzimela kwazo kubantu abazobhapathizwa namaqembu kuyazivumela ukuba zihlole imiqondo engase ibe yingozi kakhulu kubadlali abaphambili bezombangazwe, futhi ikhono labo lokuthatha isinyathelo ngokushesha lizenza zikwazi ukusabela ezimpikiswaneni ezivelayo ngesikhathi sangempela.

Kodwa ukuzimela okufanayo okubangela ukusungulwa futhi kudinga ukuqashelwa. Ukungabikho kokulandisa okuqondile kubavoti, kuhlangene nokungawatholi amalungiselelo athile angokwezimali, kuphakamisa imibuzo engokomthetho ngokuphathelene nokuthi obani abafuna ukunikezwa inzuzo. Ithangi elicabangayo elithola imali eningi e-PAC elineziphakamiso ezicacile lingase lilwe kanzima ukugcina ukuthembeka kwalo njengomthombo onenjongo wokuhlaziya. Ingozi “yokufuna ukugcinwa kwemali”" / //lapho ukuhlolwa kwe-PAC-function kuvezwa njengenseleleka ezimele − inselele ephikelelayo edinga ukuqaphayo kokubili umphakathi nomphakathi nocwaningo.

Ekugcineni, indima yama-PAC angekho ekuxhaseni ukucwaninga kwezombangazwe kanye namathangi okucabanga ayizuzi ngokuphelele futhi ayizuzisi ngokuphelele. Iyisici sentando yeningi lapho imali yomuntu siqu, izinhloso, nesimiso somphakathi sihlangene. Isivikelo esingcono kakhulu ukuba sobala: ukucaciswa okucacile kwemithombo yezezimali, iziqondiso eziqinile zokuziphatha ezisezikhungweni zokucwaninga, kanye nesibopho sezakhamuzi esifuna ubufakazi obungaphezu kokuthatha i-accom. Uma lezo zisemthethweni, ama-PAC angasebenza njengenjini ewusizo yenguquko yezimiso zemithetho ngaphandle kokululaza ukuthembeka kokucwaninga okuxhomeke ekuthonyeni kwentando yeningi.

Ukuze uqhubeke ufunda, hlola i-FT:1] Faceral Evotion Commission [ ezimisweni ze-PAC, i-opensectrets[ i-database yokulandelela iminikelo yezombangazwe, kanye ne- i-Promoging Institution[[ yokuhlola ukulandisa kobuphini be-sethi.]