Ukungenela Kwempi Okuqeqeshiwe Ekubeni Izehluleki Zezizwe Zonke

Sekungamashumi eminyaka ohulumeni bephikisana ngokuthi ingabe amabutho amabutho alwa namaqembu amaphekula asebenza ngalé kwemingcele yabo yini nokuthi angawasebenzisa kanjani. Nakuba ukucindezela kwezentengiselwano, izijeziso zezimali, kanye nokubambisana kokuhlakanipha kukha itshe lemikhankaso eminingi yokulwa nobuphekula, ukungenela kwezempi kuhlala kuyithuluzi eliqondile nelingenakugwenywa. Uma iqembu elihlomile elingasebuthweni elingekho hulumeni lithola indawo ephephile, ukuhlasela okuvela kwelinye izwe, noma ukusongela ohulumeni abahlangene, impi kungase kube ukuphela kwendlela yokulula ukulula nokuvikela amakhono alo futhi kuvikele abantu abangabukho umphakathi. Nokho, ukusetshenziswa kwempi akusoze kube yithuluzi elilula; kuthatha inzuzo, engokomthetho, neyokuthinta abantu abafuna ukuhlaziywa ngokucophelela.

Lesi sihloko sihlola indima ehlukahlukene yokungenela kwezempi ekulwisaneni nemisebenzi yobuphekula kwamanye amazwe. Ihlola izenzakalo ezingokomlando, amasu akhona, izinselele eziyinkimbinkimbi eziphakamayo, nezimo lapho ukungenela okunjalo kungasiza khona ekulondekeni okuhlala njalo. Ngokuqonda kokubili amakhono kanye nokulinganiselwa kwamabutho, abenzi bezimiso nomphakathi bangahlola kangcono ukuthi kunini.

Ukuziphendukela Kwemvelo Okungokomlando: Kusukela Ezindaweni Ezinemigoqo Engokweziqu Zamagama Kuya Emikhankasweni Yokuthola Imali

I-Post-9/11 Paradigm Shift

Ukuhlasela kwango-September 11, 2001, kwayiguqula kakhulu indlela yembulunga yonke yokulwa nobuphekula. I-United States, icela iSiphakamiso 5 se-North Atlantic Treaty, yamisa i-Olting Bestling Freedom e-Afghanistan ukuze ithathe i-Al-Qaeda futhi isuse umbuso weTaliban owawubaphethe. Lokhu kungenela kwamisa isiqalo: amabutho empi ayengasenakusetshenziselwa ukuphindisela ukuhlasela kodwa futhi nokuphazamisa ngokuzethemba izinhlangano zamaphekula ezindaweni ezigcwele intene noma ezimeleneyo. Umkhankaso we-Afghanistan wahlanganisa ukuhlasela okukhethekile, ukuhlasela kwezindiza emoyeni, nokusekela i-athonsi yezindawo zendawo ezisemzinye imidlalo.

Ukunyuka Kwempi Yokulwa Nokubulala Kwabantu Ababodwa

Kusukela phakathi kwama-200,000, ukusetshenziswa kwama-drones ahlomile kwavumela amazwe ukuba aqhube izibalo eziphikelelayo nokuhlasela okunezinga eliphakeme ngokumelene nezisulu eziphezulu emazweni anjenge Pakistan, Yemen, neSomalia. Iziphathimandla ze-Obama zandisa lolu hlelo njengolunye uhlobo lokuthunyelwa kwezindawo ezinkulu. Abasekeli baphikisa ukuthi ukuhlasela kwe-drone kwanciphisa izingozi kumabutho ase-U.S. futhi kwanciphisa izingozi zezempi uma kuqhathaniswa nokuqhunyiswa kwebhomu elivamile. Nokho, abagxeki babangela ukukhathazeka ngokubulala okungaphezulu, ukuphamba ubukhosi, nokubulala okungalawuleki kwemiphakathi yabantu bendawo. Isimiso somthetho salokhu kugadla izikhali saqala ukuncintiswa ngaphansi komthetho wezizwe zonke.

Umkhankaso Wokuqulisana Ngokumelene Ne - ISIS (204 - 2019)

Lapho iZwe lamaSulumane lase-Iraq ne-Syria (ISIS) likhukhula izingxenye ezinkulu ze-Iraq ne-Syria, umphakathi wezizwe zonke wasabela ngokubambisana kwamazwe angaphezu kuka-80. Ngokungafani nokungenela kwakuqala, lo mkhankaso wancike kakhulu emabuthweni ezwe akhona angokomhlaba — i-Iraqi Security Forcess, i-Kurdish Peshmerga, ne-Syria Democratic Forces . Ngokungafani nenkululeko kaRaqq, wabonisa ukubaluleka kokuhlanganisa amandla omoya nezisebenzi zomdabukhoma. Ukungenela kwempumelelo kwakwakwakwasekuqede i-lipulphiya engokoqobo, kodwa izinselele ze-Dimocratic , kanye nezokubusa zisekhona.

Amasu Nezindlela Zokwelapha Ezimelene Nezenzo Zobuphekula Zanamuhla

Izenzo Eziqondile Nemisebenzi Ekhethekile

Isenzo esiqondile sihlanganisa ukuhlasela, ukuthumba, nokuthumba abaholi bamaphekula. Amabutho akhethekile, njenge-U.S. SEALS yeButho noma i-SAS yaseBrithani, enza lemisebenzi ngesivinini, ngokumangala, nangobudlova obuqondile. Umsebenzi ka-2011 owabulala u-Osama bin Laden e-Abottabad, ePakistan, waveza kokubili impumelelo nengozi yezombangazwe yokuhlasela okungalawuleki. Lokhu ngokuvamile kudinga ukuhlakanipha okusebenzayo futhi kungacindezela ukusebenzelana kwemizwano-mizwana uma kungenziwangagunyaziwe.

Izibhamu Zasemoyeni Nemikhankaso Yokuphefumula

Izindiza ezihlaselayo nezihlomile ziseyimishini yezempi esetshenziswa kakhulu. Ingahlasela amakamu okuqeqesha, izikhungo zokuqondisa, izikhungo ze-logists, nezilwi ezinamandla aphelele ezingekho esizulwini esidlule. I-United States kanye nezibambiswano zayo baye bahlasela izinkulungwane zezindiza e-Afghanistan, e-Iraq, eSiriya, eSomalia, naseSahel. Inzuzo eyinhloko iyingozi encishisiwe empini enobungane, kodwa ixhomeke ekuhlakanininini nasekukwazini ukuhlukanisa amasosha nezakhamuzi. [[FLT: 0] I-lawfarferee ukuhla kwengozi yezakhamuzi emoyeni [[FLT] ] iqokomisa izinkinga ezingokomthetho neyokuziphatha okuqhubekayo.

Ukwakha Ikhono Lokwakha Umngane (BPC)

Kunokuba kusetshenziswe amabutho akwamanye amazwe amaningi, ukungenela okuningi manje kugxile ekuqeqesheni, ekuhlobiseni, nasekucebiseni amabutho okuphepha endawo. Uhlelo lokwakha ngabangane luye lwamiswa emazweni anjengeNigeria, iPhilippines, neLake Chad Basin. Inkolelo yokuthi amabutho abomdabu akulungele kangcono ukugcina ukulondeka kwesikhathi eside futhi ajabulele ukusemthethweni ngokwengeziwe. Noma kunjalo, amabutho asebenza kanye nawo angahlupheka ngenxa yokonakala, ukuxhashazwa kwamalungelo abantu, noma ukunganeliseki komsebenzi, okungalulaza imigomo yokungenela. Inhlangano yokucwaninga ngekhono lokwakha inikeza ukuhlola okubanzi kokuphumelela nokuhluleka.

Ukuhlakanipha, Ukwanda, Nokufunda (ISR)

Imisebenzi ephumelelayo yokulwa nobuphekula ixhomeke ebuhlakani obufike ngesikhathi nobunembile. Izakhiwo zempi `satellites, izimpawu zezindawo zokuhlakanipha, kanye nezindlela zokuxhumana zokwenza i-drones"" iqoqa ukwaziswa okusiza ukuhlasela nokuphazamisa. Ukuhlakanipha okuhlanganyela nomngane womphakathi nendawo kuyagxeka. Ukuhlanganiswa kokuhlakanipha kwezempi nokugcinwa komthetho nokulandelela izimali kuveza umfanekiso obanzi wemifelandawo. Inselele isekuvikeleni nezindlela zokwethula imithombo nenkululeko yomphakathi, ikakhulukazi uma kusetshenziswa ukuhlakanipha ekugunyazeni ukuthatha isinyathelo esibulalayo.

Ukuphumelela: Lokho Ukungenela Kwezempi Okungafinyelelwa Nokungenakukufinyelela

Impumelelo Eboniswayo

Ukungenela kwezempi kufinyelele ukunqoba okuphawulekayo kobuhlakani nokusebenza. Ngokususa iziphephelo ezilondekile, ukubulala abaholi abakhulu, nokubhubhisa izakhiwo, imikhankaso iye yaphazamisa okwesikhashana imijikelezo yokuhlela amaphekula futhi yavimbela ukuhlasela okuseduze. Ubudlelwane obumelene no-ISSIS baqeda ukulawulwa kwezwe, balulaza ukulawulwa kwe-imposiso nokulawulwa, futhi banciphisa ikhono labo lokukhuthaza ukuhlasela okukhulu ngaphandle. Ngokufanayo, ukuhlasela okuqhubekayo ezindaweni zesizwe zase-Pakistan okuphoqelelwe u-Al-Qaeda ukuba ahlakaze futhi ahlele, kwanciphisa ikhono lazo lokuhlasela okuyinkimbinkimbi eNtshona.

Ukulinganiselwa Nemiphumela Engahlosiwe

Naphezu kwalokhu kuwina, amabutho ezempi kuphela awabunqobi ubuphekula. Izikhalo eziyisisekelo zezezombangazwe, ukuphelelwa yithemba kwezomnotho, izingxabano zamahlelo zokwenza ubudlova obunamandla . Ngaphezu kwalokho, izingozi zezakhamuzi ezibangelwa izindiza ziye zaba umshayeli omkhulu wobuthathi-busha bamaqembu anjenge-ISSES and Taliban. Ukuhlola izinhlupheko zezakhamuzi [[ kuphikisa ukuthi ukulimala okunjalo kuqeda ukusekela nokudala imijikelezo yobudlova. Okunye ukulinganiselwa ukuthi amaqembu alwayo avame ukujwayela ezindaweni ezikude, amukela izakhiwo ezihloniphekile, futhi esebenzisa ukuqamba izibalo zokuqamba.

Igalelo lokulondeka Elidala

Ukungenela kungadala ukuncika ekusekeleni kwangaphandle, ukuntengantenga kwezikhungo zendawo. E-Afghanistan, amashumi amabili eminyaka empi yangaphandle ahluleka ukwakha amabutho alondekile anamandla ahlalayo e-Afghanistan angakwazi ukuthatha isinyathelo sokuzimela. Ngemva kokuhoxa e-U.S., i-Taliban iphinde yathola amandla phakathi namasonto. Lokhu kuphakamisa umbuzo onzima: Ukungenela kwezempi kungaletha ukulondeka okuhlala njalo ngaphandle kokuzibekela impumelelo embusweni, ekwakhekeni, nasekubuyisaneni? Okuhlangenwe nakho kusikisela ukuthi akuvamile, futhi kulapho ukungenela kuyingxenye yecebo elibanzi elithuthukisa ukuphatha indawo.

Izimpikiswano Ezingokomthetho Nezokuziphatha

Ubukhosi Nemvume

Ukungenela kwezempi kwenye indawo yezwe ngaphandle kwemvume yayo kungukwephulwa kobukhosi kweUN Charter, ngaphandle kokuba kugunyazwe uMkhandlu Wezokuphepha noma kuthethelelwe ngaphansi kwe-defensi. Imfundiso “yokuvuma noma ukungakwazi” ithi izwe lingasebenzisa amandla kwenye indawo yesinye isifunda uma lowombuso ungenakukwazi noma ungeke unqande usongo lwamaphekula. Lomqondo uphikisa i-U.S. uhlasela ePakistan, uqhutshwa ngaphandle kwemvume yomphakathi, ubhikishwa ubudlelwane bomphakathi obuphazamisekile futhi uchukuluza uphazanyiswa imingcele yasekhaya. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi imfundiso ilulaza uhlelo lwezwe lonke olungokomthetho futhi ibeka izenzakalo eziyingozi.

Ukulimala Nokuvela Kwabantu Ezakhamuzini

Umthetho wezenhlalakahle wezizwe zonke ufuna ukuba noma ikuphi ukuhlasela kwezempi kuhlukanise phakathi kwamasosha nezakhamuzi futhi kumelwe kube nokulingana---"inzuzo yezempi elindelwe kumele idlulele kunengozi yokulimala kwezakhamuzi. Enkungwini yezentengiselwano ezilwisana nezobuphekula, lapho izilwi zivame ukuxuba phakathi kwabantu abangabuthiwe, lezizimiso kunzima ukusekela. Uphenya kwezinhlangano ezinjenge Amnety International [ [] ifaka amacala amaningi lapho umoya ubulala khona abalwayo, kuhlanganise nabesifazane nabantwana. Izindleko zokuziphatha ezinjalo zingaqeda ukusekela komphakathi ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe, futhi zinganikeza amaphekula amaphekula.

Ukulandisa nokubona ngale

Imisebenzi eminingi elwisana nezenzo zobuphekula iqhutshwa ngokufihla noma ngaphansi kwemithetho ehlelwe ngokwezigaba yokuthembisana, okwenza kube nzima ukuzimela. Ohulumeni bavame ukukhulula ukwaziswa okulinganiselwe ekuhlaseleni nasekulimaleni, okuholela ezingxabanweni zezinombolo. Amaqembu omphakathi aphikisana ukuze kubonakale ukuthi kuyenzeka umehluko omkhulu ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuvumelana nomthetho wezizwe zonke futhi kuqinisekiswe ukuthi labo abanecala lokubulala okungekho emthethweni banecala. Impikiswano phakathi kokulondeka kokusebenza nokulandisa komphakathi ayiphenduki.

Ukuhlola Icala Ngokungenela

Afghanistan (2001 - 2021): I - Opory Tale

Impi ende kunazo zonke emlandweni wase-U.S. ibonisa kokubili amandla nezingozi zokungenela kwezempi. Impumelelo yokuqala ekunqobeni iTaliban nokuphazamisa i-Al-Qaeda yathathelwa indawo ukuphikisana okuqhubekayo okungaguquguquki okumelwe kubekelwe imingcele eqinile, ukubusa okubuthakathaka, nokungenela kwendawo. Naphezu kokulahlekelwa izigidigidi zamadollar kanye nezinkulungwane zabantu, umphumela waba ukubuyela ekubuseni kwe-Taliban. Icala lase-Afghanistan ligcizelela ukuthi ukungenela kwezempi kumelwe kube nezizathu ezicacile, ukumelana nezindlela zezombangazwe eziqinile kanye nokuphuma okungokoqobo kanye necebo lokuphuma okungenangozi lokuzibophaka okungenangozi ngokubuya.

ISomalia NeSahel: Izinselele Eziqhubekayo

Izindiza zaseMelika ezihamba ngendiza nemisebenzi ekhethekile eSomalia ziye zahlasela i-Al-Shabaab kusukela ngo- 2007, kuyilapho amabutho aseFrance naseYurophu aye alwa namaqembu e-jihadist eSahel kusukela ngo-2013. Zombili lezi zindawo zemidlalo zemidlalo zigcwele izinhlangano zikahulumeni ezibuthakathaka, ubumpofu obukhulu, nemingcele evalekile. Impi iye yaphumelela ekunqobeni impumelelo yokuwina i-alphan − ukubulala abaholi abayinhloko kanye nokuhlola amadolobha ama-Shadabist. Ku-Sahel, ukuphuma kwamabutho aseFrance kuye kwashiya isilinganiso esincane kakhulu se-jantas ne-Russia, kuphakamisa ukwesaba kokungantengi. Lezi zenzakalo ziqokomisa ukuthi ukungenela kwempi kungathenga isikhathi kodwa akukwazi ukuthatha indawo yokubusa okungokomthetho.

IKosovo neLibya: Umthwalo wemfanelo wokuvikela (R2P) v. Ukulwa nobuphekula

Nakuba u-1999 wokungenela kwe-NATO eKosovo kanye nokungenela kwango-2011 kwakungokobuntu, kodwa kokubili kwakumelene nobuphekula. EKosovo, ukususwa kwamabutho aseSerbia kwavimbela ukuhlanzwa kohlanga kodwa akuzange kuqede zonke i-Slactrique; kamuva kwabona abalwa nezilwi zangaphandle beya e-Siriya. ELibya, ukusebenza kwe-NATO-ekuvikela izakhamuzi ezikhubazekile ekushintsheni umbuso, kwakha umbuso ohlulekile owaba isiphephelo samaqembu alwayo. I-Libyan ixwayisa ngokungaqondisi ukuthi ukungenela kwempi kungaveza izimo kanye . $5] Ukungalawuleki kwezikhali, ukwanda kwezikhali, ukukhuthaza ubuphekula.

Iziqondiso Zesikhathi Esizayo Nokucatshangelwa Okuseduze

Usongo Oluhlasimulisiwe Nezingxabano Ezimpunga

Amaphekula asebenza kakhulu ngaphansi komsuka wempi evamile, esebenzisa izimpi zokwaziswa, ukuhlasela kweze-inthanethi, kanye namabhizinisi obugebengu. Ukungenela kwezempi kumelwe kuvumelane nala maqhinga axubile. Amabutho alwayo alwa nobuphekula manje ahlanganisa imisebenzi ye-inthanethi, ukusebenza ngengqondo, nokulandelela izimali kanye nokuhlasela kwemidanti engokwesiko. Ikusasa lingase lincike kakhulu emaphephani okuvota agunyazwayo nakusekela ukuncishiswa kwenani eliqinisekile nokuncishiswa kwezindleko zezombangazwe.

Indima Yokuhlakanipha Okuzenzayo Nezimiso Ezizimele

Intuthuko e-Al yenza ukuba uphambano lwemininingwane esheshayo nokuqashelwa kwendlela yokusebenza, ukuthuthukisa ukunemba nokuncishiswa komonakalo. Nokho, izimiso zezikhali ezizimele ziphakamisa imibuzo ejulile ephathelene nokulandisa ngezinqumo ezibulalayo. Nakuba ama-drones azimele angasetshenziswa ngokugcwele ekulweni ne-corobist, ukuthambekela ekuhileleke kakhulu kwemishini kusobala. Abaphathi-mithetho kumelwe bamise iziqondiso ezicacile zokuqinisekisa ukuthi umuntu uyakwazi ukulawula ukukhetha ukuphila nokufa.

Ukuthutha Amathuluzi Empi Nangahlali Emsebenzini

Ukungenela okuphumelela kakhulu kokulwa nezokulwa nobuphekula kuhlanganisa ibutho lezempi nesivumelwano esiqinile sokuhlanganisa ukuhlanganisa ukuthuthukisa, nokunqoba izimpi. Akukho nyakazo zezindiza ezizomisa indawo lapho ohulumeni bokonakala khona, umnotho uphukile, futhi izikhalo zishiywe ngaphandle kwesizathu. Ukuvumelana okuvelayo phakathi kochwepheshe bokulondeka ukuthi ukungenela kwezempi kufanele kube yi-ikhawuli elithatha isikhathi eside. United States Institute of Peace kugcizelela ukuthi ukuthula okulondolozayo kudinga ukusingatha izimbangela zezizathu zokubusa okugcwele nethuba lezomnotho.

Isiphetho: Kudingeka Ukuba Ulinganisele

Ukungenela kwezempi ekulwisaneni nemisebenzi yobuphekula kwamanye amazwe akuyona ikhambi noma i-asmonism. Kuseyithuluzi elidingekayo lokuqeda usongo oluseduze, ukuphazamisa imishini, nokuphika isakhiwo esingcwele samaphekula. Nokho, umlando ubonisa ukuthi, amandla kumelwe asetshenziswe ngesiyalo, phakathi kwemingcele engokomthetho, futhi njengengxenye yecebo elikhulu elimisa iziphetho zezombangazwe. Ukungenela okuphumelelayo okufana nomkhankaso wokulwa no-ISSIS, kufana nowe-intengo yombango yombango ehlangene nezindiza zezisebenzi zendawo ezithembekile kanye nezenzo zobuphekula. Impumelelo encane enjenge-Afghanistan (endroit) ephumelelayo enjengemigomo engakholeki, imigomo eyize, nokungagculiseki ngokwanele ukubusa.

Njengoba isimo sobuphekula sishintsha, ngokufanayo namathuluzi okungenela. Imisebenzi yesikhathi esizayo cishe iyohlanganiswa kakhulu, ingabonakali kakhulu, futhi incike kakhulu ekuxhumeni kokuhlakanipha. Inselele yemibuso yentando yeningi ukugcina ikhono lokuthatha isinyathelo esiqinile kuyilapho isekela izindinganiso ze-(isivikelo somthetho, izakhamuzi, nokuziphendulela) okuhlukanisa ukungenela okungokomthetho ekuhlaseleni nje kuphela. Intuthuko yezempi yeqiniso yezombangazwe nezenhlalo inganciphisa izimo ezivumela ubuphekula.