Isingeniso: Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Sokwengamela

Ubuhlobo phakathi kweKhomishane ne-Adminigrative Branch buyisici esiyisisekelo sesimiso sezombangazwe saseMelika. Abalawuli boMthetho-sisekelo, abaqaphile amandla aphakeme, baklama ngamabomu uhulumeni onezinhlangano ezihlukene ezihlanganyela imibuso. ISiphakamiso nginika iSishaya-mthetho sonke igunya lomthetho, kodwa abasunguli baqaphela futhi ukuthi imithetho iyodwa ayinele, kodwa futhi kumelwe inikezwe inzuzo ngokufanelekile. Yilapho ukuqondisa kwenhlangano kungaveli khona njengomsebenzi obucayi. Ngokuzwa, ukuphenya, nokuhlola, namandla esazini sesiphathi, amabhulohosho, izibalo, nokuthonya izenzo ze-Gradiation, iqinisekisa ukuthi umongameli nezinhlangano zikahulumeni kuhlala kunecala elifanele kubantu. Ngaphandle kokuqondisa okunenzuzo, isimiso sokuhlola nokubusa kombuso wentando yentando yeningi kunganciphiswa.

ISishaya-Mkhandlu sase-U.S., esibunjwe yiNdlu yabameleli neSigele, sifeza indima eyinhloko ekuqondiseni umphathi. Lokhu kuqondisa akuyona nje inqubo ethatha isikhathi eside, eqhubekayo elawulayo futhi evimbela ukusetshenziswa kabi. Kulokhu kuhlola okubanzi, sihlola inqubo, izenzakalo ezingokomlando, izinselele, nekusasa lokuqondisa ukumiswa kwe-buthoni.

Ukuqonda Ukugadwa Yizindlwana

Congress ubhekisela enqubweni ebizwa ngayo i-Congregational Congress iqondisa futhi ibukeze izenzo zeGaza Eliphetheyo, kuhlanganise nezinhlangano zikahulumeni, iminyango, neNdlu emhlophe. Isisekelo somthetho-sisekelo sobubonisi sitholakala eSiphakathweni I, esinikeza uMkhandlu amandla okwenza imithetho, futhi isigqebhezana esidingekile nesifanelekile (ISiqebeko 8, Clauseleace 18), esisikisela igunya lokuhlola izindaba ezihlobene nomthetho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, indima yeSigeqeqe sisekela ama-fine nezivumelwano zokulawula inikeza olunye ungwengwengwele. INkanto Ephakeme isekela njalo amandla e-Autriavention, njengoba ibonwa ezimweni ezifana [FL:] 0] [FLDigrain.v [FFON] [127], njengoba kuqinisekiswa inqubo engokomthetho yokuhlola]

Imishini Yokuqondisa

Inhlangano yamathuluzi ehlukahlukene isebenzisa amathuluzi ahlukahlukene ukuze ifeze imithwalo yayo yemfanelo.

  • Ukuzwa:[ amakomiti e-Congregational afaka obala noma avale ukuzwa ukubuza izikhulu eziphethe, iziphathi zezinhlangano, nochwepheshe. Lezi zikhathi zingaba nezimpikiswano noma ezibambisanayo, kodwa njalo zihlose ukuqoqa ukwaziswa nokunyathelisa ukuze ziphendule. Izibonelo zihlanganisa ubufakazi obuvela kunomabhalane beKhabhinethi bokufeza inqubo noma abafuthayo ukudalula ububi.
  • Iziphakamiso: IziKhomishane zingaqala ukuhlola okungokomthetho kokuthiwa ukuziphatha okubi, udoti, noma ukuxhaphaza egatsheni eliphethe. Ama-paintipoa acindezela ukukhiqizwa kwezincwadi nobufakazi. Uphengululo olukhulu, njengakulokho okwenzeka kunyaka ka-2008 wenkinga yezimali noma ukusabela ku-COVID-19, luye lwaguqula ukuqonda komphakathi nezenzo zomthetho.
  • Control: Ngamandla esikhwama semali, iSishaya-mthetho sivuma noma siphika ukuxhasa ngezimali zezinhlelo zezikhulu. Ngokulindelekile lo mbuso uyisheshisi eliphumelela kakhulu (ngokusika, ukulibala, noma ukuhlela, uMkhandlu ungaphoqelela izinhlangano ukuba zishintshe izifundo noma zifake imisebenzi ethile phambili. Ihhovisi le-Akhawuntation (GAO) lisiza ngokuhlola imali esetshenziswa uhulumeni.
  • Ukuqinisekisa nokumisa: ISigele siqinisekisa umongameli wezikhundla eziphezulu kanye namajaji kahulumeni. Lenqubo yokuziphindisela iqinisekisa ukuthi abanyunyana bafanelekile futhi banesibopho sokwenza izishayamthetho phakathi nesikhathi sokubusa kwabo.
  • Isigungu se-Insteevator: isungulwe i-Inspecters General (IGs) ezinhlanganweni eziningi zikahulumeni njengezinja ezizimele. IGs ibika kokubili emakhanda ezinhlangano naseKhongolo, inikeza ukugeleza okuqhubekayo kwemibiko yezobunganyeli nezixwayiso zokukhwabanisa.
  • I-Legislative Veto neZinqumo: Ngesikhathi iNkantolo Ephakeme ishaya iveto yemithetho e-INS v. Chadha[ [19983], uMkhandlu usasebenzisa izimfuneko ze-station ekubikeni, amalungiselelo okushona kwelanga, kanye nezinqumo zokungavunyelwa (umzk., ngaphansi kwe-Congrangestional Review Act) ukuthonya ukubusa kwenhlangano.

Inqubo ngayinye inamandla futhi ilinganiselwe. Ukulalela kungabangela izihloko ezinkulu kodwa ngezinye izikhathi kuphumele ezindaweni zemidlalo yeshashalazi yezombangazwe. Uphenyo ludinga isikhathi nemali. Inqubo yokusetshenziswa kwemali ayisheshi futhi ayicaci. Ngakho - ke ukuqondisa okuphumelelayo kudinga ukuhlanganiswa kwamathuluzi, ukuhola kwamakomiti okuphikelelayo, kanye nokubambisana kwamabhiparti.

Ukubaluleka Kokulinganisela Nokulinganisela

Umqondo wokuhlola nokulinganisela ubalulekile kumthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S.. Ngokuqondisa iGatya eliphethe, uMkhandlu uqinisekisa ukuthi alikho igatsha likahulumeni elinamandla kakhulu. Lokhu kulinganisela kubalulekile ekuvikeleni izimiso zentando yeningi nasekulondolozeni ukuthemba umphakathi kuhulumeni. UJames Madison waphikisa kuFederal No. 51 ukuthi "ukuzimela kumelwe kwenziwe ukuze kulwe nokufuna isikhundla." Ukulawula kuwukusebenza okusebenzayo kwaleso simiso: iSishaya-Hulumeni, indikimba ekhethwe enamandla ayo siqu, inesisusa negunya lokuvimbela ukucupha kwesikhulu.

Ukuqondisa futhi kufeza indima ebalulekile yokwaziswa. Ingqungquthela ayinakuhlelwa ngokuphumelelayo ngaphandle kokuqonda ukuthi imithetho ekhona isetshenziswa kanjani. Ukulalela nophenyo kwembula imiphumela engalindelekile, ukwehluleka kokulawula, nezindawo lapho kudinga umthetho omusha. Ngalendlela, ukuqondisa akuyona nje isheshi kodwa indlela evunyelelwe ethuthukisa ukubusa.

Umlando: Izikhathi Eziyinhloko Zokugada

Kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika, kuye kwaba nezikhathi ezibalulekile eziqokomisa indima yoMkhandlu wokwengamela iGatsha Eliphethe.

  • ITeapot Dome Scandal (1920s): [[Umphathi we-FLT] uThomas Walsh wahola ekuhloleni okuyimfihlo ukuncitshiswa kwamafutha asemazinkampanini azimele. I-sututton yadalula ukonakala ekwakheni i-Sharder Committee Albert Fall", ilungu lokuqala leKhabhinethi elaliboshelwe ubugebengu.
  • I-Truman-MacArthur Conflict (11951): Ngemva kokuba uMongameli uTruman edubula uJenene Douglas MacArthur phakathi neMpi yaseKorea, uMkhandlu waqunga izindlebe ukuze uhlole ukuziphatha kwempi. Izikhalo zacacisa ubuhlobo bempi yomphakathi futhi zaqinisekisa isimiso sokulawula ibutho lempi.
  • Watergate (1973-74): Uphenyo lwempoqo yeWatergate nolwembo olulandelayo lwaholela ekuqulweni kwezindaba ezingokomlando. IKomiti yeSigele i-Watergate, eyayibekwe isihlalo yi-Senator Sam Ervin, yaveza indlela yokuxhaphaza eyaphoqelela uMongameli uNixon ukuba ashiye. Lokhu kuseyisibonelo esiyinhloko sokuvikela uMthetho-sisekelo.
  • Iran-Contra Affiir (1986-87): UKhongolose wahlola ukuthengiswa kwezikhali eziyimfihlo eIran, imiphumela yazo eyayalulelwa abavukeli baseContra eNicaragua ngokwephula umthetho. Izindlebe ze-Iran-Contatra zadalula isimiso somthunzi wangaphandle futhi yaholela ezinguqulweni ekuqondiseni kobuhlakani.
  • I-Iacompositing Proceedings (1998, 2019-20): Ukungagunyazi komongameli Clinton noTrump okubonisa amandla okugcina e-Clument ukuze isikhulu siboshelwe icala lokuziphatha okubi. Nakuba kungaphumela ekususweni, izinqubo zavivinya imingcele yokuqondisa nokulandisa kwezombangazwe.

Lezizenzakalo zibonisa ukuthi lapho uMkhandlu usebenzisa igunya lawo lokwengamela ngamandla, ungawahlola amandla okubusa ngisho nasemagunyeni amakhulu ezombangazwe.

Ukuhlola Ukugada Kwezinhlangothi Zomphakathi

Ukuhlola izenzakalo ezithile kungabonisa ukuphumelela nezinselele zobuphathi.

Ukucwaninga Nge - Watergate: Umfuziselo Wobungcweti Be - bipartisan

Ihlazo leWatergate laqala njengesephulo endlunkulu yeDemocratic National Committee kodwa ngokushesha lakhula laba ukusetshenziswa kabi kwegunya. ISigele Sokukhetha Ikomiti Yomkhandlu Yomkhankaso WobuPresi, ebekwe uSam Ervin (D-NC), saqhuba izindlebe ezihlaziywe kabanzi ezinakwa umphakathi. Ofakazi abayinhloko, kuhlanganise nesokuqala iSindlu Sasemkhathini uJohn Dean, safaka ubufakazi ngokugqunywa kwesembobo. Umsebenzi wekomiti, uhlangene nokuphenya komshushisi okhethekile, waholela ekukhululweni kwe- “isibhamu” ne-Nixon. Icala leWatergate libonisa indlela ukuphathwa kwengqungquthelano ephumelela ngayo lapho amakomiti eholweni, amandla angaphansi kwe-pona, futhi usekela obala.

I - Iran-Contra Affir: Ukuhlakanipha Kulawula Ukuphazamiseka

Ngo-1986, kwaphuma izindaba zokuthi i-Reagan abaphathi be-Reagan yadayisa izikhali ngasese e-Iran (ehlolwa njengomxhasi wombuso wobuphekula) ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukukhululwa kwabathunjwa eLebhanoni. Imiphumela yabe isinikezwa abavukeli baseContra eNicaragua bemelene nokuvinjelwa kwemithetho yokuxhasa izimali. ISivumelwano saphendula ngokuhlola okwenziwa yiNdlumo neSigeqe nekomiti ehlangene ekhethayo. Izindlebe zadalula iqoqo lemisebenzi ebekwe yizisebenzi ze-National Security Council ngaphandle kwezindlela ezivamile. Icala laphumela ekumangalini kwezikhulu eziningana, kuhlanganise no-Olivery North, futhi laholela ekudalweni kwe-Accence Intelligience Act efuna ukubulisa isaziso sezenzo. Nokho, ukuthandwa kukaPrensiestiant nokwe ngokuhlukanisa ukulandisa kweminyaza kobuphiselwa kwecala. Lendaba yalenyuka kwezikhulu.

I - Trump Iphakamisi: Ukubuka Izwe Ngenkathi Yezimo Ezihlukile

Ukuhlolwa koMongameli Trump ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla nokuvinjelwa kweSishayamthetho, okwalandelwa ukugunyazwa kwakhe kwesibili kokuvuselelwa kokuvukela ngo-2021, kwaqokomisa indlela ukuhlukanisa okungaklama ngayo ukuqondisa. Uphenyo lokuqala olusekelwe esicelweni sikaTrump sokuba i-Ukraine ihlole impi yezombangazwe. Indlu yaqhutshwa futhi yakhetha izihloko zokungathonyelwa kanye nemigqa yeqembu. Icala leSigele laphela ngokuvala i-avra. Ngokufanayo, ukunqatshelwa kwecala kokwehlukana ngemva kokuhlasela kwe-Januwari 6 Capitol kwabona ivota kodwa iSigele sivikelwa. Lezi zenzakalo zibonisa ukuthi lapho ukuphathwa kwe-jaji kuphakama kakhulu, kungalahlekelwa ithonya layo futhi kube yithuluzi lokulwa. Noma kunjalo, baphinde baqinisekisa ukuthi uKhomishane uhulumeni ukulondoloza amandla okuhlola nokuhlola nokungahlolwa kwezombangazwe, uma ngisho nomphumela weSigelentenga yezombangazwe.

Ukuqondisa Ukusabela Kwe - COVID - 19

Phakathi nobhadane lwe-COVOVAD-19, amakomiti amaningi e-countain communication. − njenge House Committee eHlonze iCoronavirus Crisis − yasusa ukusabela kwe-Trump neBiden. Izindlebe zahlola ukuphehlwa kokuhlola, ukutholakala kwe-PPIDE, ukusakazwa komjovo, nokusetshenziswa kabi kwezimali. Lemizamo yokuqondisa yaholela ekutholeni ukuhluleka kwemithetho futhi yasiza ekuthuthukiseni umthetho wokusiza ekunikezeni usizo olulandelayo. Nokho, ukuphikisana ngezimo zokuphengulukisa nokungazimisele kwezikhulu ezithile ukunikeza izicelo ezithile. Ubhadane lokungamele ukuveza isidingo sokusebenza kwezimali, ukujwayela okunenzuzo.

Izinselele Zokuqondisa Izishaya - mthetho

Nakuba uMkhandlu unegunya lokuqondisa iGadi Eliphethe, ubhekene nezinselele eziningana ezingaphazamisa ukuphumelela kwawo.

  • Parisanship: Ukukhuphuka kwezombangazwe kungalinganisela ukubambisana okudingekile kwe-bipartisan ukuze kuqondiswe ngokuphumelela. Uma izihlalo zekomiti neNdlu emhlophe kusemaqenjini ahlukene, ukuqondisa kungaba okuphikisanayo futhi okungafezeki. Ngokuphambene, uhulumeni ohlangene ungaholela ekubukekeni kokuyekelela, njengoba kubonakala phakathi nesimiso sokuqala lapho amaRepublican elawula kokubili amagumbi futhi esondela kumongameli.
  • Ilungelo elisebenzayo: Omongameli bangacela ilungelo eliphetheyo lokugodlela ulwazi kuKhomishane, bekhomba isidingo seseluleko esiyimfihlo noma ukulondeka kwesizwe. Nakuba lelilungelo linesisekelo esingokomthetho, liye landiswa emashumini eminyaka amuva nje ukuvimbela uhide lwezincwadi nobufakazi. Izimpi eziphethe ilungelo lesikhulu zingabambezela ukuphenywa izinyanga noma iminyaka, ngezinye izikhathi zigcine ngesinqumo senkantolo esingase sixazulule ngokuphelele impikiswano.
  • Ukulinganiselwa kwe-Resource Conference: Amakomiti e-Congregational ngokuvamile antula imithombo nezisebenzi ezidingekayo ukuze aqhube uphenyo oluphelele. Inani lamalungu ochwepheshe emakomitini aqondisa liye lehla ngobukhulu begatsha eliphethe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amakomiti kumelwe ancintisane ukuze anakekele, ahlele, kanye nezindawo zamakomiti. I-Hulumeni Accostatication Office kanye nosizo lwezimboni jikelele, kodwa awanakuthatha indawo yengamelelo yekomiti ephakeme.
  • Imisebenzi yegatsha yanamuhla ephethe i-Applications: Imisebenzi yegatsha yanamuhla mikhulu futhi iyinkimbinkimbi. Izinhlelo zezikhulu ziyinkimbinkimbi. Izinkulungwane zemithetho, ziphatha izimali ezinkulu, futhi zisebenza ezindaweni ezikhethekile. IziKhongolo ngokuvamile zilwela ukugcina ijubane, zincike ekufushaneni okulinganiselwe nasemazweni okuhlanganisa ingxenye yomsebenzi.
  • Ukuziphindiselela: Nakuba abafutha impempe kubalulekile ekuvuleni izinkinga, bavame ukubhekana nokuphindisela. UKhongolo-mthetho luye lwamisa imithetho enjenge Wistlecuper Protection Act, kodwa ukugcinwa kwemithetho kuhlala kungekho. Ukuntula umzila olondekile wezambulo kungakhubaza abangaphakathi ekufikeni phambili.
  • Ukwaziswa okugcwele ukugcwala nokugcwala: Enkathini yezindaba namahora angu 24 nezokuxhumana, ukuphenya komphakathi kuncintisana nokunaka komphakathi. Ukuzwa ngokudluliswa kwezindlebe kungafiphazwa ezinye izenzakalo, ukunciphisa ukucindezela komphathi ukuze avumelane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imithombo yezindaba ingahlela imisebenzi yokuhlasela njenge-checkers kunokuhlola okungokomthetho, ukuqeda ukwethenjwa umphakathi.

Ukusingatha lezi zinselele kudinga kokubili izinguquko ezingokweziqu nokushintsha kwempucuko ukuze kubekwe icala lokuzuza ngokuncintisana.

Ikusasa Lokubuswa Yizindlwana

Njengoba isimo sezombangazwe sishintsha, indima yoKhongolose ekwengameleni iGatsha Eliphetheyo iyoqhubeka iyinto ebucayi. Ukuphumelela kwaleli lungelo kuyoxhomeka ekuzimiseleni kwabo bobabili abahilelekile ukubeka isibopho sokulandisa nokubona izinto kusengaphambili kuhulumeni, ngisho nalapho kungenangqondo kwezombangazwe.

Izici eziningana zizohlela ikusasa lobubonisi: ukusetshenziswa okwandayo kwemiyalo yabaqondisi ekudluliseni iziKhomishane, ukuqina kwenqubo yobuchwepheshe ne-inthanethi, indima eyandayo yombuso wokuqondisa, kanye nethuba lempikiswano yokuphikisana endaweni ezungezile yangemva kokujikeleza. Umphakathi kumelwe ulungise amathuluzi awo kanye namasu awo ukuze uhlale ukhona.

Izinguquko Ezingase Zibe Khona

Ukuze baqinise ukwengamela, ochwepheshe nabasunguli bomthetho baye basikisela izinguquko ezihlukahlukene:

  • Ukuhlanganisa i-Bipartisan Ebambisanayo: Ukwakha amakomiti ahlangene aqondisayo noma ukudinga izisebenzi ze-bipartisan ekuhloleni okuthile kunganciphisa i-grapeg. Abaholi bazo zombili kufanele bavumelane ngemithetho eyisisekelo yezicelo zezincwadi nobufakazi.
  • Ukunyuka kweNgxowa-mali Nemithombo: UKhomishane kufanele wabele izisebenzi zekomiti imali eyengeziwe, ikakhulukazi ezobuchwepheshe bokuphenya. I-Congregational Baccounting Office, i-Hulumeniation Accounting Office, nenkonzo yokucwaninga ye-Congregational Service idinga ukusekelwa okuqhubekayo ukuze inikeze ukuhlaziya okuzimele.
  • Ukumisa i-Vlaser Guidelines on Livilegement: Umkhandlu ungakhipha umthetho ocacisa izinga lelungelo lokuqondisa nokufuna ukusabela okufike ngesikhathi kumapopoenna. Ukumisa inqubo yokwahlulela esheshayo yezingxabano kungavimbela iminyaka yokulibala.
  • Isivikelo seWhistlevueter esiqinisayo: ukwandisa imikhondo elondekile yokubika nokuqinisekisa ukuzimela kwe-Inspecter General kungakhuthaza abangaphakathi ukuba babike ukuziphatha okubi ngaphandle kokwesaba. Imivuzo yokuthola izinto ezivunyiwe ingaba nokwengamela.
  • Ukuhlela Ukungagwebi Ngokuvamile: Ikomiti ngayinye ingadingeka ukuze inyathelise uhlelo lobubonisi lwaminyaka yonke, iphawule uphikisi oluza kuqala nezinhlangano. Lokhu kungandisa ukubonakala nokugxila kwemithombo.
  • Ubuchwepheshe bokwehlisa ijubane: Ukusebenzisa ukwaziswa ukuze kulandelwe ukusebenza kwenhlangano futhi kuhlolwe ama-anomalie kunganezela ezindleleni zokuqondisa ezingokwesiko. Umphakathi kufanele ufake izimali emamathuluzini emishini ukuze uqondise amabhukwana.

Lezi zinguquko aziphelele, kodwa zimelela isiqalo sokuqinisekisa ukuthi uMkhandlu ungafeza imisebenzi yawo engokomthetho - sisekelo ekhulwini lama - 21.

Isiphetho

Ekuphetheni, indima yeKhomishane ekuqondiseni iGatya eliphethe ibalulekile ekulondolozeni izimiso zentando yeningi nokulandisa kuhulumeni. Kusukela kunomsunguli wendlela yokuklama phakathi nobunzima obukhulu bomlando waseMelika, ukuqondisa kuye kwaba isisekelo sokuhlukana kwemibuso. Izimiso zokuzwa, ukuhlolwa kwendlela yokuhlela, nokugunyaza, nokuqinisekisa ukunikeza iSishaya-Mnyango amathuluzi okuhlola amandla empathiselo, kodwa ziphumelela kuphela njengentando yokuwasebenzisa. Njengenseleleko yegunya lempathi, ilungelo lokuphatha, nokulinganisela kwempahla kuyaqhubeka, kubalulekile ukuba iSishaya - sisekelo sivumelane futhi siqinise amandla aso okuqondisa ukuze siqinisekise ukuthi isikhulu siyaqhubeka siphendula abantu. Ikusasa likahulumeni we-riphabliki lixhomeke ekuqapheni.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, bheka i- Conrer.gov i-modual Office yezomthetho, ye-Govertial Office [ yezokuhlola nokuhlola, i-[FLT] Inkonzo yokucwaninga [[FLT]] emthetho wokwengamele, kanye ne-[FTLT:6] i-Conil ye-General ye-heaener ehease ne-Exption ngenxa yokuphathwa kwemininingwane.