Ohulumeni bendawo basebenza njengophawu oluphambili lokubusa kwentando yeningi, belungisa ngokuqondile ukuphila kwansuku zonke kwezigidi ngemfundo nangezinkonzo zomphakathi. Njengoba izinga likahulumeni oseduze kakhulu nabantu, bamiswe ngokukhethekile ukuba baqonde izidingo zomphakathi, banike imithombo yengcebo ngokunempumelelo, futhi basebenzise izimiso ezisekela ukuthuthuka okungaguquguquki. Ukusukela ekuxhaseni izikole zomphakathi ukusingatha izimiso zokusabela ngokuphuthumayo, izinqumo ezenziwa yizimeya, imikhandlu yesifunda, amakhomisha yesifunda, namabhodi ezikole anemiphumela esheshayo nehlala njalo. Enkathini yokwanda kwemicikilisho eyandayo, indima yohulumeni bendawo ekuqinisekiseni ukufinyelela imfundo engcono kakhulu nezinkonzo zomphakathi ezibalulekile ayikaze neze ibe yinselele kakhulu.

Ukuqonda Ohulumeni Bendawo

Ohulumeni bendawo bayizinhlangano ezibusayo ezisebenza endaweni echazwe kahle, njenge-masipala, idolobhana, isifundazwe, noma isifundazwe esikhethekile. Bathola igunya labo kumthetho-sisekelo wezwe nasemithethweni, ehlukanisa imibuso yabo nemithwalo yemfanelo. E-United States, kunamaqembu kahulumeni angaphezu kuka-90 000 endawo, kuhlanganise nohulumeni abaphethe izinjongo ezivamile (izifunda zezwe nezikhungo) kanye nezinhlangano ezikhethekile (izifunda zemfundo, iziphathimandla zamanzi, iziphathimandla zokuthutha). Imisebenzi yabo eyinhloko ihlanganisa ukusebenzisa umbuso nemithetho engokomthetho, ukunyusa intela yempahla, intela, ukuthengisa, nokuhambisa izintela, kanye nokuhambisa izinkonzo ezithinta ngokuqondile umphakathi.

Izinhlobo Zokwakhiwa Kukahulumeni Wendawo

Isakhiwo sokuhlela sohulumeni bendawo siyahlukahluka kakhulu. Izimo ezivamile zihlanganisa umphathi-mameya, umphathi-mkhandlu, kanye namafomu okugunyaza. Esimisoni semeya-council, umphathi-maya okhethiwe usebenza njengegatsha eliphethe, kuyilapho umkhandlu usebenza njengendikimba yezenyunyana. Isibonelo somkhandlu simisa umphathi oqeqeshiwe wemisebenzi yansuku zonke, ukuhlanganisa ukuqondisa kwezombangazwe nobuchwepheshe bokuphatha. I-Colaries isebenza ngaphansi kwebhodi lamakhomishane noma isimiso sesifunda sesifunda. Ukuqonda lezi zakhiwo kubalulekile ngoba zinquma ukuthi zisebenza kanjani izinqumo eziphathelene nezemfundo, impilo yomphakathi, futhi ukuphepha kwenziwa kanjani futhi ubani onecala ngemiphumela.

Imithombo Yemali Nekhono Lokuthenga

Ohulumeni bendawo bathembele kakhulu ezintela zempahla, okusho ukuthi cishe amaphesenti angu-30 ayo yonke intela yendawo e-United States. Izintela zentela, intela yeholo (kwezinye izifundazwe), intela yohulumeni, nentela yomsebenzisi futhi kunikela. Nokho, ukwehlukana phakathi kwezindawo ezicebile nezimpofu kungaholela ekutheni izimali zemfundo nezinkonzo zomphakathi zinkulu. Ngokwesibonelo, amasifunda asezindaweni ezicebile angaveza imali engaphezu kuka-R320 000 ngemali ehhalayo yempahla, kuyilapho izifundazwe ezingaphansi kwemithombo yemali zizama ukunyusa ngisho neR9 000. Legebe lokuxhasa izimali ngokuqondile zingathinta intela yothisha, izakhiwo, izakhiwo, iminikelo yemisebenzi yomphakathi, igcizelela ukubaluleka kombuso nemizamo ehlangene.

Ukubaluleka Kwemfundo

Imfundo iyisisekelo sethuba lezomnotho, ukuhamba ngokwenhlalo, nokuhlangana kwezakhamuzi. Ohulumeni bendawo (izindawo zesikole ngokwengxenye) bayizikhungo eziyinhloko zemfundo yomphakathi yeK-12. Bengamele ukuthuthukiswa kwezifundo, ukuqashwa kothisha, ukunakekelwa kwezindawo, nokugcinwa kwezindawo zesifunda. Emiphakathini eminingi, ibhodi yesikole iyindikimba kahulumeni wendawo ebonakala kakhulu nephikiswanayo, ebonisa izigxaxa zezimiso zemfundo.

Imfundo Engokwezimali: Intela Yempahla Nangalé Kwayo

Njengoba kuphawuliwe, intela yempahla yakha umgogodla wemfundo yendawo. Nokho, lo mkhondo uveza ukungalingani okungokwemvelo. 2018 kumbiko we-Fourcience Trust wathola ukuthi izifunda eziphezulu zezindawo zempahla ngokuvamile azitholi nkxaso etheni kunezifunda eziphansi zesifunda-sezimalini lapho isifundazwe nemithombo yendawo ihlangene. Ukukhuluma ngalokhu, amanye amazwe asungule izinguquko zezezimali zesikole, njengaqinisekisa izinhlelo zesisekelo sentela noma izinhlelo zezezemali zabafundi ezisindayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ohulumeni bendawo bangakhipha izibophopho ukuze basekele isikole nobuchwepheshe bokuthuthukisa izivumelwano ezivunyelwe. Izifunda zesibopho sesibopho esigunyaziwe ziyindlela evamile, kodwa badinga ukusekela nokukhokhwakhwazwa kwemali emphakathini.

Ngaphandle kwenzuzo engokwesiko, ohulumeni bendawo ngokuya bephendukela [ku- ubudlelwane bomphakathi bomuntu siqu [ ukuze basekele izifundo. Ngokwesibonelo, idolobha lingase lisebenzisane nefemu yobuchwepheshe ukuze linikeze abafundi ithuba elibanzi lokungena, noma isifundazwe singasebenzisana nenzuzo yokwandisa izinhlelo zesikole. Laba bahlangene banganezela izimali zomphakathi ezilinganiselwe, nakuba bedinga ukuqondisa ngokucophelela ukuze bagweme ukusungula imisebenzi yemfundo eyisisekelo.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwesimiso Nokulawulwa Kwendawo

Amabhodi emfundo endawo anomthwalo wemfanelo wokuhumusha isimiso semfundo yezwe nesezwe jikelele. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukwamukela iziyalezo zesikole, ukumisa izimfuneko, nokumisa izinqubo zokuyala abafundi. Umqondo wokulawula kwezwe ngokwendawo uqiniswe kakhulu e-U.S. imfundo ilawula, inikeza imiphakathi amandla okuvumelanisa iziyalezo ezidingwa yizidingo zendawo. Nokho, futhi idala izinselele. Ngokwesibonelo, amakomiti esikole kumelwe asebenzise izimpikiswano ngokuvinjelwa kwezincwadi, inkolelo egxeka izinhlanga, nemfundo yezobulili, ngokuvamile ukuba izinkundla zempi zezingxoxo zezombangazwe zesizwe. Ukubusa okunempumelelo kudinga ukulinganisela kwemiphakathi ngemithetho engokomthetho nemikhuba yobufakazi.

Ukulandisa Nabafundi Kuyafika

Ohulumeni bendawo basolwa ngokuphumelela kwabafundi ngokuhlola okuvamile, amazinga okuthweswa iziqu, nokusebenza kwesikole. Ngaphansi kwe-All Schemovects Act (ESSA), izifundazwe nezifunda kumelwe zinyathelise amakhadi futhi zibone izikole ezidinga intuthuko. Inselele yabaholi bendawo ivame ukusabela ngokwamukela imfundo ekhokhelwayo, ukutshala imali entuthukweni yobuchwepheshe, nokusebenzisa izimiso zokuxwayisa zakuqala ukuze kubonwe kubafundi abaneziqu. Nokho, ukulandisa kungaholela ekufundiseni ekuhlolweni nasekutholeni isikole esincane. Inseleleni yabaholi bendawo iwukukhuthaza ukulandisa ngaphandle kokuthola inguquko noma ukuhluleka.

Imfundo Yasebuntwaneni Nezikole Zomphakathi

Beqaphela ukuthi ukufunda kuqala ngaphambi kwenkulisa, ohulumeni abaningi bendawo baye bandisa izinhlelo zobuntwana. Amanye amadolobha anikeza intela yentela yempahla yendawo noma ngentela yempahla. Ngokwesibonelo, San Antonio’s Pre-K 4 SA uhlelo lusebenzisa intela enikezelweyo yokuthengisa ngaphambi kokuba izingane zikhule.

Ukuphumelela Kwezinkonzo Zomphakathi Nokuhlala Ngomphakathi

Ngaphandle kwemfundo, ohulumeni bendawo baletha izinkonzo eziningi zomphakathi ezakha isisekelo sokuphila kwansuku zonke. Lezi zinkonzo zithuthukisa impilo, ukulondeka, indawo ezungezile, kanye nobungqabavu bezomnotho. Ilungiselelo elikhona nelifanele lalezi zinkonzo libalulekile ukuze umphakathi uqiniseke futhi uphile kahle.

Izinkonzo Zezempilo

Iminyango yezempilo yomphakathi yasendaweni iwumkhondo ophambili ekuvimbeleni ukuqubuka kwezifo, ukukhuthaza ukuziphatha okunempilo, nokuqinisekisa ukunakekelwa. Inikeza ukugoma, ukunakekelwa kwezingane, ukuhlola izifo ezithathekayo, nemfundo yezempilo. Phakathi nobhadane lwe-COVID-19, iminyango yezempilo yendawo yayibalulekile ekuhlolweni, ukuhlolwa, ukuhlolwa, ukufakwa kwemijovo enempilo, nokunikezwa kwemijovo enempilo. Nokho, ukugonyelwa okungapheli kuye kwanciphisa iminyango eminingi. Umbiko ovela ku CDC[FLT] [1] waqokomisa ukuthi iminyango yezempilo yendawo yalahleka imisebenzi engaphezu kwezingu 3 000 phakathi kuka-200 ne 2020, ukuzama ukusabela ezinkingenisweni. Ukuqinisa ukusekela izinkonzo zezempilo, abanye ohulumeni bendawo baye bamukela [[FFF] ku-GOLT] ekungeneni kwezenzweni kwezempilo, ukuthatha izinqulu, izinqumo zezindawo zokuthutha zokuhamba zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo, zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezoku

Ukuphepha Komphakathi

Amaphoyisa neminyango yomlilo iwumsebenzi obonakala kakhulu wokuphepha komphakathi kahulumeni wendawo. Basabela ezimweni eziphuthumayo, baphoqelele imithetho, futhi bafeze ukuvinjelwa nokucindezelwa komlilo. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, indima yamaphoyisa iye yahlolwa kakhulu, iholela izindawo eziningi ukuba zihlole izithombe ezinjengezezobupolisa , amaqembu aphuthumayo, amaqembu aphuthumayo, kanye nezinhlelo zokusabela kwezinye izindlela. Ngokwesibonelo, idolobha lase-Eugenean, e-Oregon, lisebenzisa uhlelo lwe-CAOTH, oluthumela izazi zezempilo ezingokwengqondo ngaseceleni noma esikhundleni sezingcingo zobudlo. Ngokufanayo, iminyango eminingi yomlilo manje inikeza izinkonzo zezokwelapha, ibonisa izimfuneko zomphakathi zokuphepha.

Amanzi, Ukuhlanzeka, Nezinkonzo Zendawo Ezungezile

Ohulumeni bendawo banomthwalo wemfanelo wokuqinisekisa amanzi ahlanzekile okuphuza, ukwelashwa ngamanzi angcolile, ukulawulwa kwamanzi angcolile, nokulahlwa kwemfucumfucu eqinile. Izakhiwo zokuguga ziyinselele enkulu: iNhlangano yaseMelika ye-Civil Enginerers inikeza i-C yesisekelo sesisekelo sezakhiwo ze-U.S. imishini yokuphuza iyodwa edinga ama-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-25 (amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-200) ekutshaleni imali eminyakeni engu-20 ezazayo. Ukuhluleka ukusingatha lezizidingo kungaba nemiphumela eyinhlekelele, njengoba kubonakala enhlekeleleni yamanzi. Abaholi bendawo kumelwe bahlele i-o hlelo lwempahla, bafuna iminikelo kahulumeni neyamandla engokondlayo, kanye nezakhiwo zesilinganiso ezilinganayo ezidinga izindleko zenkongo.

Amapaki, Imitapo Yezincwadi Nezinkonzo Zempucuko

Amapaki omphakathi, izikhungo zokuzijabulisa, nemitapo yezincwadi ibalulekile ekuhlanganeni kwezenhlalo, imisebenzi engokomzimba, kanye nokufunda ukuphila konke. Banikeza izingane izindawo ezilondekile, izindawo zezenzakalo zomphakathi, nokuthola ukwaziswa. Ohulumeni bendawo bavame ukuxhasa lezi zinkonzo ngemali ebanzi, izintela ezinikezelwe, noma izilinganiso zesibopho. [[FLT: 0] Ukuthemba iZwe Lomphakathi ibika ukuthi amadolobha anezimiso eziqinile zepaki ajabulela imithombo engcono yempilo, imiphumela engcono, nezibopho zomphakathi. Ithala lezincwadi lithathe inzuzo ngaphezu kokukhokha izincwadi zokunikeza imithombo yezemisebenzi, ukuqeqesha umsebenzi, nokungena kwe-intanethi, ukuhlukanisa izibalo.

Izinselele Ohulumeni Bendawo Ababhekene Nazo

Naphezu kwendima yabo ebucayi, ohulumeni bendawo babhekana nezithiyo ezinkulu. izithiyo ezinzima zihlala zikhona, njengoba intela yempahla ngokuvamile ihluleka ukuhambisana nokunyuka kwamandla emali nezindleko. Izifunda eziningi zibeka intela nezindleko, ziphinde zivimbele ukukhuphuka kwenani lezakhiwo ezisendaweni. ukukhula kwenani lezakhiwo ezikhona kanye nezinkonzo. Ngokwesibonelo, amadolobha anda ngokushesha kumelwe akhe izikole ezintsha nemigwaqo, kuyilapho i-Rod Belt inciphisana nezakhiwo ezikhubazekayo.

Ukubekwa kwezombangazwe kanye nokuncipha kokuthembela kuhulumeni kwenza kube nzima ukwenza izinqumo. Imihlangano yesikole iye yaba izikhawu zempi yesizwe yempucuko, ukusongela kwelungu lebhodi nokuzigcina. Isivumelwano sezwe nesifundazwe [, kuyilapho inhloso enhle, ingabeka izibopho ezingagunyazisiwe kohulumeni bendawo, kusukela ezimfunekweni zemfundo ekhethekile kuya ezimisweni zendawo ezungezile. [ INhlangano yesizwe yeMadoloba [[ ilinganisela ukuthi ukubotshwa kwemithetho engekho emthethweni kubiza amadolobha izigidi eziyinkulungwane unyaka ngamunye.

Ukungalingani Nobulungisa Bezenhlalo

Ohulumeni bendawo baye baqhubekisela phambili ukungalingani ngokomlando ngemithetho ehlanganisa indawo, ukuhlanganisa, nokuhlela inkonzo engafani. Ngisho nanamuhla, ukuhlukana kwezemfundo, ukuba khona kwamaphoyisa, nokungena emapaki kuyaqhubeka kuhambisana nohlanga nokwezomnotho. Ukukhuluma nalezi zindawo kudinga ukuhlelwa kwezimiso ngenhloso, njengokuthuthukisa okungaguquguquki, ukuhlelwa kwemithetho yokuhlela, ukuhlelwa kwemali, nokuncintisana kwezinhlanga. Abaholi bendawo kumelwe bangene emiphakathini ehlukene ngokwezinqumo ukuze baphinde bathembe futhi baqinisekise ukuthi izinkonzo zifinyelela labo abadinga usizo kakhulu.

Izinyathelo Zokuthuthukisa

Ukuze banqobe lezi zinselele, ohulumeni bendawo bangasebenzisa izindlela ezintsha. Izenoloji nemininingwane ye-alytics[ kungathuthukisa ukuhanjiswa komsebenzi nokusebenza kahle. Ngokwesibonelo, ukubikezela ukuphepha komphakathi kungasiza ekusebenziseni imithombo yemali ngokuphumelelayo, kuyilapho ku-iopartloging ingavumela izinhlelo kanye nenkokhelo yenzuzo. Okuhlola imishini ye-ikhono ne-IoT (izicubu zokulinganisa izimoto), izinga lomoya, nesisekelo sesakhiwo (izinto ezivame kakhulu), kodwa idinga ukunakekela kokunakekela komuntu siqu nokungakhokhwa.

Ukubambisana Nobuhlobo

Akukho nhlangano kahulumeni owodwa ongaxazulula izinkinga zomphakathi eziyinkimbinkimbi iyodwa. Isivumelwano sokuzithethelela sivumela ohulumeni bendawo ukuba bahlanganyele izindleko nobuchwepheshe. Iziphathimandla zesifunda sokuthutha, izivumelwano ezihlangene zezinkonzo zomlilo, futhi izifunda zesikole ezihlanganyelwe ziyizibonelo. [ubuhlobo bobumfihlo] be-Pubilicism [[] inhloko - dolobha nentuthuko yemisebenzi yomphakathi, njengoba ibonwa ezimbonini zezezezezezezezezemisebenzi yomphakathi, izinhlangano zomphakathi ezisekelwe ezisekelwe ezikoleni nakungakhiqini. Izinhlangano ezisekela inzuzo zomphakathi ziwusizo futhi ziyizibonelo ezinikeza izinkonzo futhi zisebenza kanzima abantu.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwemali Nezinto Ezintsha

Ngaphandle kwentela engokwesiko, ohulumeni bendawo bangasebenzisa amathuluzi okukhokha anjenge intela eyandayo (TIFL), izifunda ezikhethekile, nemali yokukhokha intela ekhokhelwayo ukuze kusekelwe. Izintela zasezweni [[ kanye [FLT] ne[FLT] izakhiwo zentela [[FLT:]]] [FLT]] ingehlisa ukukhokhisa. Amanye amadolobha aye afaka intela eqhubekayo noma intela yendawo enikezelwe izinjongo ezithile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, [[FLT:] [[FLT]] izibopho [FLT] [FLD:7]] ishiye izakhiwo zemali ezithatha imali ephansi kakhulu ezindaweni eziphambili, ikakhulukazi uma inakeke kahle.

Ukuhlanganyela Komphakathi Nokuhlanganyela Ekubuseni

Ukuhlanganisa izakhamuzi ekuhleleni nohlelo lokuhlela izinto eziza kuqala kuqinisa ukuthembana futhi kuqinisekisa ukuthi imithombo ivumelana nezidingo zomphakathi. Ukuhlela uhlelo lwemali, lapho izakhamuzi zinquma khona ngokuqondile ukusebenzisa ingxenye yemali kamasipala, kuye kwamiswa ngokuphumelelayo emadolobheni anjenge New York neChicago. Amakomiti okuqondisa amahholo, namapulatifomu emishini emishini angandisa amazwi ahlukene. Ohulumeni bendawo nabo kumelwe bafake izimali ze- u-UBLCLY[ ukufundisa ukufunda nokubhala nokubhala ngakho izakhamuzi ziqonda indlela yokuqondisa izinhlelo zomphakathi nokusekela ushintsho.

Ukuthuthukiswa Kwezisebenzi Nezakhiwo Zomsebenzi

Izisebenzi ezinekhono, ezihlukene zibalulekile ukuze uhulumeni wendawo uphumelele. Nokho omasipala abaningi babhekene nezinselele zokuthola iholo eliphansi, ukutubeka, nokungaqondi kahle komphakathi. Ukutshala inzuzo yokuncintisana, intuthuko yobuchwepheshe, nezinhlelo zomsebenzi ezingcono kungasiza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhambisa izingxenyana ezibonisa ukuhambisa njengezinkonzo ezihlanganyelwayo noma ukukhipha imisebenzi engekhona okuko.

Isiphetho

Ohulumeni bendawo bangabaklami ababalulekile bezenhlalakahle yomphakathi, abanomthwalo wemfanelo wemfundo, ukuphepha komphakathi, impilo, izakhiwo, nezinye izinkonzo ezingenakubalwa ezichaza ukuphila kwansuku zonke. Ikhono labo lokuhlangabezana nalemithwalo yemfanelo lixhomeke ekusekeleni imali eyanele, ukubusa okuphumelelayo, nokubambisana komphakathi okuqinile. Nakuba izinselele ezinjengezithiyo ezivimbela ukuchuma komphakathi, ukungalawuleki, nokungahlangani kwezombangazwe kubaluleke kakhulu, amasu amasha amasha amasha, aqalile, asunguliwe okusungula ukusungula ukuhlelwa kwemininingwane yemali ebekelwe ngokwezinkonzo zemali ezizakhelo zemali ezizakhandleko zokuzinziwa ngokuzinzisa. Njengoba izicelo zohulumeni bendawo ziqhubeka zidinga ukuguqula, ukufukuza nokuphatha izakhiwo, ukuchuma, nokusekela yonke izakhamuzi.